河南栾川叫河-大清沟地区地球化学异常特征

根据叫河-大清沟地区1:50000水系沉积物测量成果,在分析区内元素地球化学特征的基础上,利用R型因子分析和马氏距离对元素分布特征和规律进行了进一步的总结与探讨,系统阐述了测区内地层的地球化学特征、(衬值)异常特征、马氏距离异常特征,指明了寻找铅锌银多金属矿的有利层位和成矿元素主要富集地段,为区内地质找矿工作提供了地球化学依据.     

河南栾川叫河—大清沟地区地球化学异常特征

根据叫河—大清沟地区1∶50000水系沉积物测量成果,在分析区内元素地球化学特征的基础上,利用R型因子分析和马氏距离对元素分布特征和规律进行了进一步的总结与探讨,系统阐述了测区内地层的地球化学特征、(衬值)异常特征、马氏距离异常特征,指明了寻找铅锌银多金属矿的有利层位和成矿元素主要富集地段,为区内地质找矿工作提供了地球化学依据。     

马氏距离与欧氏距离方法在地球化学异常处理中的对比

正确和有效地确定综合地球化学异常是地球化学异常处理中的重要内容。综合地球化学异常的确定主要是基于多元正态分布理论,是多变量统计方法的直接推广和应用,马氏距离就是一个在地球化学离群点识别及判别分析等方面应用广泛的综合指标。以往比较普遍使用的是以欧氏距离为基础的计算方法,近20多年来基于马氏距离计算方法的应用逐渐增多。本文以河北某地1∶5万地球化学数据处理为例,从理论上和应用效果上对两种方法进行了比较,马氏距离方法考虑到了不同元素之间的相互关系,利用马氏距离方法求得的综合地球化学异常范围集中、界线清楚、强度突出、与已知矿体的吻合程度高,较欧氏距离方法具有明显优势,并在实际中可行。     

地球化学综合异常的圈定及找矿效果

能否正确有效地圈定地球化学综合异常是地球化学数据处理的重要内容,对找矿效果起决定作用。传统方法多在单元素异常的基础上圈定综合异常,而忽略了异常可能由地层本身高背景富集引起。笔者引用马氏距离识别地球化学离群点的方法圈定综合异常。由于马氏距离是基于多元正态分布理论,是多变量统计方法的直接推广和应用,其全面考虑了元素均值、方差及元素间协方差3个参数,是直接针对样本的计算过程,同时也是一元方法的直接推广,所以其具有独特的异常识别功能。经各种不同比例尺和不同采样介质化探数据处理应用显示,利用马氏距离方法求得的地球化学综合异常具边界唯一、界线清楚,减少了人为圈定异常的影响;异常强度突出,指标单一,可作为评价异常的一个重要参数使用;发现矿体(矿化)的概率程度高等优势。该方法可在实际中推广应用。     

多元地球化学异常识别的核马氏距离方法

地球化学数据满足多元正态分布时,马氏距离是一种有效识别多元地球化学异常的综合指标。然而,由于地质系统的复杂性、成矿作用的多期多阶段性以及控矿因素的多重性常常导致多元地球化异常临界面是非线性的和模糊的,用马氏距离定义的平滑超椭球面不能准确表示这种复杂曲面。核函数能够将地球化学样品集非线性变换至特征空间,背景样品的映像集合在特征空间中构成一种流型,异常样品的映像则零散分布于流型的边缘及外围。计算和比较样品映像到样品映像总体的核马氏距离,可以识别异常样品。把该方法应用于白山地区多元地球化学异常识别,用核马氏距离、马氏距离和主成分得分识别金-银、金-银-砷-铋-汞、金-银-铜-铅-锌-锑-钴、金-银-铜-铅-锌-砷-锑-铋-汞-钴4种组合模式的多元地球化学异常。研究结果表明：复合核函数马氏距离的多元地球化学异常识别效果优于其他方法。     

北祁连西段吊达坂地区水系沉积物地球化学特征及找矿预测

以北祁连西段吊达坂水系沉积物测量地球化学特征为研究对象，通过元素含量的概率分布、元素富集与分异、单元素异常、元素相关性分析及异常元素组合等特征的研究，在区内共圈定综合地球化学异常18处，划分出3个铜铅锌多金属找矿远景区，发现矿点4处。研究结果显示水系沉积物测量在北祁连西段半干旱高寒山区找矿效果明显。     

河南省新县姚冲钼矿地球化学异常特征及找矿意义

文章在1∶10 000土壤地球化学测量的基础上,分析姚冲矿区钼等元素地球化学特征,包括元素的富集与离散特征、元素组合特征、单元素异常特征、综合异常特征,确定Mo,W等元素为区内具有一定潜力的找矿指标;通过探讨地球化学异常与矿体的关系,认为该区的化探异常成果对找矿有很好的指示作用。     

内蒙古自治区牙克石市一支沟地区地球化学特征及找矿前景

本文介绍了内蒙古自治区牙克石市一支沟地区土壤地球化学特征。通过对该区土壤地球化学特征进行分析,结合区内成矿地质条件,圈定出成矿元素异常、伴生元素异常,了解异常分布规律和特征,为找矿工作提供靶区。通过对该区重点异常AP3和AP4进行了详细解释评价,异常区主要成矿元素异常强度高、吻合性好,是寻找Pb、Zn多金属矿的有利靶区。     

河南省新县姚冲钼矿地球化学异常特征及找矿意义

文章对姚冲矿区的 Mo等元素的富集与离散特征、元素组合特征、单元素异常特征、综合异常特征进行了研究。研究发现 Mo、W等元素异常为区内具有一定的找矿潜力,探讨了地球化学异常与矿体的关系,表明该区的化探异常成果对找矿有很好的指示作用。     

广西贵港—平南铅锌矿带地球化学特征及找矿潜力分析

文章通过贵港-平南地区主要成矿元素地球化学特征的总结,结合区域地质背景以及区内已探明铅锌矿床的地球化学土壤异常、同位素地球化学、成矿规律、控矿因素、找矿标志等特征,对铅锌矿找矿潜力进行了分析。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.