塔里木盆地结晶基底的反射地震调查

大型克拉通内部沉积盆地基底组构与盆地起源和油气聚集有密切关系.除了钻井岩心及周缘露头研究可提供盆地结晶基底类型证据外,反射地震信号记录了沉积盆地起源时期的有关大地构造作用信息,盆地基底组构可通过记录长度大的反射地震剖面研究.2007年中石化在塔里木盆地将1400 km的地震剖面接收记录从6 s加长到12 s,为研究克拉通盆地结晶基底的组构和类型提供了难得的第一手资料.这篇文章主要介绍这次调查的反射地震剖面,讨论深反射地震数据处理的关键技术,展示塔里木盆地巴楚—塔中地区的四条12 s反射地震剖面,并对反射剖面的散射模式作初步分析.本次调查表明,将地震剖面接收记录从6 s加长到12 s,采集处理的成本只增加了3％左右,但是可为研究克拉通盆地结晶基底和上地壳不均匀性提供很有价值的第一手资料.     

结晶基底的构造特征与地震活动性

新构造活化区结晶基底特征与地震活动有如下关系：绝大多数地震与加里东固化区中的花岗岩体有关。单位面积内的地震强度随着断裂密度的增大呈正态分布。地震与断裂深度有关：４０％～７０％的地震发生在穿透地慢的断裂上，２０％～２５％的地震发生在穿透玄武质岩层的断裂上，而１０％～４３％的地震发生在穿透花岗质岩层的断裂上。多数地震发生在断裂交叉处，纵向断裂上地震较少，横向断裂上地震更少。部分地震活化区与残余俯冲构造的古生代缝合区重合。地震强度与侵入体的范围和最新隆起幅度有关。     

滇蜀地区前寒武纪结晶基底构造与地震活动的相关分析

本文滇蜀地区地壳磁性层顶面前寒武纪晶基底入手，讨论了该区前寒武纪结晶基底构造特征及其与地震活动的关系，并对两者进行了相关分析。指出区内的地震活动范围、位置、强度和深度受前寒武纪结晶基底的起伏构造形态和深度的影响与制约。     

昆明盆地基底断裂反射地震勘探数据处理

介绍了利用GRISYS处理软件,对昆明盆地基底断裂反射地震勘探数据进行处理,得到测线的水平叠加剖面和偏移剖面的过程.处理结果显示,昆明盆地内松散沉积存在"西断东超"现象,而不是原来所认为的典型的地嵌地牟型;西山-普渡河断裂和盘龙江断裂是控制昆明盆地发育的主要断裂.     

北京南部地壳精细结构深地震反射探测研究

为了研究北京平原区的地壳结构特征、断裂的空间展布、断裂活动性以及深浅构造关系,在北京平原区的南部完成了1条长90 km的深地震反射剖面.探测结果表明,该区地壳以双程反射时间(TWT)6～7 s的强反射带Tc为界分为上地壳和下地壳,上地壳厚约18～19 km,下地壳厚约16～17 km,Moho界面深度约为34～35 km.该区结晶基底起伏变化较大,上、下地壳分界面和Moho界面都是一个具有一定厚度的过渡带.上地壳反射层位丰富,断裂构造发育,构造形态清晰.在夏垫断裂西北,剖面揭示了4～5组能量较强的反射震相,表现为典型的隆起区特征;在夏垫断裂东南,上部为一套向东南倾伏的密集强反射层,下部为一套形态各异、结构复杂的强反射层,这些反射具有典型的沉积盆地特征,盆地最深处约为11 km.剖面揭示的地壳深断裂倾角较陡,向上切穿了上、下地壳分界面,延伸到上地壳沉积盆地的底部,向下切穿了壳幔过渡带,与上部断裂和沉积盆地构成了独特的组合关系.     

西南天山—塔里木盆地结合带浅深构造关系 ——深地震反射剖面的初步揭露

盆山结合部的浅-深结构样式是进行陆内造山动力学研究与讨论的重要依据.2007年,在喀什东的天山与塔里木盆地之间的过渡带上,完成了一条近南北向的长度为121 km的主动源深地震反射剖面,显示出盆山结合部现今地壳尺度的构造格架.剖面南部呈现出10~12 km巨厚的沉积盖层,沉积盖层内发育滑脱断层;盆山结合部多排隆起构造以及天山山前上地壳显现出向北倾斜的断裂与地表地质观察吻合;盆山结合带展现出滑脱与逆冲推覆构造相关的断层褶皱;与塔里木盆地稳定沉积层相比,在南天山浅、中层地层受到强烈的变形改造,导致地层比较破碎,反射变弱、连续性较差;时间剖面上可以追踪到比较连续的Moho反射,从南向北有加深的趋势.深地震反射剖面揭露出的西南天山与塔里木盆地的这些浅-深构造,展现出塔里木盆地盖层向南天山滑脱与南天山向塔里木盆地逆冲推覆的特征,反映出陆内汇聚下的盆山耦合关系.     

用于岩石层调查的深地震反射

近十年来,深地震反射法广泛用来调查大陆和边缘海区地壳上地幔的内部结构,取得了丰富的资料。在不同地区的不同部位,地球岩石层具有不同的地震反射特征,人们对它们的地质含义产生了许多争议。本文对目前深地震测深已取得的成果作概括性的回顾和分析,并对存在的问题提出自己的看法。     

云南人工地震测深Pg子波及结晶基底特征研究

本文应用地震子波理论和方法对云南两次大规模人地地震测深资料进行研究。结果表明，思茅和江川测区地质结构复杂，基底的动力学特征变化很大，思茅基底呈不完整的断块，江川北西方向６０公里范围内，不稳定的基底中存在个别较为完整的块体，景谷以南４０公里以内，基底的动力学特征变化较大，４０－４５公里段存在断层或破碎带，下关和景云桥测区基底的动力学特征的相对稳定，红河断裂和澜沧江断裂在该两处浅部的反映是微弱的。     

结晶岩中天然气异常的地震响应

通过对中国大陆科学钻探主孔地质及地震反射资料的综合研究,发现甲烷、二氧化碳与氦等气体异常与三分量地震反射带有关,在水平分量剖面上尤其明显．然而,在甲烷等气体异常存在的井段,结晶岩石的孔隙度仅为1％左右,难以说明产生地震响应的原由．主孔岩心地震波速测量结果表明,尽管结晶岩的孔隙度低,其中微裂隙含气会引起地震波速（尤其是S波速度）与饱水岩样相比明显降低,导致充气结晶岩石产生明显的地震响应．据此可以预测,如果中地壳部分岩石因水岩作用孔隙度提高并且充有天然气,中地壳顶部天然气会聚于孔隙度提高的结晶岩中的几率将大于地壳．由于这种会聚会引起低渗结晶岩石S波速度明显降低,地震方法将来可用于探测中地壳的天然气床．     

塔里木盆地前寒武地层岩石磁化率

在塔里木盆地前寒武结晶基底研究过程中,为了准确建立地层地磁模型,对库鲁克塔格地区岩浆岩、柯坪地区沉积岩、塔什库尔干地区变质岩地层进行系统取样及岩石薄片鉴定和准确命名,并测量岩石密度、磁化率.研究发现:①库鲁克塔格地区:基性、超基性岩蛇纹石化析出磁铁矿,磁化率剧烈变化,而中、酸性侵入岩磁化率随黑云母含量增加而增大;②柯坪...     

Tectonics of Precambrian basement of the Tarim craton

The Altyn Tagh Mountain is the main area where the Precambrian basements of Tarim craton are exposed. There are two ophiolitic belts in Altyn Tagh: one belt is exposed in the northern margin of Altyn Tagh whose formation age is about (829±60) Ma, the other is situated along the southern margin of Altyn Tagh and has a formation age of about (1449±270) Ma. This paper proposes a simple tectonic model for the Precambrian basement of Tarim craton established from ophiolites in Altyn Tagh area. The south Tarim block had amalgamated with Qaidam block during about 1400-1500 Ma along the present Altyn fault, while the south Tarim-Qaidam united block was still separated from the north Tarim block by an ocean. The united block of south Tarim and Qaidam collided with north Tarim block along the zone of high positive anomaly of central Tarim, Hongliugou and Lapeiquan in about 800 Ma. So since the Sinian (beginning at 800 Ma) there has been an integrated basement for Tarim craton.     

近年新疆地震围绕塔里木盆地的顺时针迁移与塔里木盆地的顺时针旋转

塔里木盆地是我国最大的内陆盆地,作为稳定地块,被周围许多深大断裂所围限.王琪等(2000)基于天山及塔里木地区多年的GPS观测结果,认为塔里木盆地整体上作为刚性块体,相对于稳定的西伯利亚地块作顺时针旋转,其内部变形较小或基本不变形.赵俊猛等(2008)应用人工地震和天然地震等综合地球物理探测方法,获得青藏高原壳幔组成、...     

LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating from granitoids in southern basement of Songliao basin:Constraints on ages of the basin basement

Seven LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb datings from granitoids in the southern basement of the Songliao basin were done in order to constrain the ages of the basin basement. The cathodoluminescence (CL) images of the zircons from seven granitoids indicate that they are euhedral-subhedral ones with striped ab-sorption and obvious oscillatory zoning rims. The dating results show that a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age is 236±3 Ma for quartz diorite (sample No.T6-1) located in the western slope of the basin,that weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages are 319±1 Ma (2126 m) and 361±2 Ma (1994 m) for diorite (sample No.YC1-1) and granite (sample No.YC1-2) located in northern part of southeastern uplift of the basin,respectively,and that weighted mean 206Pb/238U ages are 161±5 Ma,165±2 Ma,165±1 Ma and 161±4 Ma for samples Q2-1,SN121,SN122,and SN72 granitoids located in southern part of southeastern uplift of the basin,respectively. The statistical results of ages suggest that the middle Jurassic granitoids con-stitute the main part of basement granitoids,and that the Hercynian and Indo-Sino magmatisms also occur in the basin basement. It is implied that the Songliao basin should be a rift one formed in the intracontinent or active continental margin settings in the late Mesozoic after the Middle Jurassic orogeny took place.     

Wave tectono-sedimentary processes in Tarim basin

Wave analysis of basins is not only important to the crustal undation theory but also significant to petro-leum exploration by providing information such as the unconformity formation, migration and interchanges between uplifts and depressions, the migrations of sedimentary facies, and basin evolutionary stages. Early in the last century, Haarmann (1930, cited in Jacobs[1] and Scheidegger[2]) and Bemmelen (1933, cited in Jacobs[1] and Scheidegger[2]) put forward the theory of crustal undatio…     

塔里木盆地冷盆热改造的地震学证据

塔里木盆地是我国最大的沉积盆地,对我国油气战略选区具有较大的意义.自震旦系成盆以来,塔里木盆地表现为一个低温的冷盆.在覆盖全盆的20条地震长剖面上,识别出83处特殊的地震反射结构,其特征为同相轴向上凸起呈尖角状,形态为直立或近直立,故名地震反射尖角直立结构.共识别出四种基本类型的地震反射尖角直立结构,平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型,两个形态基本一致的基本型紧邻而组合为双相位型,两个或多个不同类型、不同形态的集中于某处则构成复合型.平缓型、正常型、巨幅型、刺穿型依次反映了变形增强的序列,理想状态下该反射结构由深至浅存在从刺穿型至平缓型的渐变序列,故基本类型的划分只是反映某处地震反射尖角直立结构的整体形态特点.地震反射尖角直立结构部位可能发育火成岩,与盆内钻遇火成岩钻井平面分布具有较高的相关度.地幔物质上涌至岩石圈,巨大的上拱能量造成了地层的变形,叠加构造因素的改造,地震反射尖角直立结构正是这一系列作用于地震反射上的响应.地震反射尖角直立结构是"热上涌"作用的产物.有机质的成熟、油气藏的形成和破坏与盆地热作用关系密切,对照塔里木盆地已有的油气田与"尖角直立"地震反射结构的平面分布,发现二者具有较高的相关性.地震反射尖角直立结构所反映的"热上涌"现象,促进了塔里木盆地"冷盆"背景下丰富油气资源的形成.     

High-resolution crustal structure of the Yinchuan basin revealed by deep seismic reflection profiling: implications for deep processes of basin

The Yinchuan basin, located on the western margin of the Ordos block, has the characteristics of an active continental rift. A NW-striking deep seismic reflection profile across the center of Yinchuan basin precisely revealed the fine structure of the crust. The images showed that the crust in the Yinchuan basin was characterized by vertical stratifications along a detachment located at a two-way travel time(TWT) of 8.0 s.The most outstanding feature of this seismic profile was the almost flat Mohorovicˇic′ discontinuity(Moho) and a high-reflection zone in the lower crust. This sub-horizontal Moho conflicts with the general assumption of an uplifted Moho under sedimentary basins and continental rifts, and may indicate the action of different processes at depth during the evolution of sedimentary basins or rifts.We present a possible interpretation of these deep processes and the sub-horizontal Moho. The high-reflection zone, which consists of sheets of high-density, mantlederived materials, may have compensated for crustal thinning in the Yinchuan basin, leading to the formation of a sub-horizontal Moho. These high-density materials may have been emplaced by underplating with mantlesourced magma.     

Poly-phase salt tectonics and hydrocarbon accumulation in Tarim superimposed basin, northwest China

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the poly-phase salt tectonics and its relation to the hydrocarbon accumulation of the Tarim superimposed basin. Several salt sequences are developed in the Tarim basin, they are: (1) the Mid-Early Cambrian salt sequence, mainly distributed in the west part of the north Tarim uplift and Keping uplift; (2) the Early Carboniferous salt sequence, mainly distributed in the south slope of the north Tarim uplift; (3) the Paleogene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the mid-west part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt and north Tarim uplift; and (4) the Miocene salt sequence, mainly distributed in the east part of the Kuqa foreland fold belt. The salt sequences deposited in the tectonically calm scenario, while the salt layers deformed during the period of intense tectonism. Although the salt sequences are characteristic of plastic flow, the differences of salt deformation styles exist in the different salt sequences because of the different deformation mechanism. It is attractive that the distribution of the large oil-gas fields or pools has a bearing upon the salt sequences and salt structures, such as the Tahe oilfield related to the Lower Carboniferous salt sequence and laterally facies changed mudstone, the Kela No.2 gas field to the Paleogene salt structures, and the Dina gas field to the Miocene salt structures. It is indicated that the large-scale hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by the poly-phase salt sequences and structures. The deep analysis of the poly-phase salt tectonics is helpful to understanding the characteristics of the structural deformation and oil-gas accumulation of the Tarim basin.