南大别角闪岩相退变质与热液活动:朱家冲榴辉岩与闪石脉 Ar-Ar年代学研究

南大别山朱家冲榴辉岩中产有一条岩脉。电子探针分析结果表明,朱家冲榴辉岩中较大颗粒的白云母和岩脉中的白云母均为钠云母;而榴辉岩中细小颗粒的白云母则为多硅白云母;岩脉中的蓝绿色柱状矿物为闪石(amphibole)。采用激光阶段加热技术和真空阶段击碎技术,对朱家冲冷榴辉岩体和岩脉进行了Ar-Ar定年研究。选自榴辉岩和闪石脉的两个钠云母激光加热Ar-Ar年龄均约为200Ma,选自闪石脉的闪石真空击碎流体包裹体Ar-Ar年龄也约为200Ma,代表了热液活动钠云母化发生的时间;而提取流体包裹体后的闪石矿物粉末阶段加热Ar-Ar等时线年龄约为243Ma,则可能代表了朱家冲榴辉岩角闪岩相退变质作用发生的最小年龄。     

胶南桃行超高压变质岩的氧同位素地球化学及其年代学制约

对苏鲁超高压变质带内诸城桃行地区榴辉岩及其花岗片麻岩围岩进行了单矿物氧同位素组成分析和锆石U-Pb定年。氧同位素组成显示出不均一亏损~(18)O的特征。石英-石榴石等高温矿物对的氧同位素温度为600～950℃,指示它们在榴辉岩相变质条件下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡。而部分石英-长石和白云母-金红石等矿物对的氧同位素温度为350～570℃,指示它们在峰期变质之后的角闪岩相退变质过程中达到并保存了同位素退化交换再平衡。锆石氧同位素组成低达-1.3‰～4.2‰,对这种低δ~(18)O值进行锆石U-Pb定年,分别得到762～834Ma的原岩年龄和202～249Ma的变质年龄。因此,桃行低δ~(18)O值锆石形成于新元古代(700～800Ma)的低δ~(18)O值岩浆。这种低δ~(18)O值岩浆是由于变质岩原岩经历新元古代高温大气降水热液蚀变后再部分熔融所形成。对于在角闪岩相退变质之后保存了封闭体系的花岗片麻岩样品(石英-长石矿物对温度为355～405℃),石榴石在榴辉岩相变质温度下达到并保存了氧同位素平衡(石英-石榴石矿物对温度为685℃),指示石榴石中Sm-Nd体系在同样的变质务件下也达到了平衡。因此,花岗片麻岩中石榴石-斜长石-全岩的Sm-Nd等时线年龄215±11Ma与锆石变质边的三叠纪年龄(202～249Ma)一样,代表了榴辉岩相峰期变质后的冷却年龄。而花岗片麻岩中石英-钾长石和石英-斜长石矿物对处于氧同位素不平衡状态,同时钾长石和斜长石相对于样品中其它矿物异常亏损~(18)O,指示在角闪岩相退变质之后体系曾经开放,岩石受到低~(18)O流体在低温和中温下(200～400℃)的热液蚀变。这种奈件下矿物氧同位素的退化交换是由表面反应机制控制,与Nd的扩散机制不同,因此氧同位素平衡无法制约Sm-Nd矿物等时线的有效性。     

U—Pb Dating of Marble Assoicated With Eclogite from the Dabie Mountains,East China

Marble is associated with ultrahigh pressure eclogite in the Dabie Mountains, East China. U-Pb isotope data for the marble define a²³⁸U-²⁰⁶Pb isochron age of 435 ± 45 Ma with an initial²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb value of 18.075 ± 0.006. The age of ∼435 Ma is interpreted to represent the time of limestone diagenesis rather than the time of metamorphic resetting accompanied by the formation of the ultrahigh pressure eclogites at Triassic. The paleontologic and stratigraphic studies also favor a local excursion in the carbon isotopic composition of the latest Ordovician water within a sedimentary basin between the Sino-Korean and Yangtze cratons. Because the latest Ordovician limestone was involved in the eclogite formation, the continental collision between the Yangtze and Sino-Korean plates would postdate Ordovician. This project was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.     

Petrogenesis of the Maowu pyroxenite–eclogite body from the UHP metamorphic terrane of Dabieshan: chemical and isotopic constraints

The Maowu eclogite–pyroxenite body is a small (250×50 m) layered intrusion that occurs in the ultra-high-pressure (UHP) metamorphic terrane of Dabieshan, China. Like the adjacent Bixiling complex, the Maowu intrusion was initially emplaced at a crustal level, then subducted along with the country gneisses to mantle depths and underwent UHP metamorphism during the collision of the North and South China Blocks in the Triassic. This paper presents the results of a geochemical and isotopic investigation on the metamorphosed Maowu body. The Maowu intrusion has undergone open system chemical and isotopic behavior three times. Early crustal contamination during magmatic differentiation is manifested by high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.707–0.708) and inhomogeneous negative _Nd(T) values of −3 to −10 at 500 Ma (probable protolith age). Post-magmatic and pre-UHP metamorphic metasomatism is indicated by sinusoidal REE patterns of garnet orthopyroxenites, lack of whole-rock (WR) Sm–Nd isochronal relationship, low δ¹⁸O values and an extreme enrichment of Th and REE in a clinopyroxenite. Finally, K and Rb depletion during UHP metamorphism is deduced from the high initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios unsupported by in situ Rb/Sr ratios. Laser ICP-MS spot analyses on mineral grains show that (1) Grt and Cpx attained chemical equilibrium during UHP metamorphism, (2) Cpx/Grt partition coefficients for REE correlate with Ca, and (3) LREE abundances in whole rocks are not balanced by that of the principal phases (Grt and Cpx), implying that the presence of LREE-rich accessory phases, such as monazite and apatite, is required to account for the REE budget.

Sm–Nd isotope analyses of minerals yielded three internal isochrons with ages of 221±5 Ma and (T)=−5.4 for an eclogite, 231±16 Ma and (T)=−6.2 for a garnet websterite, and 236±19 Ma and (T)=−6.9 for a garnet clinopyroxenite. The Cpx/Grt chemical equilibrium and the consistent mineral isochron ages indicate that the metasomatic processes mentioned above must have occurred prior to the UHP metamorphism. These Sm–Nd ages agree with published zircon and monazite U–Pb ages and constrain the time of UHP metamorphism to 220–236 Ma. The Maowu and Bixiling layered intrusions are similar in their in situ tectonic relationship with their country gneisses, but the two bodies are distinguished by their magma-chamber processes. The Bixiling magmas were contaminated by the lower crust, whereas the Maowu magmas were contaminated by the upper crustal rocks during their emplacement and differentiation. The two complexes represent two distinct suites of magmatic rocks, which have resided in the continental crust for about 300–400 Ma before their ultimate subduction to mantle depths, UHP metamorphism and return to the crustal level.     

In situ Sr isotopic analyses of epidote: tracing the sources of multi-stage fluids in ultrahigh-pressure eclogite (Ganghe,Dabie terrane)

This study presents in situ strontium (Sr) isotope and Sr content data on multi-stage epidote crystals from ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) eclogites and omphacite–epidote veins therein at Ganghe (Dabie terrane, China), determined using LA-MC-ICP-MS. The Ganghe eclogites occur as lenses in mainly leucocratic UHP gneisses, and therefore, our data provide insights into the origin, composition, and transport scale of the discrete multi-stage fluids in UHP eclogites during the subduction and exhumation of a continental crust. Four textural types of epidote that record compositional and isotopic signatures of fluid at various metamorphic P–T conditions have been distinguished based on petrographic observations and compositional analyses. They are (1) fine-grained high-pressure (HP) epidote inclusions (Ep-In) in omphacite that define the earliest stage of epidote formation in the eclogite; (2) coarse-grained UHP epidote porphyroblasts (Ep-P) that contain omphacite with Ep-In inclusions in the eclogite; (3) fine-grained HP epidote in omphacite–epidote veins (Ep-V) as well as (4) the latest-stage epidote in disseminated amphibolite-facies veinlets (Ep-A), which crosscut the Ep-P or matrix minerals in the eclogite and HP vein. Both Ep-P and Ep-V crystals exhibit significant and complex chemical zonations with respect to the X_Fe (= Fe/(Fe + Al)) ratio and Sr content. In contrast to the varying Sr contents, Ep-In, Ep-P, and Ep-V have similar and narrow ranges of initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (from 0.70692 to 0.70720 for Ep-In, from 0.70698 to 0.70721 for Ep-P, and from 0.70668 to 0.70723 for Ep-V), which are significantly different from those in Ep-A (from 0.70894 to 0.71172). The initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratio of Ep-A is closer in value to the initial Sr isotopic composition of the gneisses (from 0.710790 to 0.712069) which enclose the UHP eclogite. These data indicate different sources of the eclogite-facies fluids and retrograde amphibolite-facies fluid in the Ganghe eclogites. The HP–UHP fluids responsible for the large amounts of hydrous minerals in the eclogites were internally derived and buffered. The omphacite–epidote veins were precipitated from the channelized solute-rich HP–UHP fluids released from the host eclogite. However, hydrated amphibolite-facies metamorphism during exhumation was mainly initiated by the low-Sr and high-⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr external fluid, which infiltrated into the eclogite from the surrounding gneisses. The eclogite-facies fluids in the Ganghe eclogites were locally derived, whereas the infiltration of the retrograde amphibolite-facies fluid from the gneisses required a long transport, most likely longer than 80 m. This study highlights that the in situ Sr isotopic analysis of multi-stage epidote can be employed as a powerful geochemical tracer to provide key information regarding the origin and behavior of various-stage subduction-zone metamorphic fluids.     

Two types of gneisses associated with eclogite at Shuanghe in the Dabie terrane: carbon isotope, zircon U–Pb dating and oxygen isotope

There are two types of gneisses, biotite paragneiss and granitic orthogneiss, to be closely associated with UHP eclogite at Shuanghe in the Dabie terrane. Both concentration and isotope composition of bulk carbon in apatite and host gneisses were determined by the EA-MS online technique. Structural carbonate within the apatite was detected by the XRD and FTIR techniques. Significant ¹³C-depletion was observed in the apatite with δ¹³C values of −28.6‰ to −22.3‰ and the carbon concentrations of 0.70–4.98 wt.% CO₂ despite a large variation in δ¹⁸O from −4.3‰ to +10.6‰ for these gneisses. There is significant heterogeneity in both δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O within the gneisses on the scale of several tens meters, pointing to the presence of secondary processes after the UHP metamorphism. Considerable amounts of carbonate carbon occur in some of the gneisses that were also depleted in ¹³C primarily, but subjected to overprint of ¹³C-rich CO₂-bearing fluid after the UHP metamorphism. The ¹³C-depleted carbon in the gneisses is interpreted to be inherited from their precursors that suffered meteoric–hydrothermal alteration before plate subduction. Both low δ¹³C values and structural carbonate in the apatite suggest the presence of ¹³C-poor CO₂ in the UHP metamorphic fluid. The ¹³C-poor CO₂ is undoubtedly derived from oxidation of organic matter in the subsurface fluid during the prograde UHP metamorphism.

Zircons from two samples of the granitic orthogneiss exhibit low δ¹⁸O values of −4.1‰ to −1.1‰, demonstrating that its protolith was significantly depleted in ¹⁸O prior to magma crystallization. U–Pb discordia datings for the ¹⁸O-depleted zircons yield Neoproterozoic ages of 724–768 Ma for the protolith of the granitic orthogneiss, consistent with protolith ages of most eclogites and orthogneisses from the other regions in the Dabie–Sulu orogen. Therefore, the meteoric–hydrothermal alteration is directly dated to occur at mid-Neoproterozoic, and may be correlated with the Rodinia supercontinental breakup and the snowball Earth event. It is thus deduced that the igneous protolith of the granitic orthogneiss and some eclogites would intrude into the older sequences composing the sedimentary protoliths of the biotite paragneiss and some eclogites along the northern margin of the Yangtze plate at mid-Neoproterozoic, and drove local meteoric–hydrothermal circulation systems in which both ¹³C- and ¹⁸O-depleted fluid interacted with the protoliths of these UHP rocks now exposed in the Dabie terrane.     

大别山木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的年龄和成因——锆石U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素制约

用LA-ICP-MS技术对北大别木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉中的锆石进行原位U-Pb年龄和Hf同位素测定,结果表明,该花岗岩形成于128.9±0.7Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物,在锆石中发现古元古代和新元古代的锆石核;锆石ε_(Hf)(t)介于-25.1~-19.2之间,平均值为-22.7,二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)主要介于2115~2505Ma之间,2个继承锆石分析点分别给出了-10.5和6.5的ε_(Hf)(t)值,对应的二阶段模式年龄T_(DM2)分别为1151Ma和1709Ma。木子店地区细粒二长花岗岩脉的锆石年龄和Hf同位素特征表明,花岗岩为古元古代古老地壳物质部分熔融形成,岩石源区可能有中元古代地幔物质及太古宙古老地壳物质的贡献,形成于大别造山带从挤压向伸展的转换阶段。     

大别超高压变质带的进变质、超高压和退变质时代的准确限定:以双河大理岩中榴辉岩锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年为例

在大别超高压变质带的双河地区存在一种特殊类型的榴辉岩,该类榴辉岩主要以似层状、条带状以及不规则透镜体赋存于大理岩中。矿物组成主要为石榴石、绿辉石以及少量的金红石、白云石、菱镁矿等。沿石榴石和绿辉石边缘常退变为角闪石+斜长石等,有的岩石完全退变为斜长角闪岩。激光拉曼和阴极发光综合分析表明,该类榴辉岩中的锆石可划分为两种类型:继承性碎屑锆石和变质锆石。继承性碎屑锆石十分少见,阴极发光图象具有明显的双层结构,即强发光的核和弱发光的边,核部和边部的包体矿物分别为Pl+Ap和Qtz+Pl。SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明。继承性碎屑锆石核部记录的207Pb／206Pb年龄为2701±15Ma,Th/U比值明显偏高为1．05,稀土元素配分模式显示重稀土明显富集,具有典型岩浆结晶锆石的特点;边部记录的207Pb／206Pb年龄为1801±12Ma-1753±22Ma,Th／U比值则明显偏低,为0．19-0．22之间,稀土元素配分模式显示重稀土相对平坦,具有典型变质锆石的特点。上述特征表明该类继承性碎屑锆石可能来源于太古代的基底,并经历了早元古代变质热事件的改造。新生的变质锆石无论是矿物包体还是阴极发光图象均与继承性碎屑锆石存在明显差异。有的变质增生锆石具有弱发光的核(阴极发光图象呈灰色)和强发光的边(阴极发光图象呈白色)。核部包体矿物组合为Qtz +Grt+Omp+Phe+Dol+Ap,具有典型石英榴辉岩相矿物组合特征,而边部则保存含柯石英的超高压包体矿物组合Coe+Grt +Omp+Mgs+Arg+Ap,表明该类锆石的核部和边部分别形成于俯冲进变质阶段和超高压变质阶段。另一部分变质增生锆石具有强发光的核(阴极发光图象呈白色)和弱发光的边(阴极发光图象呈黑色)。核部保存的标志性超高压包体矿物组合为Coe+Grt+Omp+Mgs+Arg+Ap,边部则保存Qtz+Cal等退变矿物组合,有的则缺乏矿物包体,表明该类锆石自超高压变质阶段开始生长,并经历了后期退变质作用的改造。从不同微区矿物包体组合的性质及其转变特征可以明显看出,自石英榴辉岩相进变质阶段到超高压峰期变质阶段存在下列转变反应:Qtz→Coe和Dol→Mgs+Arg;而自超高压峰期变质阶段到后期退变质阶段则存在下列退变反应:Coe→Qtz和Arg→Cal。SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果表明,含石英榴辉岩相矿物包体的锆石微区记录的206Pb／238U年龄为249-241Ma,加权平均值为244±4Ma,代表了深俯冲石英榴辉岩相进变质阶段的变质年龄;含柯石英等超高压矿物包体的锆石微区记录的206Pb／238U年龄为239-231Ma,加权平均值为234±3Ma,代表超高压阶段的峰期变质年龄;而含石英和方解石的退变边记录的206Pb／238U年龄为219-211Ma,加权平均值为216±6Ma,应代表后期折返阶段的角闪岩相退变质年龄。上述两类变质增生锆石微区的Th／U比值和稀土元素配分模式十分相似,Th／U比值变化于0．02- 0．18之间,稀土元素配分模式显示重稀土相对平坦,稀土元素总量明显低于继承性碎屑锆石,具有典型变质锆石的特点。根据锆石微区矿物包体的化学成分,采用Grt-Omp和Grt-Omp-Phe温压计,结合前人的变质反应实验资料的综合分析,确定榴辉岩的原岩在深俯冲过程的石英榴辉岩相进变质阶段的变质温压条件为T=588-668℃,P=1．7-1．8GPa;超高压峰期阶段的温压条件为T=784-849℃,P>5．5GPa;而构造折返过程中角闪岩相退变质阶段的温压条件为T=550-720℃,P=0．8～1．4GPa。由此可见,大别超高压变质岩的原岩——元古代(部分可能为太古代)的陆壳物质在早三叠纪发生俯冲至55- 60km深处,并经历了石英榴辉岩相变质作用。随后这些变质岩石继续深俯冲至165～175km的地幔深处,于中三叠纪发生了超高压变质作用,石英榴辉岩相矿物组合转变为超高压榴辉岩相矿物组合。最后这些超高压变质岩石发生构造折返,至晚三叠纪抬升到约30km的中下地壳深度,并经历了角闪岩相退变质作用的改造,超高压榴辉岩相矿物组合退变为角闪岩相矿物组合。由此推断,大别超高压变质带俯冲和折返速率分别为11-12km Myr-1和7．5-8．1km Myr-1。该项成果不仅确定了大别超高压变质地体的石英榴辉岩相进变质-超高压榴辉岩相峰期变质-角闪岩相退变质的年代谱系,而且对于重塑大别超高压变质地体的快速俯冲-折返的动力学模式有着重要的科学意义。     

Postcollisional flow of aqueous fluid within ultrahigh-pressure eclogite in the Dabie orogen

A combined study of chronometric dating and oxygen isotope analysis for minerals from vein and host eclogite as well as regional country-rock gneiss in the Dabie orogen provides a direct constraint on timing of fluid flow in this orogen formed by continental collision. Oxygen isotope ratios of vein minerals are significantly lower than those of the host eclogite, but comparable with those of the regional gneiss. This suggests the veining fluid came from the regional gneiss (i.e. exhumed slab itself) rather than the host eclogite. While zircon U–Pb and phengite Ar–Ar dating yields ages of 214 to 222 Ma for the eclogite and gneiss, the vein gives a quartz–muscovite Rb–Sr isochron age of 181 Ma and a muscovite K–Ar age of 179 Ma. Thus the veining postdates the Triassic ultrahigh pressure metamorphic event, witnessing postcollisional fluid flow after the orogenic cycle of continental collision.     

Zircon U–Pb ages and Hf isotope compositions of migmatite from the North Dabie terrane in China: constraints on partial melting

Migmatite gneisses are widespread in the Dabie orogen, but their formation ages are poorly constrained. Eight samples of migmatite, including leucosome, melanosome, and banded gneiss, were selected for U–Pb dating and Hf isotope analysis. Most metamorphic zircon occurs as overgrowths around inherited igneous cores or as newly grown grains. Morphological and internal structure features suggest that their growth is associated with partial melting. According to the Hf isotope ratio relationships between metamorphic zircon and inherited cores, three formation mechanisms for metamorphic zircon can be determined, which are dissolution–reprecipitation of pre‐existing zircon, breakdown of Zr‐bearing phase other than zircon in a closed system and crystallization from externally derived Zr‐bearing melt. Four samples contain magmatic zircon cores, yielding upper intercept U–Pb ages of 807 ± 35–768 ± 12 Ma suggesting that the protoliths of the migmatites are Neoproterozoic in age. The migmatite zircon yields weighted mean two‐stage Hf model ages of 2513 ± 97–894 ± 54 Ma, indicating reworking of both juvenile and ancient crustal materials at the time of their protolith formation. The metamorphic zircons give U–Pb ages of 145 ± 2–120 ± 2 Ma. The oldest age indicates that partial melting commenced prior to 145 Ma, which also constrains the onset of extensional tectonism in this region to pre‐145 Ma. The youngest age of 120 Ma was obtained from an undeformed granitic vein, indicating that deformation in this area was complete at this time. Two major episodes of partial melting were dated at 139 ± 1 and 123 ± 1Ma. The first episode of partial melting is obviously older than the timing of post‐collision magmatism, corresponding to regional extension. The second episode of partial melting is coeval with the widespread post‐collision magmatism, indicating the gravitational collapse and delamination of the orogenic lithospheric keel of the Dabie orogen, which were possibly triggered by the uprising of the Cretaceous mid‐Pacific superplume.     

Geochemical constraints of the eclogite and granulite facies metamorphism as recognized in the Raobazhai complex from North Dabie Shan,China

A combined study of major and trace elements, fluid inclusions and oxygen isotopes has been carried out on garnet pyroxenite from the Raobazhai complex in the North Dabie Terrane (NDT). Well‐preserved compositional zoning with Na decreasing and Ca and Mg increasing from the core to rim of pyroxene in the garnet pyroxenite indicates eclogite facies metamorphism at the peak metamorphic stage and subsequent granulite facies metamorphism during uplift. A P–T path with substantial heating (from c. 750 to 900 °C) after the maximum pressure reveals a different uplift history compared with most other eclogites in the South Dabie Terrane (SDT). Fluid inclusion data can be correlated with the metamorphic grade: the fluid regime during the peak metamorphism (eclogite facies) was dominated by N₂‐bearing NaCl‐rich solutions, whereas it changed into CO₂‐dominated fluids during the granulite facies retrograde metamorphism. At a late retrograde metamorphic stage, probably after amphibolite facies metamorphism, some external low‐salinity fluids were involved. In situ UV‐laser oxygen isotope analysis was undertaken on a 7 mm garnet, and impure pyroxene, amphibole and plagioclase. The nearly homogeneous oxygen isotopic composition (δ¹⁸O_VSMOW = c. 6.7‰) in the garnet porphyroblast indicates closed fluid system conditions during garnet growth. However, isotopic fractionations between retrograde phases (amphibole and plagioclase) and garnet show an oxygen isotopic disequilibrium, indicating retrograde fluid–rock interactions. Unusual MORB‐like rare earth element (REE) patterns for whole rock of the garnet pyroxenite contrast with most ultra‐high‐pressure (UHP) eclogites in the Dabie‐Sulu area. However, the age‐corrected initial ε_Nd(t) is ? 2.9, which indicates that the protolith of the garnet pyroxenite was derived from an enriched mantle rather than from a MORB source. Combined with the present data of oxygen isotopic compositions and the characteristic N₂ content in the fluid inclusions, we suggest that the protolith of the garnet pyroxenite from Raobazhai formed in an enriched mantle fragment, which has been exposed to the surface prior to the Triassic metamorphism.     

Fluid history of UHP metamorphism in Dabie Shan, China: a fluid inclusion and oxygen isotope study on the coesite-bearing eclogite from Bixiling

This paper characterizes late Holocene basalts and basaltic andesites at Medicine Lake volcano that contain high pre-eruptive H₂O contents inherited from a subduction related hydrous component in the mantle. The basaltic andesite of Paint Pot Crater and the compositionally zoned basaltic to andesitic lavas of the Callahan flow erupted approximately 1000 ¹⁴C years Before Present (¹⁴C years b.p.). Petrologic, geochemical and isotopic evidence indicates that this late Holocene mafic magmatism was characterized by H₂O contents of 3 to 6 wt% H₂O and elevated abundances of large ion lithophile elements (LILE). These hydrous mafic inputs contrast with the preceding episodes of mafic magmatism (from 10,600 to ∼3000 ¹⁴C years b.p.) that was characterized by the eruption of primitive high alumina olivine tholeiite (HAOT) with low H₂O (<0.2 wt%), lower LILE abundance and different isotopic characteristics. Thus, the mantle-derived inputs into the Medicine Lake system have not always been low H₂O, primitive HAOT, but have alternated between HAOT and hydrous subduction related, calc-alkaline basalt. This influx of hydrous mafic magma coincides temporally and spatially with rhyolite eruption at Glass Mountain and Little Glass Mountain. The rhyolites contain quenched magmatic inclusions similar in character to the mafic lavas at Callahan and Paint Pot Crater. The influence of H₂O on fractional crystallization of hydrous mafic magma and melting of pre-existing granite crust beneath the volcano combined to produce the rhyolite. Fractionation under hydrous conditions at upper crustal pressures leads to the early crystallization of Fe-Mg silicates and the suppression of plagioclase as an early crystallizing phase. In addition, H₂O lowers the saturation temperature of Fe and Mg silicates, and brings the temperature of oxide crystallization closer to the liquidus. These combined effects generate SiO₂-enrichment that leads to rhyodacitic differentiated lavas. In contrast, low H₂O HAOT magmas at Medicine Lake differentiate to iron-rich basaltic liquids. When these Fe-enriched basalts mix with melted granitic crust, the result is an andesitic magma. Since mid-Holocene time, mafic volcanism has been dominated primarily by hydrous basaltic andesite and andesite at Medicine Lake Volcano. However, during the late Holocene, H₂O-poor mafic magmas continued to be erupted along with hydrous mafic magmas, although in significantly smaller volumes. Received: 4 January 1999 / Accepted: 30 August 1999     

Stable isotopic and petrological constraints on scapolitization of the Whitestone meta-anorthosite,Grenville Province,Ontario*

The Whitestone Anorthosite (WSA), located in the Central Gneiss Belt of the south-western Grenville Province, Ontario, exhibits a nearly concentric metamorphic envelope characterized by an increase in modal scapolite, hornblende, epidote and garnet, developed around a core of granulite facies clinopyroxene ± orthopyroxene ± garnet meta-anorthosite. Scapolite- and hornblende-bearing assemblages develop mainly at the expense of plagioclase and pyroxene within the envelope. Stable isotopic and petrological data for scapolite-bearing mineral assemblages within meta-anorthosite constrain the source of carbon responsible for CO₃-scapolite formation and the extent of fluid/rock interaction between the anorthosite and adjacent lithologies. Stable isotopic data indicate increasing δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C from core to margin of the meta-anorthosite and for samples from the southern extension of the WSA, where it is ductilely deformed within the Parry Sound Shear Zone (PSSZ). The average δ¹⁸O_SMOW value (whole rock) for the WSA core is 6.9‰, increasing to 11.5‰ where the WSA is in tectonic contact with marble breccia. The average δ¹³C_PBD value of scapolite in meta-anorthosite from the centre of the WSA is -3.4‰, increasing to -0.5‰ at the eastern (marble) contact. Average values of δ¹³C for scapolite and whole-rock δ¹⁸O for samples from the shear zone are -1.0 and 8.0‰, respectively. Marbles have average δ¹⁸O and δ¹³C values of 19.2 and -0.4‰, respectively. The sulphate content of texturally primary scapolite decreases from the core of the WSA (X_SO4= 0.48) to the eastern contact (≤0.05). Texturally late scapolite after plagioclase and garnet tends to be CO₃-rich relative to texturally primary scapolite, and some scapolite grains show zoning in the anion site with CO₃-enriched rims. Scapolite composition may vary at any scale from a single grain to outcrop. The pattern of isotopic enrichment in ¹³C and ¹⁸O preserved in the eastern margin of the WSA is consistent with marble as the major source of fluid contributing to the formation of the metamorphic envelope. The decrease in X_SO4 and increase in X_CO3 in scapolite toward the margin of the WSA indicate that the volatile content was reset by, or developed from, a CO₂-bearing fluid. Assuming derivation of fluid from marble, minimum fluid/rock values at the margin of the WSA range from 0.03 for the least enriched, to 0.30 for the most isotopically enriched samples. Although marble is not found in immediate contact with samples of sheared meta-anorthosite from the PSSZ, a marble source is also consistent with the C and O isotope composition and anion chemistry of scapolite within these samples.     

Petrology and Petrogenesis of the Eclogite in Mt.Dabie Area,Central China

The occurrence,mineralogy and geochemistry of eclogites in the Mt.Dabie area show that they were subjected to a high-pressure metamorphism together with the country rocks,but their petrochemistry and REE geochemistry show some difference from those of the country rocks.The geochemical characteristics of the eclogites are similar to those of bot continental tholeiitic basalt and oceanic tholeiitic basalt.The rocks probably subducted to the upper mantle with the Dabie metamorphic complex.When elevated to the surface,they were subjected to different staes of retrogressive metamorphism.     

苏鲁地体古元古代花岗质片麻岩锆石的U-Pb定年、REE和Lu-Hf同位素特征

苏鲁超高压变质带北部的威海和桃行地区出露大量含黑云母和绿帘石的花岗质片麻岩。激光拉曼测试和阴极发光图像分析结果表明,含黑云母和绿帘石花岗质片麻岩(SLU1和SLU2)的锆石中保存大量矿物包裹体,主要为石英(Qtz)+钾长石(Kfs)+钠长石(Ab)±磷灰石(Ap),与基质中的矿物组合完全一致。阴极发光图像显示典型岩浆结晶环带的特点,稀土元素配分模式显示轻稀土元素明显亏损,而重稀土元素明显富集的特点,具有强烈的负Eu异常(Eu/Eu?鄢=0.03～0.13)。锆石U-Pb SHRIMP和LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,该类花岗质片麻岩的原岩形成时代为古元古代 (1825±6~1838±3Ma),并经历了三叠纪超高压变质作用(215± 33~227±35Ma) 的改造。Lu-Hf同位素研究结果证明,该类花岗质片麻岩的原岩是中—新太古代古老地壳再活化和部分熔融的产物。上述特征表明,苏鲁超高压变质带中不仅存在与Rodinia超大陆裂解有关的花岗岩,而且也存在古元古代由古老地壳部分熔融而成的花岗岩。     

Zircon U–Pb dating and the petrological and geochemical constraints on Lincang granite in Western Yunnan,China: Implications for the closure of the Paleo-Tethys Ocean

Lincang granite is a batholith located in the Sanjiang region and is an important research subject for understanding subduction and collision during the Paleo-Tethyan period. It is widely exposed in the Lincang Terrane and extends south into Burma. Based on various petrological and geochemical investigations performed from south to north across the Lincang granite, a new set of data, which includes zircon chronological and Hf isotopic data, is presented to discuss the origin of the Lincang granite and its tectonic significance. The Lincang granite is a peraluminous, high-K calc-alkaline body with sub-parallel REE patterns and a strong negative Eu anomaly. This anomaly is characteristic of a post-collision peraluminous S-type granitic batholith. The 200–230 Ma formation age of the Lincang granite was determined using LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating. Thus, it has been confirmed that the granite formed during the late Triassic period, and the formation process lasted for approximately 30 Ma. Geochemical and isotopic compositions indicate that the primary magma of Lincang granite most likely originated from a crustal source, and possibly underwent an assimilation–fractionation crystallization (AFC) process during its emplacement. The Lincang granite formed during the continental collision between the Baoshan–Gengma Terrane and the Lanping–Simao Terrane after the northeast subduction of the Paleo-Tethyan Oceanic Plate. Therefore, the late Triassic Lincang granite is important evidence for the closure of the Paleo-Tethyan Ocean.     

Ultrahigh-pressure eclogite transformed from mafic granulite in the Dabie orogen, east-central China

Although ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks are present in many collisional orogenic belts, almost all exposed UHP metamorphic rocks are subducted upper or felsic lower continental crust with minor mafic boudins. Eclogites formed by subduction of mafic lower continental crust have not been identified yet. Here an eclogite occurrence that formed during subduction of the mafic lower continental crust in the Dabie orogen, east‐central China is reported. At least four generations of metamorphic mineral assemblages can be discerned: (i) hypersthene + plagioclase ± garnet; (ii) omphacite + garnet + rutile + quartz; (iii) symplectite stage of garnet + diopside + hypersthene + ilmenite + plagioclase; (iv) amphibole + plagioclase + magnetite, which correspond to four metamorphic stages: (a) an early granulite facies, (b) eclogite facies, (c) retrograde metamorphism of high‐pressure granulite facies and (d) retrograde metamorphism of amphibolite facies. Mineral inclusion assemblages and cathodoluminescence images show that zircon is characterized by distinctive domains of core and a thin overgrowth rim. The zircon core domains are classified into two types: the first is igneous with clear oscillatory zonation ± apatite and quartz inclusions; and the second is metamorphic containing a granulite facies mineral assemblage of garnet, hypersthene and plagioclase (andesine). The zircon rims contain garnet, omphacite and rutile inclusions, indicating a metamorphic overgrowth at eclogite facies. The almost identical ages of the two types of core domains (magmatic = 791 ± 9 Ma and granulite facies metamorphic zircon = 794 ± 10 Ma), and the Triassic age (212 ± 10 Ma) of eclogitic facies metamorphic overgrowth zircon rim are interpreted as indicating that the protolith of the eclogite is mafic granulite that originated from underplating of mantle‐derived magma onto the base of continental crust during the Neoproterozoic (c. 800 Ma) and then subducted during the Triassic, experiencing UHP eclogite facies metamorphism at mantle depths. The new finding has two‐fold significance: (i) voluminous mafic lower continental crust can increase the average density of subducted continental lithosphere, thus promoting its deep subduction; (ii) because of the current absence of mafic lower continental crust in the Dabie orogen, delamination or recycling of subducted mafic lower continental crust can be inferred as the geochemical cause for the mantle heterogeneity and the unusually evolved crustal composition.     

Sapphirine and Ti-clinohumite in ultra-high-pressure garnet-pyroxenite and eclogite from Dabie Shan,China

Sapphirine occurs as inclusions along with clinochlore, enstatite, talc, corundum, gedrite, hornblende and phlogopite in millimetre-size garnets from the orthopyroxenites in a 50-m-thick mafic-ultramafic lens in Dabie Shan in China. The lens, enclosed by felsic gneiss, is made up of metre-scale intercalation of garnet-or-thopyroxenite, garnet-clinopyroxenite, eclogite and gneiss. The equilibrium conditions of the matrix minerals, as determined from the Fe–Mg exchange equilibria between garnet and orthopyroxene, and Al solubility in orthopyroxene were 740±50°C temperature and over 40 kbar pressure. Pressures of over 28 kbar are also indicated by inclusions of quartz pseudomorphs after coesite in garnet from the eclogites. Phase relations among the inclusion minerals, on the other hand, indicate similar temperatures of 730±30°C but much lower pressures of 4±2 kbar. The mafic-ultramafic lens was therefore not a direct mantle fragment but was probably a low-pressure cumulate in the upper crust. The early granulite-facies metamorphism was most likely part of a Precambrian event genetically unrelated to the Triassic ultra-highpressure metamorphism. Ti-clinohumite occurs in garnet-orthopyroxenites as a matrix mineral and appears to have been stable during the ultra-high-pressure metamorphism. Its stability was controlled by the fluorine fugacity as documented by its reaction textures with olivine.     

大别山北部榴辉岩的Sm-Nd年龄测定及其对麻粒相退变质时间的制约

报道了大别山北部三个榴辉岩样品的矿物 Sm- Nd等时线年龄，它们分别为 (210± 6) Ma或 (214± 6) Ma、 (208± 38) Ma和 (208± 4) Ma。氧同位素研究表明，这些样品中的石榴子石与绿辉石之间处于氧同位素平衡状态，因此，该 Sm- Nd等时线定年结果可靠。本区榴辉岩的高压麻粒岩相退变质阶段的冷却年龄为 210 Ma左右；榴辉岩的钕同位素初始比ε Nd(t)(两个样品一个为－ 10左右，另一个为－ 2)基本上表现为陆壳岩石特征，可能类似于南部超高压带中的榴辉岩，为印支期扬子陆壳俯冲变质成因。它们的全岩δ 18O值较低，为＋ 2.4‰～＋ 3.6‰，可能指示其原岩同大别山南部超高压带中榴辉岩一样，在板块俯冲之前，经受过高温地表水热液蚀变。年代学结果表明，大别山北部榴辉岩在 230～ 210 Ma期间经历的是一等温或升温过程，这与大别山南部含柯石英榴辉岩在这一时期的快速冷却过程形成强烈对比，这对理解俯冲陆壳中不同构造岩片折返过程的差异有重要意义。     

Ultra-high-pressure (UHP) marble and eclogite in the Su-Lu UHP terrane, eastern China

A large mass of dolomitic marble including many eclogite blocks occurs in orthogneisses of the Rongcheng area of the Su-Lu province, eastern China. The marble consists mainly of dolomite, calcite (formerly aragonite), graphite, forsterite, diopside, talc, tremolite and phlogopite. Aggregates of talc and calcite occur at the boundary between dolomite and diopside. Tremolite is a reaction product between talc and calcite. Eclogite blocks are rimmed by dark green amphibolite. The primary mineral assemblage in the core of eclogite is Na-bearing garnet (up to 0.2  wt% Na₂O), omphacitic pyroxene, clintonite and rutile. Secondary minerals are pargasitic/edenitic amphibole, plagioclase, sodic diopside, chlorite, zoisite and titanite. The peak metamorphic conditions, based on stability of the dolomite+forsterite+aragonite (now calcite)+graphite assemblage, under conditions where tremolite is unstable, are estimated at T  =610–660 °C and P =2.5–3.5  GPa (for X _{CO=0.001). A reaction between dolomite and diopside to form talc under tremolite-unstable conditions indicates a temperature decrease under ultra-high-pressure conditions (} P >2.4  GPa, X _{CO<0.0013). The formation of secondary tremolite is consistent with a nearly adiabatic pressure decrease post-dating the ultra-high-pressure metamorphism. The temperature decrease under ultra-high-pressure conditions preceding decompression may reflect the underplating of a cold slab, and the rapid decompression probably corresponds to the upwelling stage promoted by the delamination of a downwelling lithospheric root. The} P – T  conditions of the amphibolitization stage are estimated at <0.9  GPa and <460 °C, and are similar to conditions recorded by the surrounding orthogneisses.