Environmental geochemistry and ecological risk of vanadium pollution in Panzhihua mining and smelting area, Sichuan, China

1 Introduction Vanadium (V) is a relatively abundant elemenwhich is widely distributed in nature; howeverworkable V deposits are very rare (World HealthOrganization, 2001). Vanadium is a trace elementwhich may be beneficial and possibly essential fohuman…     

Mineralogy, geochemistry and release of heavy metals in wastes from indigenous zinc smelting in Northwest Guizhou

Environmental impact resulting from mining activities is serious and ubiquitous all over the world, and it has become one of the important aspects in environmental geochemistry. The environment was seriously damaged by wastes from historical zinc smelting in Northwest Guizhou. The geochemical distributions of Pb and Zn in the different grain-size fractions of wastes indicate that the coarser particles show similar or even higher heavy metal concentrations than finer ones in the samples, although the concentrations of heavy metals tend generally to increase as the size fractions get finer. The heavy metal contents are very high, with maximum values of 31631, 57178, 2367 and 311.5 mg/kg for Pb, Zn, Cu and Cd, respectively. It is also shown that the residual fraction of Pb is less than that of Zn, accounting for 0.39%-15.75% and 14.3%-46.2%, respectively, of the total, and this is likely relative to Zn-silicate minerals formed from smelting. Although the relative partitioning of Pb and Zn is very low （0.03%- 1.3.% for Pb; 0.03% -3.3% for Zn）, the exchangeable fraction of the waste contains large amounts of heavy metals （1.5%-385 μg/g for Pb; 3-590 μg/g for Zn）. Heavy metals in exchangeable forms have the highest solubility to give the highest potential bioavailability in contrast to other chemical forms. Mineralogical study indicates that the wastes were found to be highly heterogeneous materials, dominated by quartz, feldspar, carbonatite, iron or/and aluminum vitric compounds and a few secondary mineral phases, and their contents vary with the type of smelting wastes. The secondary minerals formed from smelting and sequentially weathering are the major chemical phase for heavy metals. Complex composition of many phases and substitution of elements suggested that many of the phases were found to be non-stoichiometric compounds. Pb was found to be the main Pb phase in the wastes by precipitation or/and adsorption.     

Environmental Geochemistry of Mining Activities in Panzhihua Region, Southwestern China

INTRODUCTIONMining activlties have significant envi ronmenta1 inll)ac'l ssuch as visual intrusions, dust, noise, blasting, trafflc and h}'drology (Kwolek, l999; Ripley et al., l996 ). The l)rot'csst'sof mineral extraction, processing, smelting and refinlng;1rt'never approximate to the environmental neutrality, but tht' affected areas can be ameliorated (KwoIek, l999; Klukanov;1;llltlRapant, 1999). The regions, where mining activities are I,r('sent or continuous for a long tlme, are pote…     

Eco-Environmental Geochemistry of Heavy Metal Pollution in Dexing Mining Area

An eco-environmental geochemical investigation was carried out in and around the Dexing mining area to determine the concentrations of heavy metals in the surface water, sediments, soils and plants. The main objective of this study is to assess the environmental situation and evaluate the transferring of heavy metals from mining activities into the food chain. Some samples of water, sediment, topsoil and plant were collected along the Lean River in the Dexing mining area. The total concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and As were determined by AAS, and Hg was analyzed by cold-vapor AAS. Some indices such as ‘contamination degree‘ , ‘geoaccumulation index‘ , and ‘biological absorption coefficient‘ were used to assess eco-environmental quality. The investigation indicated a highly localized distribution pattern closely associated with the two pollution sources along the Le‘an River bank: one is strong acidity and a large amount of Cu in the drainage from the Dexing Cu mining area; and the other is the high concentrations of Pb and Zn in the effluents released from many smelters and mining, processing and extracting activities in the riparian zone. Results from the investigated localities indicated, at least in part, that some problems associated with environmental quality deterioration should be solved in the future.     

矿业活动区农田土壤重金属累积风险的评判方法——以小秦岭金矿区为例

金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为HgCdPbCu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为HgCuPbCdZn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。     

矿业活动区农田土壤重金属累积风险的评判方法——以小秦岭金矿区为例

金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为Hg>Cd>Pb>Cu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为Hg>Cu>Pb>Cd>Zn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。     

Geochemical Baseline and Trace Metal Pollution of Soil in Panzhihua Mining Area

A total of 31 topsoil samples were systematically collected from the Panzhihuaminingarea including steel smelting,coal mining ,urban and rural districts.A normalization procedure was adopted to establish the environmental geochemical baseline models for this area.By using the above baseline models,the regional geochemical baseline values of As,Cr,Cu,Ni,Pb and Zn were determined.On the basis of the baselines,the enrichment factors were used to analyze the mechanism of trace metal pollution in topsoil from anthropogenic sources,and the results showed that the serious trace metal pollution is caused by human activities in coal mine,iron mine,smelting factory,tailing dam and other industrial districts in the Panzhihua area.     

粤北凡口铅锌矿区土壤重金属元素污染特征及评价

凡口铅锌矿区及其外围不同地段土壤中重金属元素(Pb、Zn、Cd、As)的地球化学特征研究显示,4个土壤采样区的Pb、Zn、Cd含量平均值由高至低依次为铁石岭调查区(D2)丹冶排污流域高宅村附近(D1)凡口矿排风口下风口地段(D3)矿区上游澌溪河水库一带(D4)。3个采样区(D1、D2和D3)的Pb、Zn、Cd和As元素总量平均值均远高于全国土壤背景值和地壳中相应元素含量,矿区上游澌溪河水库一带(D4)的Pb、Zn、Cd和As元素总量平均值也高于全国土壤背景值和地壳中相应元素的平均值,说明凡口铅锌矿区具有较高的原生地质背景值。环境污染评价结果表明,凡口铅锌矿区土壤受到较严重的重金属污染,然而未受矿山开采影响的地区(D4)的土壤也受到不同程度的重金属污染;矿区周边83.33%的土壤已达到重度污染,应采取针对性的治理和修复措施,降低土壤中的重金属元素含量或者改变其在土壤中的存在形式,降低其迁移性和生物可利用性。     

The assessment of heavy metal stream in the air basin of Yerevan

Yerevan-the capital city of Armenia used to be a highly developed industrial center whose enterprises were integrated into the former USSR＇s industrial network. For this, the USSR disintegration entailed stagnation of most plants. Lately, some of them resumed operating, new enterprises were created, conditioning qualitative and structural changes in the city＇s industrial complex. Naturally,first of all, such changes manifest themselves in the extent of the impact of operating plants upon the environment and the air basin. This atmo-geochemical research was performed through studying natural depositing medium - snow cover, as the composition of its insoluble fraction is identical to that of solid constituent of air pollutants. The solid phase was analyzed through the method of quantitative spectral analysis for a wide set of heavy metals. Based on the data on heavy metal contents in separate samples, specialized geochemical maps of the city＇s territory were produced applying GIS ArcView 3.2 a. These initial data allow to calculate in-day dust load per square kilometer -38.3 kg/sq, km＊day, respectively, for the whole of the city＇s territory （225 sq. km） -8.6 tons. Data on element contents in dust allow to calculate the load of separate elements throughout the city landscape; so in-day load of Zn is 2.3 kg, Cu 1.1 kg. The determined contents of heavy metals are standardized by the element background and the following ranked geochemical series of heavy metal contents in ambient dust throughout the city was made up： Mo-Ag-Sn-Zn-Ni-Cu-Cr-Pb. The maps clearly reflect the morphology and extent of pollution zones and the structure of pollution. To characterize complex pollution, we have calculated a Summary Index of Pollution （SIP） that represents the sum of heavy metal contents in samples standardized by the background.     

煤矸石释放重金属环境效应研究--淮南煤矿塌陷区水体试验场实例调查

概要分析了淮南新孜5号井煤矸石所含的重金属元素对塌陷区鱼塘水质的影响,指出除个别水样中Zn、Cu超标外,其他均不超标,该鱼塘水质适宜养鱼要求。矸石样与华北及整个地壳泥岩中元素的丰度比,矸石中Cr、Pb、Zn与泥岩丰度基本持平,而Cd、Cu均超过其他泥岩中丰度值。因此,煤矸石在地面遭受风化,其所含有害物质可能会释放到环境,在煤矸石堆放处适当进行监测还是必要的。     

某金矿污染区人群头发重金属累积及其变化

矿业活动区环境重金属污染对人群健康的危害是人们关注的重大环境问题。以2009年某金矿区水土环境重金属污染区内的A村村民头发为研究对象,同时以环境相对清洁的B村人群头发中重金属含量为对比值。研究结果表明,污染区不同年龄段人群头发中的重金属平均含量具有一定的统计学意义,不同性别、不同年龄段人群头发中,Hg、Pb、Cd平均含量分别是对照区人发中的7.81倍、6.75倍和4.20倍。总体而言,污染区人发中重金属含量仍在持续累积。人发中高含量的重金属与人体健康存在较好的相关性,金矿区环境污染对人群健康危害严重。     

某金矿污染区人群头发重金属累积及其变化

矿业活动区环境重金属污染对人群健康的危害是人们关注的重大环境问题。以2009年某金矿区水土环境重金属污染区内的A村村民头发为研究对象,同时以环境相对清洁的B村人群头发中重金属含量为对比值。研究结果表明,污染区不同年龄段人群头发中的重金属平均含量具有一定的统计学意义,不同性别、不同年龄段人群头发中,Hg、Pb、Cd平均含量分别是对照区人发中的7.81倍、6.75倍和4.20倍。总体而言,污染区人发中重金属含量仍在持续累积。人发中高含量的重金属与人体健康存在较好的相关性,金矿区环境污染对人群健康危害严重。     

某金矿区农田土壤重金属元素Pb的累积速率

以某金矿区农田土壤重金属Pb为研究对象,分别以2004和2012年采集样品的测试结果作为计算农田土壤重金属Pb累积速率的依据,以2004—2012年作为计算时间区间,以农田土壤重金属Pb的累积速率为研究内容,采用对比分析方法,分析区域Pb的累积速率特征,阐明人类工程活动极大地影响着农田土壤重金属Pb的累积过程。研究结果表明,全区农田土壤Pb平均累积速率为31.8mg/kg·a-1。选取选矿厂、冶炼厂、尾矿库、污水灌溉区、车载尾矿弃渣等典型污染源,对周边农田土壤Pb累积的时空变化特征进行分析。结果显示,选矿厂对农田土壤Pb累积的影响最大,其周边农田土壤Pb累积速率相当于全区Pb累积速率的4倍,该结论对防治重金属污染及保障人体健康具有实际指导意义。     

某金矿区农田土壤重金属元素Pb的累积速率

以某金矿区农田土壤重金属Pb为研究对象,分别以2004和2012年采集样品的测试结果作为计算农田土壤重金属Pb累积速率的依据,以2004—2012年作为计算时间区间,以农田土壤重金属Pb的累积速率为研究内容,采用对比分析方法,分析区域Pb的累积速率特征,阐明人类工程活动极大地影响着农田土壤重金属Pb的累积过程。研究结果表明,全区农田土壤Pb平均累积速率为31.8mg/kg·a-1。选取选矿厂、冶炼厂、尾矿库、污水灌溉区、车载尾矿弃渣等典型污染源,对周边农田土壤Pb累积的时空变化特征进行分析。结果显示,选矿厂对农田土壤Pb累积的影响最大,其周边农田土壤Pb累积速率相当于全区Pb累积速率的4倍,该结论对防治重金属污染及保障人体健康具有实际指导意义。     

小秦岭某金矿区土壤-农作物重金属元素富集规律

土壤-农作物重金属富集规律是土壤和农作物重金属风险管控的关键问题。通过实地调查、现场采样、实验测试、综合分析等方法,重点研究了金矿活动影响区内的土壤Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Cu、Zn等重金属元素的全量、有效态含量特征,以及小麦不同部位与立地土壤中重金属含量之间的关系。结果表明:土壤Hg、Pb、Cu元素累积显著,Hg、Pb含量平均超标倍数为6.65、2.04倍;土壤中Hg(34.44%)、Pb(83.31%)、Cu(44.24%)、Zn(40.82%)的有效态含量占相应重金属全量的比例高,是危害农作物的主要元素;小麦籽中Hg、Pb、Zn元素平均超标率分别为26.33%、100%、26.32%;除Zn元素外,Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Cu含量全部符合籽粒茎杆根须土壤的规律;重金属含量的富集率平均值排序为Zn(30.54%)Cu(10.33%)Pb(0.45%)As(0.38%)Hg(0.14%)Cr(0.13%),Zn、Cu是小麦富集能力强的重金属元素。     

Research on soil multi-media environmental pollution around a Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in the karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region,Southwest China

The method of principal component analysis was applied to systematical research on the soil multi-media environment, including soil, surface water, ground water, waterbody sediment and agricultural crops, as well as pollution-inducing wastewater, mullock (or waste ore) and slag in the periphery of a large-sized Pb-Zn mining and smelting plant in a karst area of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. The results revealed that soils in the area studied have been heavily polluted by Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg, and the levels of these metals in the samples of agricultural crop greatly exceed the standards. The above-mentioned pollutants exist in all soil-multi-media environments. The mullock, slag, wastewater, surface water, ground water, soil, and agricultural crops constitute a composite ecological chain. Therefore, the improper disposal of mullock and slag, and the use of polluted wastewater for agricultural irrigation are the main causes of soil pollution. Heavy metals in the soil have three transition progresses: point (improved soil with slag, ground water inflow plot), linear (river transition) and non-point transition (regional pollution by slag) patterns, and the tailing yard is the most important locus for heavy metals to release into the environment.     

某金矿区浅层地下水重金属及氰化物污染评价

以某金矿区浅层地下水为研究对象,通过分析112件浅层地下水样的Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr~(6+)、As、Cu、Zn、CN~-等重金属元素及氰化物的含量特征,初步查明了这8种元素在地下水中的赋存规律。在此基础上,分别利用单项、综合污染指数评价方法对浅层地下水环境质量进行了重金属及氰化物污染评价。结果表明,浅层地下水中除背景元素Cr~(6+)局部区域超标外,受矿业选冶活动影响,双桥河流域中下游段局部区域Hg、Pb、CN~-等元素超标,该结论对浅层地下水资源污染防治具有重要意义。     

土壤重金属污染评价方法研究进展

从技术应用的角度,将土壤重金属污染评价方法分为传统的方法和基于GIS的评价方法两大类.本文阐述了评价方法的研究进展,分析了主要评价方法的优缺点,最后对评价方法做出了展望.     

金矿区农田土壤重金属污染的环境效应分析

通过对比研究小秦岭某金矿区土壤重金属综合污染区和对比区内的小麦、玉米籽粒中重金属的含量,结果表明污染区内小麦籽粒中汞、铅、镉累积程度显著高于土壤对比区对照样,铬、砷、铜、锌与对照区几乎没有差异,汞、铅、镉、锌、铜的超标率分别为86.67%、60%、33.33%、6.67%、20%。在污染区,玉米中铅、镉、铬较对照区明显累积,但仅有汞超标,超标率为15.15%。同一采样地点,金矿区小麦籽粒比玉米更易吸收累积重金属。小麦中重金属含量与立地土壤重金属污染程度存在较好的相关性。与1990年比较,小麦中汞、镉累积效应非常显著。研究区土壤重金属污染已经造成了小麦严重污染。     

岩溶铅锌矿区土壤重金属污染特征

以DX、DW铅锌矿区土壤为研究对象,利用原子吸收光谱法（AA800）、原子荧光光谱法（AF-640）测定土壤中铅、铬、镉、铜、锌、镍、汞和砷等重金属的含量,利用单因子污染指数法、N.L.Nemerow综合污染指数法对比分析土壤中重金属的污染特征,采用PCC统计学方法分析矿区土壤中重金属之间的相关性。结果表明:两矿区土壤中除Cu、Cr外,其余重金属均已对土壤造成单一或复合污染,其中Cd污染最为严重,对综合污染贡献最大。DX、DW矿区土壤重金属的Nemerow指数分别为27.61、63.54,均达到极强污染水平,且DW矿区污染较为严重。DX矿区,除Ni外,Pb、Cr等7种重金属元素之间存相关性;DW矿区,除Cr外,Pb、Ni等7种重金属元素之间存相关性,这可能与二矿区均属多金属伴生、共生矿床有关;土壤中各重金属总含量与pH值没有显著的相关性。研究结果将为合理制定矿区土壤污染的修复和治理措施提供依据。