Comparative adsorption behavior between phenol and p-nitrophenol by Na- and HDTMA-clinoptilolite-rich tuff

A comparison of phenol (Phen) and p-nitrophenol (p-NPhen) sorption between sodium (ZCh-Na) and surfactant-modified (ZCh-HDTMA) clinoptilolite-rich tuffs is presented using kinetic and the isotherm parameters to describe the selectivity of the sorption processes. The clinoptilolite-rich tuff (ZCh) used in this work was obtained from a new deposit located in the state of Chihuahua (México). The effective and external cation exchange capacities (EfCEC and ECEC) of the ZCh were evaluated previous surface modification with HDTMA. The clinoptilolite-rich tuff was characterized by X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy. A batch system was used to evaluate the kinetics and the isotherms of Phen and p-NPhen sorption. The results show that EfCEC and ECEC were 112 and 17 meq/100 g, respectively. The clinoptilolite is the major mineral phase although mordenite and quartz are minor components. The pseudo-second order kinetic model better fitted the adsorption data and Langmuir model best describes the isotherms for both Phen and p-NPhen using ZCh-HDTMA. p-NPhen is adsorbed by both ZCh-HDTMA and ZCh-Na; however, ZCh-HDTMA exhibits superior performance which reflex a major selectivity. Therefore, the surfactant-modified clinoptilolite-rich tuff could be used for p-NPhen wastewater treatment.     

Potential use of faujasite–phillipsite and phillipsite–chabazite tuff in purification of treated effluent from domestic wastewater treatment plants

Characterization of zeolitic tuff from Jabal Hannoun (HN) and Mukawir (MR) was carried out to examine the ability of using low-cost natural materials in domestic wastewater treatment. The grain size between 0.3 and 1 mm (0.3–1 mm) of the HN and MR has the highest total zeolite grade (faujasite–phillipsite and phillipsite–chabazite) and suitable cation exchange capacity. They were used as fixed-bed ion exchangers and adsorbents. The zeolitic tuff efficiently removed the organic and nitrogen compounds, Pb and Zn from the effluent. One bed volume (1 BV) of the zeolitic tuff is capable to remove up to 95 % of total organic carbon form 500 BV of the effluent. The removal percent of total nitrogen by HN and MR is close to 95 and 90 %, respectively. The zeolitic tuff has an excellent efficiency to remove Pb and Zn from the effluent. 1 BV of HN completely cleans Zn and Pb from 680 and 730 BV of the effluent, respectively, whereas 1 BV of MR is able to clean completely Zn and Pb from 500 and 685 BV of the effluent, respectively. The greater performance of the HN compared with the MR may be explained by its higher zeolites grade and presence of faujasite.     

Use of natural chabazite–phillipsite tuff in wastewater treatment from electroplating factories in Jordan

Chabazite-phillipsite tuff from Tell Rimah volcano was evaluated in industrial wastewater treatment. Samples of two different size fractions have suitable zeolite content and cation exchange capacity, and are characterized by good attrition resistance and high packed bed density. Such properties enable these fractions to be used as ion exchangers under column operation condition. In the presence of high concentration of competing ions, such as Na⁺, Ca⁺² and K⁺, and under conditions of high total ionic concentration of toxic metals, the chabazite-phillipsite tuff exhibits successful performance in removing Cu⁺², Cr⁺³, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Fe⁺² from electroplating effluents. The factors that influence selectivity and efficiency of the zeolitic tuff were evaluated. The experimental work indicates that both selectivity and efficiency of the zeolite shows similar trends. The selectivity sequence exhibited by the zeolitic tuff is Ni⁺²>>Zn⁺² and Cr⁺³>Cu⁺²>>Fe⁺².     

Lead removal from wastewater using faujasite tuff

The Jordanian chabazite-phillipsite tuff and faujasite-phillipsite tuff have suitable mineralogical and technical properties that enable them to be used for ion-exchange processes. These include suitable grain size and total cation exchange capacity, acceptable zeolite content, good attrition resistance and high packed-bed density. The chabazite-phillipsite tuff (ZE1 and ZE2) has an excellent efficiency to remove Pb and an acceptable efficiency to remove Fe, Cu, Zn and Ni from effluent wastewater of a battery factory and other industries. The faujasite-phillipsite tuff (ZE3) is 6.97 times more efficient than the ZE1 and ZE2. A bed of ZE3 (1,000 kg) loaded in a 1.17-m³ column is capable of cleaning about 2,456 m³ of the effluent from the factory at a cost of US $200/ton. The wastewater is contaminated with 20 ppm Pb in the presence of competing ions including Ca (210 ppm), Na (1,950 ppm) and Fe (169 ppm). This quantity of wastewater is equivalent to 120 working days of effluent discharge from the factory at a flow rate of 20 m³/day.     

13X沸石处理含赖氨酸废水的实验研究

用合成的13X沸石对废水中氨基酸(赖氨酸)进行静态吸附实验,研究了pH、温度、吸附时间、沸石用量等对吸附率的影响,结果表明,室温下沸石对赖氨酸的吸附平衡时间为30min,pH=pKa1=2.2时,赖氨酸在沸石上的吸附效果最好,吸附率大于82%,饱和吸附量达51.73mg.g-1。吸附等温线近似呈直线型,表明离子交换机制是沸石吸附氨基酸的主要方式。对已饱和吸附的沸石用饱和氯化钠溶液进行再生实验,赖氨酸的解吸率大于95%,沸石可重复使用。实验研究表明可用13X分子筛处理含氨基酸废水,为实际处理含氨基酸废水提供了可行性依据。     

13X沸石对Ni2+吸附性能的实验研究

在静态条件下，实验研究了13X沸石的用量、温度、时间、溶液pH值、初始Ni^2 质量浓度对Ni^2 吸附性能的。结果表明：在室温下，13X沸石对Ni^2 的吸附平衡时间为15min，对Ni^2 的最大吸附量为49.7mg/g沸石；静态等温吸附过程符合Langmiur吸附等温方程式；13X沸石对Ni^2 的吸附机理为离子交换吸附和表面络合吸附。     

利用13X沸石分子筛净化含Pb~(2+)废水的实验研究

采用静态间歇法 ,实验研究了含Pb2 +废水的 pH值及吸附时间对 13X沸石分子筛吸附Pb2 +性能的影响 ,得出了最佳去除效果的优化条件为 :废水的 pH值接近中性 ,吸附时间 10min。通过吸附实验 ,确定了在Pb2 +初始浓度为 2 0mg/L的条件下 ,13X沸石对Pb2 +的吸附量为 2 1 4 2mg/g ,即每克沸石净化含Pb2 +废水的最大体积量约为 75 0mL。解析实验表明 ,加入沉淀剂 ,浓缩洗脱液中的Pb2 +即以PbS的形式生成沉淀 ,为回收金属铅提供了可能 ;13X沸石在循环使用 5次的条件下 ,对废水中Pb2 +的吸附率仍高达 98% ,重复使用性能良好。经处理后的净化水中Pb2 +的浓度小于 0 4mg/L ,显著低于国家废水排放标准GB8978 88的指标 ( 1 0mg/L)。 13X沸石对Pb2 +的主要吸附形式是离子交换和表面络合反应。     

连续流态下好氧颗粒污泥的培养及处理制药废水的性能

在上流式好氧颗粒污泥床反应器中, 以厌氧颗粒污泥和好氧絮状活性污泥为接种泥, 采用人工配制的模拟废水, 成功培养出性能优异的好氧颗粒污泥.反应器内污泥浓度稳定在5g/L左右, 颗粒污泥粒径为0.5~2.0mm, 当进水COD为2000mg/L, 容积负荷为4.8kg/(m3·d)时, 系统对COD的去除率稳定在96%以上.通过扫描电镜观察, 好氧颗粒污泥是层状结构, 表面有大量丝状菌缠绕, 内部有短杆菌和空穴存在.逐步提高制药废水在进水中的比例, 经过47d的培养, 生物制药废水完全取代模拟废水, 系统对COD、NH₃-N、TP的去除率分别稳定在90%、90%和70%以上.      

Fe2O3对13X沸石分子筛合成条件及性能的影响研究

对江苏丰县的富钾页岩进行预处理,得到不同Fe2O3 质量分数的钾长石粉体原料FXY1、FXY2,经中温焙烧得到偏铝硅酸盐前体化合物,水热晶化合成了13X沸石分子筛。采用正交实验法,确定了水热晶化反应的优化工艺条件,原料中Fe2O3 质量分数的不同导致水热晶化反应的工艺参数有所不同。合成的两种沸石的性能与13X沸石分子筛的工业产品相似,吸附量均达到国家化学工业产品标准HG/T 2690 95的要求。对比实验表明,原料中Fe2O3 质量分数的降低可使其在更宽的碱度范围内合成性能更优的13X沸石产品。由低Fe2O3 质量分数的FXY2为原料合成的沸石,其物相纯度、热稳定性、白度、比表面积、吸附性等性质更优。合成沸石均可用于对含重金属离子废水的深度净化处理,由FXY2为原料合成的13X沸石还可用作洗涤助剂。     

三塘湖盆地条湖组含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层特征

含沉积有机质凝灰岩是三塘湖盆地一种特殊类型的致密储层,对这套含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层的研究将为提高我们对非常规致密储层的认识提供一个很好的机会。文中通过凝灰岩样品岩石矿物组成、薄片、扫描电镜、石英结晶度和物性等的分析,阐述了三塘湖盆地二叠系条湖组含沉积有机质凝灰岩致密储层的特征。结果表明：条湖组凝灰岩致密储层的岩石类型主要有玻屑凝灰岩和晶屑玻屑凝灰岩,凝灰岩中最主要的矿物是石英,平均含量可以达到50%以上。凝灰岩致密储层的储集空间类型可以分为脱玻化作用形成的矿物粒间孔,溶蚀作用形成的粒内孔、无机矿物粒内孔和黏土矿物粒内孔,有机质孔以及裂缝。凝灰岩储层的物性具有高孔低渗的特点,孔隙度主要分布在10%~25%,空气渗透率主要分布在(0.01~0.5)×10-3 μm2,凝灰岩火山玻璃质的脱玻化作用是导致凝灰岩储层高孔低渗的主要因素,脱玻化形成的粒间孔体积小但数量巨大造成了凝灰岩总孔隙度较高,孔隙喉道半径极小又导致渗透率很低。凝灰岩储层物性主要受原始火山灰的组分以及脱玻化程度的控制,玻屑凝灰岩比晶屑玻屑凝灰岩储层物性好,脱玻化程度越高储层物性越好,而脱玻化程度主要受凝灰岩的埋深(温度)、有机质(有机酸)含量等因素控制。     

Removal of lead (II) from synthetic and batteries wastewater using agricultural residues in batch/column mode

The present article explores the ability of five different combinations of two adsorbents (Arachis hypogea shell powder and Eucalyptus cameldulensis saw dust) to remove Pb(II) from synthetic and lead acid batteries wastewater through batch and column mode. The effects of solution pH, adsorbent dose, initial Pb(II) concentration and contact time were investigated with synthetic solutions in batch mode. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study revealed that carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups were mostly responsible for the removal of Pb(II) ions from test solutions. The kinetic data were found to follow pseudo-second-order model with correlation coefficient of 0.99. Among Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models, the Langmuir model provided the best fit to the equilibrium data with maximum adsorption capacity of 270.2 mg g^?1. Column studies were carried out using lead battery wastewater at different flow rates and bed depths. Two kinetic models, viz. Thomas and Bed depth service time model, were applied to predict the breakthrough curves and breakthrough service time. The Pb(II) uptake capacity (q _e = 540.41 mg g^?1) was obtained using bed depth of 35 cm and a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^?1 at 6.0 pH. The results from this study showed that adsorption capacity of agricultural residues in different combinations is much better than reported by other authors, authenticating that the prepared biosorbents have potential in remediation of Pb-contaminated waters.     

滇中易门地区约1.85Ga凝灰岩的厘定及其地质意义

在滇中易门-罗茨断裂带以西前人划分的昆阳群美党组中发现了大量的中酸性凝灰岩。采用锆石激光剥蚀法(LAICP-MS)对易门县铜厂一带的英安质凝灰岩、石英晶屑凝灰岩进行了年龄测定,获得锆石U-Pb年龄加权平均值为1842±26Ma(MSWD=7.6,n=29)和1860±25Ma(MSWD=2.5,n=11)。2件样品的锆石Th/U值为0.2～1.0,且均具清晰的振荡环带结构,为岩浆成因锆石。该套凝灰岩产于一套厚度超过1000m的火山-细碎屑岩组合中,其下发育厚约800m的黑色板岩-碳酸盐岩组合,表明滇中易门地区存在厚度超过2000m的古元古界。此年龄值与全球性的Columbia超大陆事件一致,所以,在进行Columbia超大陆重建时需要充分考虑扬子陆块的位置及意义。     

Identification of potential soil adsorbent for the removal of hazardous metals from aqueous phase

The present study attempted to identify the efficient hazardous metal-removing sorbent from specific types of soil, upper and middle layer shirasu, shell fossil, tuff, akadama and kanuma soils of Japan by physico-chemical and metal (arsenic, cadmium and lead) removal characterizations. The physico-chemical characteristics of soil were evaluated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques, whereas metal removal properties of soil were characterized by analyzing removal capacity and sorption kinetics of potential metal-removing soils. The chemical characteristics revealed that all soils are prevalently constituted of silicon dioxide (21.83–78.58 %), aluminum oxide (4.13–38 %) and ferrous oxide (0.835–7.7 %), whereas calcium oxide showed the highest percentage (65.36 %) followed by silicon dioxide (21.83 %) in tuff soil. The results demonstrated that arsenic removal efficiency was higher in elevated aluminum oxide-containing akadama (0.00452 mg/L/g/h) and kanuma (0.00225 mg/L/g/h) soils, whereas cadmium (0.00634 mg/L/g/h) and lead (0.00693 mg/L/g/h) removal efficiencies were maximum in elevated calcium oxide-containing tuff soil. Physico-chemical sorption and ion exchange processes are the metal removal mechanisms. The critical appraisal of three metal removal data also clearly revealed cadmium > lead > arsenic order of removal efficiency in different soils, except in tuff and akadama soils followed by lead > cadmium > arsenic. It clearly signified that each type of soil had a specific metal adsorption affinity which was regulated by the specific chemical composition. It may be concluded that akadama would be potential arsenic-removing and tuff would be efficient cadmium and lead-removing soil sorbents.     

Analyses of deterioration of the Cappadocian tuff, Turkey

 The Cappadocian tuff contains unique erosional features, the so-called fairy chimneys, some of which in the past were dwelled in and contain valuable wall paintings. These historical heritages, however, are undergoing chemical and physical deterioration due to atmospheric effects. For the conservation studies, understanding of the deterioration phenomenon of the tuff is essential. In this study, engineering geological and physicochemical characteristics of the tuff were determined. The durability of the tuff was assessed through wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, and salt crystallization. The test results suggest that chemical weathering may be traced to a depth of 2 cm below lichen-covered surfaces and 20 cm adjacent to discolored joint walls. Based on durability assessment methods, the tuff may be classified as having poor to very poor durability. Received: 16 December 1996 · Accepted: 3 April 1997     

开心岭二叠纪地层中铁矿化沉积凝灰岩的发现及找矿意义

开心岭地区位于青藏高原腹地北羌塘构造区,在该地区二叠纪地层中新发现含砾晶屑岩屑铁矿化沉积凝灰岩,对该地层完整采样,并对采集的样品进行专门的实验测试分析。样品显微镜薄片鉴定,具玄武质岩屑,凝灰质岩屑,晶屑主要为石英和长石;化学分析结果TFe为13.80%;X射线衍射分析结果,赤铁矿6%,针铁矿17%,石英16%,斜长石47%,伊利石3%,方解石6%,闪石2%,绿泥石2%。光谱半定量检测分析结果,Ti为0.7%;电子探针检测分析结果,赤铁矿:形态为完整或不完整的几何体和沿其它矿物边部成封闭与局部的丝带,钛铁矿为相对规则的棒状,磷灰石为规则的六边形和已经磨圆的半圆形。激光拉曼光谱分析结果,针铁矿,含磁铁矿。对上述分析结果研究认为,二叠纪开心岭地区可能存在重要的岩浆喷发作用,原始岩浆含铁较高,这可能是该地区金属矿床的物质来源,下一步宜加强该地区的找矿工作。     

Absorption properties of synthetic Cr-doped spinels in the UV, visible and infrared range and their astronomical implications

Summary Among the oxides, spinels are relatively abundant constituents of stardust, as has been inferred from studies of presolar grains in meteorites. Up to now, only pure Mg–Al-spinels have been considered as a possible stardust component. However, cosmically abundant transition metals such as iron or chromium may well be incorporated in spinels in the process of their formation in stellar atmospheres. We have produced synthetic Cr-doped spinels in order to study their UV, visible and IR spectra. Mass absorption coefficients (MACs) have been derived from transmission spectroscopy over a large wavelength range. For a Cr content of 5%, a maximum MAC in the UV (close to 200 nm) of 1000 cm²/g was found. For a Cr content of 10%, the maximum UV-MAC of spinel exceeds the maximum IR-MAC of 2000 cm²/g. The MIR bands of Cr-doped spinels are shifted to longer wavelengths with increasing Cr content, namely by ∼0.1 μm per 5% Cr in the range covered by our measurements. We conclude that a Cr content of spinel amounting to a few percents (<10%) is compatible with astronomical observations of spinel-bearing dusty environments, while a larger chromium content of spinels is not consistent with the presently available astronomical data.     

Modeling of solute transport and biological sulfate reduction using low cost electron donor

Serial data from soil–sawdust column experiments were used to develop a mathematical model to describe the biological sulfate reduction processes in porous media. The mathematical model numerically solves the equation of solute transport in one-dimensional saturated state. Solute transport is coupled to sulfate reducing bacteria sub model. Bacterial growth is assumed to follow double Monod kinetic equation. Two bacterial groups (X1 and X2) were described. Bacterial group X1 uses under aerobic conditions oxygen and under anaerobic conditions nitrate as electron acceptor. Under anaerobic conditions bacterial groups X2, use sulfate as an electron acceptor. Sulfate rich wastewater is usually deficient in electron donor and requires external addition of electron donors in order to achieve complete sulfate reduction. The organic carbon as electron donor is one of the most important factors that affect sulfate reduction bacterial activity. In this study the possible source of organic carbon is the solid organic carbon supplied to the system in the form of sawdust. The results of this study indicate that sawdust could be employed as low-cost materials to enhance the biological sulfate reduction processes in porous media. While the availability of organic carbon as electron donor is one of the most important factors that affect the sulfate reducing bacterial activity in porous media, this study demonstrates that using sawdust as a carbon source can improve the bacterial activity and increase the column permeability.     

Using stable isotope analyses to assess carbon dynamics in a shallow subtropical estuary

The sources of carbon, which fuel water column respiration, remain unresolved for most estuaries; our objective was to examine carbon dynamics in a shallow subtropical estuary. We sampled the Sabine-Neches estuary, Texas, during low (November 1999) and high (May 2000) freshwater inflow and measured stable carbon isotope ratios of the dissolved inorganic and orgnaic carbon (δ¹³C-DIC, δ¹³C-DOC), as well as quantifying accessory parameters (salinity, nutrients, total suspended solids, and photosynthetic pigments). Pigment analysis indicated that diatoms were the predominant phytoplankton. Data from the May 2000 sampling event exhibited conservative mixing, indicating that the system was acting as a conduit between the watershed and the Gulf of Mexico. During November, mixing was generally nonconservative indicating extensive recycling of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon sources. Our data imply that both carbon sources had similar isotope, ratios that made it impossible to unambiguously determine the dominant source supporting respiration. The nonconservative DIC concentration data indicating an autotrophic sink as well as the strong relationship between δ¹³C-DOC and chlorophylla, suggest that in situ production was an important component of the DOC pool. We hypothesize that uncharacteristically calm wind conditions during sampling may have promoted phytoplankton settling, removing autotrophs, from the water column, but leaving behind a dissolved biogeochemical signature. Interpretation of carbon dynamics may be confounded by spatial and temporal decoupling of producers and consumers from biogeochemical indicators.     

13X沸石分子筛的比表面积和孔分布

对利用钾长石粉水热合成的13X沸石分子筛分别进行了比表面积和孔分布测定。结果表明:13X沸石分子筛比表面积约为621.50~747.40 m²/g,总孔体积约为0.344 70~0.393 70 cm³/g;具有高比例且孔径小于2.50 nm的微孔,中-小型实验样品(SXZ-10g和SXZ-1kg)的微孔体积比例相近,为81.33%~84.70%,而扩大实验样品(SXZ-10kg)的微孔体积比例为67.90%~67.98%。13X沸石分子筛微孔的含量是决定13X沸石分子筛具有高比表面积和高效吸附性能的前提。     

江南古陆中段沧水铺群锆石U-Pb年龄和构造演化意义

江南古陆中段湖南益阳地区沧水铺群发育在冷家溪群和板溪群之间,其在地层柱中的位置一直是中国地质学家解疑江南造山带何时启动的关键层位。笔者在沧水铺群中的火山集块岩中获得锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄(821±13)Ma,再次验证了沧水铺群中的火山岩是820 Ma武陵运动之前的火山事件的产物,与武陵运动的启动有关,也说明该期火山岩与冷家溪群中大量的火山凝灰岩为同一构造运动的产物。