以江西花岗岩为例试论花岗岩的成因分类

一、花岗岩成因研究历史的简单回顾 从世界范围看,花岗岩成因争论的历史大体可分三个阶段。第一阶段:十八世纪未的“水火之争”。第二阶段:十九世纪中叶至本世纪中叶花岗岩岩浆成因与混合交代成因的激烈论争,最后把花岗岩从成因上分为相互独立又相互联系的两大类—岩浆花岗岩和混合交代花岗岩(变质花岗岩)几乎成为世界各地一致的趋势。我国亦不例外。第三阶段:二十世纪60—70年代以来,随着国际“上地幔计划”的开展,板块学说的传播和同位素地质学的发展,提出了更多的新观点,如上地幔分熔、带状融熔、俯冲带重熔等等。目前花岗岩成因研究已从以往偏重于岩石形成作用的探讨转入注重花岗岩形成的岩浆来源物的探讨。这是花岗岩成因研究深入发展的新时期。     

龙陵东部花岗岩及其成矿作用

根据龙陵东部花岗岩岩体穿插关系及同位素年龄,花岗岩作用可分为3期8个阶段,3个中心。主要岩石类型是黑云母二长花岗岩和白云母花岗岩。花岗岩的成因类型为壳源重熔型和变质交代型。 岩浆演化从早阶段到晚阶段,随酸碱度增加锡逐渐富集成矿。主要矿化类型有:含锡及稀有金属花岗岩,含锡及稀有金属伟晶岩,含锡矽卡岩和角岩型,锡石—黑钨矿—电气石石英脉和含锡多金属硫化物型。     

关于花岗岩成因的一些问题

花岗岩成因研究是关系到大陆地壳演化的重大理论课题。岩浆分异学说和花岗岩化、混合岩化或者超变质学说,是本世纪前半期讨论岩浆型花岗岩和交代型花岗岩的理论基础。从岩浆派和交代派之间长期争论中,人们大概接受了不完全排斥任何一派观点     

新时代花岗岩的新理论：花岗岩四阶段理论探讨

花岗岩的成因既是古老的问题,也是当前急迫的科学前沿。100年前花岗岩的火成论与变成论之争,以火成论压倒变成论而收兵。近百年的研究证明,火成论并非完美,关键是玄武岩浆分离结晶成花岗岩的机理受到严峻的挑战。而今,花岗岩源自下地壳变质出熔已经成为不争的事实,说明花岗岩的源头是变质岩。关于花岗岩成因的理论很多,经过多年的筛选,可能花岗岩形成的四阶段理论(从产生、分凝、上升到侵位)是比较合适的。在对该理论详细研究的基础上,本文提出了一个新的花岗岩四阶段理论：从产生、形成、上升到侵位。这是对花岗岩形成过程的描述。如果强调花岗岩形成的机理,则可表述为从出熔、聚集、上升到侵位。四个阶段分为两段：产生和形成(出熔和聚集)是升温过程;上升和侵位是降温过程。该理论的核心是本文提出的“下地壳岩浆房”的猜想,这指的是由部分熔融产生的熔体经聚集形成的巨大空间。首先,这个猜想解决了下地壳岩浆的空间占位问题。由于下地壳原地部分熔融熔出的产物(熔体+残留体)仅仅是物质组成形式发生了变化,不存在空间占位问题,下地壳总体积基本不变。只要存在持续的地幔加热过程,岩浆房体积可以逐渐增大一直到变得非常大。其次,关于花岗岩上升的驱...     

华南花岗岩研究的回顾与展望

半个世纪以来,华南花岗岩研究经历了3个发展阶段：第一阶段,重点研究了花岗岩的时空分布。根据地质证据与同位素年龄数据,证实华南存在多旋回的花岗岩,即晚元古代花岗岩、加里东期花岗岩、海西一印支期花岗岩和燕山期花岗岩。基本规律是：不同的造山旋回伴有相应的花岗岩。大体上,自西北往东南(向洋方向)花岗岩时代呈愈来愈新的趋势;第二阶段,重点研究了花岗岩的成岩物质来源,划分为M型、Ⅰ型、S型和A型,研究不同成因类型花岗岩形成的构造环境及其岩石地球化学标志;第三阶段,着重研究壳幔作用与花岗岩成因,例如研究玄武岩浆底侵作用与花岗岩的成因联系,以及岩浆混合作用与花岗岩成分多样性的原因。此阶段研究方兴未艾,仍在深入开展之中。今后主要研究方向,环绕3个问题进行：(一)壳幔作用与A型花岗岩成因;(二)陆内花岗岩浆产生的方式和原因(变质核杂岩、花岗岩穹窿、复式花岗岩体);(三)华南大花岗岩省成因。     

南岭地区与钨锡矿有关的早阶段花岗岩物质来源及形成条件讨论

南岭燕山早期复式岩体早阶段花岗岩是独立的一期侵入岩体,而不是一个相带。早阶段花岗岩的岩石酸度较低、岩浆分异程度较低。侵位较深。具来源除L部地壳成因物质外,还不同程度地混合有下部地壳或上地幔成因物质。属(?)(?)型和“S”型的过渡类型成因的花岗岩。     

川西花岗岩型铀矿成矿条件与找矿方向

川西地区构造运动强烈,岩浆活动频繁,具有多期次、多阶段的特点,从加里东期到喜山期均有岩浆活动,以印支期最为强烈,分布较为广泛,岩石类型复杂。文章从成矿地质背景、岩体成因类型、花岗岩含铀性、控矿构造、热液活动以及典型铀矿化特征等方面,对川西地区花岗岩型铀矿成矿条件进行了分析,指出川西地区具备形成花岗岩型铀矿的基本地质条件,区内应以寻找花岗岩内外接触带型铀矿为找矿主攻方向。     

花岗岩研究的反思

花岗岩是地壳生长、发展以及再循环的地质见证,是地质科学中壳–幔相互作用研究的一个重要课题,同时也是流体与固体地球化学相互作用领域的研究前沿。近二百年来,有关花岗岩的研究经久不衰,大致可分为4个阶段。（1）混合花岗岩派与岩浆花岗岩派的论争,代表花岗岩成因研究开始进入理性认识阶段。一派以变质作用条件下地壳重熔的地质观察为基础,另一派以简单的玄武岩浆分异为依据,而展开论争。（2）地壳重熔实验阶段。以地壳岩石为源岩的热力学实验的开展,是花岗岩热力学研究的开始。（3）随着重熔实验的全面开展,包括了微量元素及同位素的研究,促使热力学熔融体系在花岗岩成因研究上进入全面应用阶段,使地质上的共生组合法则得以与热力学接轨。同时由于微量元素应用于花岗岩,它的多元机理（multiple stage mechanism）进一步确立,为动态研究的开展打下了一定的基础。（4）花岗岩成因与大地构造结合阶段,属于近代花岗岩研究的范畴,代表着花岗岩体系与动态地质演化过程的接轨,并开始建立一个地质实际的观察模式,为进一步向动力理论发展做好准备。为此,对花岗岩研究发展过程中出现的几个问题,如平衡热力学的应用,流体在花岗岩中的重要性,花岗岩成因与大地构造的结合以及热在长期的演化过程中的变化等问题进行了讨论。     

稀有元素花岗岩成岩成矿作用——兼评成因认识的演变

本文概括地介绍了世界稀有元素矿化花岗岩的六种成因模式。以地质、地球化学和实验资料论述了稀有元素矿化花岗岩的成岩成矿作用:①主要应是岩浆成因,但又常伴生岩浆期后的交代;②稀有元素锂、氟花岗岩可能的分异是上部液态分离,下部分离结晶;③可能存在深源与浅源两类稀有元素矿化花岗岩。     

云母分类和花岗岩序列

对花岗岩成因问题从多个侧面,例如,构造环境、侵位方式、物质来源、成岩条件等所进行的分类研究大大深化了对花岗岩本质的认识,推动了岩石圈的研究,也促进了对内生矿产资源的开发研究。云母是非常普遍的造岩矿物,其复杂的成分和多变的种类当与其结晶条件相对应。因此,弄清云母的成分和变化趋势,有可能识别花岗岩在成岩条件和岩浆重熔-分异阶段上的差异。     

华南花岗岩的成因类型及其演化系列

我国学者翁文灏早在二十年代初期即将长江中下游的花岗闪长岩和南岭花岗岩分为两个不同的类型,并认为前者较后者来自地下较深处。稍后,谢家荣曾分别称其为扬子式和香港式。以上观点对华南地区的地质工作     

Late Paleozoic granitoids in western Transbaikalia: sequence of formation,sources of magmas,and geodynamics

The evolution of Late Paleozoic granitoid magmatism in Transbaikalia shows a general tendency for an increase in the alkalinity of successively forming intrusive complexes: from high-K calc-alkaline granites of the Barguzin complex (Angara–Vitim batholith) at the early stage through transitional from calc-alkaline to alkaline granites and quartz syenites (Zaza complex) at the intermediate stage to peralkaline granitoids (Early Kunalei complex) at the last stage. This evolution trend is complicated by the synchronous development of granitoid complexes with different sets and geochemical compositions of rocks. The compositional changes were accompanied by the decrease in the scales of granitoid magmatism occurrence with time. Crustal metaterrigenous protoliths, possibly of different compositions and ages, were the source of granitoids of the Angara–Vitim batholith. The isotopic composition of all following granitoid complexes points to their mixed mantle–crustal genesis. The mechanisms of granitoid formation are different. Some granitoids formed through the mixing of mantle and crustal magmas; others resulted from the fractional crystallization of hybrid melts; and the rest originated from the fractional crystallization of mantle products or the melting of metabasic sources with the varying but subordinate contribution of crustal protoliths. Synplutonic basic intrusions, combined dikes, and mafic inclusions, specific for the post-Barguzin granitoids, are direct geologic evidence for the synchronous occurrence of crustal and mantle magmatism. The geodynamic setting of the Late Paleozoic magmatism in the Baikal folded area is still debatable. Three possible models are proposed: (1) mantle plume impact, (2) active continental margin, and (3) postcollisional rifting. The latter model agrees with the absence of mafic rocks from the Angara–Vitim batholith structure and with the post-Barguzin age of peralkaline rocks of the Vitim province.     

Geochemistry of Granitoid Rocks from Zhejiang Province and Crustal Evolution—Ⅰ.Phanerozoic Granitoid Rocks

The Phanerozoic granitoid rocks include the Caledonian,Indosinian and Yenshanian granitoid rocks.The existence of Caledonian and Indosinian granites was evidenced by zircon U-Pb ages,The study of the characteristics of major,trace and rare-earth elements,isotopic composition and petrogenesis for the granitoid rocks has been made,The Caledonian and Indosinian granites were derived from partial melting of the Proterozoic basement rocks and the two tectonic activities were weak,The Yenshanian grantoid rocks were derived from mixing of mantle and crustal materials,It implies that the crustal accretion took place in Mesozoic time.     

SIMS zircon U–Pb and mica K–Ar geochronology,and Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry of Neoproterozoic granitoids and their bearing on the evolution of the north Eastern Desert,Egypt

Granitic rocks are commonly used as means to study chemical evolution of continental crust, particularly, their isotopic compositions, which reflect the relative contributions of mantle and crustal components in their genesis. New SIMS and K–Ar geochronology, isotope, geochemical, and mineral chemistry data are presented for the granitoid rocks located in and around Gabal Dara in the Northern Eastern Desert of Egypt. The granitoid suite comprises quartz diorites, Muscovite (Mus) trondhjemites, and granodiorites intruded by biotite-hornblende (BH) granites and alkali feldspar (AF) granites. Mus trondhjemite, granodiorite and BH granite exhibit I-type calc alkaline affinities. Mus trondhjemite and granodiorite show medium-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous/mildy peraluminous affinities, whereas BH granites have high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous character. Concordant ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U weighted mean ages together with geochemical peculiarities suggest that Mus trondhjemites (741 Ma) followed by granodiorites (720 Ma) are genetically unrelated, and formed in subduction-related regime by partial melting of lower oceanic crust together with a significant proportion of mantle melt. The genesis of Mus trondhjemites is correlated with the main event in the evolution of the Eastern Desert, called “~750 Ma crust forming event”.The field and geochemical criteria together with age data assign the high-K calc-alkaline BH granites (608–590 Ma) and alkaline AF granites (600–592 Ma) as post-collisional granites. The differences in geochemical traits, e.g. high-K calc-alkaline versus alkaline/peralkaline affinities respectively, suggest that BH granites and AF granites are genetically unrelated. The age overlap indicating coeval generation of calc-alkaline and alkaline melts, which in turn suggests that magma genesis was controlled by local composition of the source. The high-K calc-alkaline BH granites are most likely generated from lithospheric mantle melt which have been hybridized by crustal melts produced by underplating process. AF granites exhibit enrichment in K₂O, Rb, Nb, Y, and Th, and depletion in Al₂O₃, TiO₂, MgO, CaO, FeO, P₂O₅, Sr, and Ba as well as alkaline/peralkaline affinity. These geochemical criteria combined with the moderately fractionated rare earth elements pattern (La_N/Yb_N = 9–14) suggest that AF granite magma might have been generated by partial melting of Arabian–Nubian Shield (ANS) arc crust in response of upwelling of hot asthenospheric mantle melts, which became in direct contact with lower ANS continental crust material due to delamination. Furthermore, a minor role of crystal fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, zircon, and titanomagnetite in the evolution of AF granites is also suggested. The low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.7033–0.7037) and positive ε_Nd(T) values (+ 2.32 to + 4.71) clearly reflect a significant involvement of depleted mantle source in the generation of the post-collision granites and a juvenile nature for the ANS.     

Late Paleozoic gabbroids of western Transbaikalia: U-Pb and Ar-Ar isotopic ages,composition, and petrogenesis

We provide new isotope-geochronological evidence for the synchronous occurrence of Late Paleozoic basic and granitoid magmatism in western Transbaikalia; this is a strong argument for the contribution of mantle magmas to granitoid petrogenesis. The Late Paleozoic basic rocks originated from the phlogopite-garnet-bearing lherzolitic mantle, which melted under “hydration conditions.” The specific features of Late Paleozoic magmatism in western Transbaikalia were determined by the combination of the activity of a low-energy mantle plume with the final stage of the Hercynian orogeny in space and time. At the early stage of magmatism, during the formation of the Barguzin granites,the plume had only a thermal influence on the crustal rocks heated as a result of Hercynian fold-thrust deformations. The mixing of mantle basic and crustal salic magmas at different levels marked the transition from crustal to mixed (mantle-crustal) granites, which include all post-Barguzin complexes (probably, except for alkali granites). In the geologic evolution of Transbaikalia, the Late Paleozoic magmatism was postorogenic, but it was initiated and influenced by the mantle plume.     

壳幔混合及花岗质岩浆的形成

花岗岩成因与壳幔作用有着密切的联系,花岗岩成分不单来源于地壳,还有地幔物质的参与,不同程度的壳幔混合可形成类型多样的花岗质岩石。本文简要总结了在俯冲作用、底侵作用、拆沉作用及地幔柱活动过程中花岗质岩浆的形成,并对此类花岗岩的岩石学及地球化学特征进行了描述。鉴于此,可初步判断花岗岩的形成是否与壳幔相互作用有关,但还没有一种统一的模式能对其进行有效的解释。     

华南中生代与同熔型花岗岩有关的铜铅锌多金属矿床时空分布及其岩浆源区特征

花岗岩及其成矿作用一直是地质学家关注的重要科学问题。本文在回顾花岗岩分类及其成矿专属性研究的基础上,以华南同熔型花岗岩为例,探讨了华南地区与同熔型花岗岩有关的铜铅锌矿床的特点、时空格架及其分布规律,研究了与成矿有关的同熔型花岗岩的特点、源区属性及其与华南古老地壳的关系。本文认为华南地区与同熔型花岗岩有关的铜铅锌成矿作用是壳幔相互作用的结果,且这些同熔型花岗岩具有过渡类型的特征。岩浆源区属性与成矿类型、成矿规模的关系存在着某种制约联系,该类矿床的形成是不同时期华南地区古老地壳改造的结果。     

内蒙古维拉斯托矿区花岗岩类地球化学特征及其构造意义

维拉斯托铜多金属矿床是近年来在大兴安岭发现的大型银铜多金属矿床,为了深入讨论维拉斯托矿区花岗岩类的大地构造环境及其形成的动力学背景,通过系统观察和分析,讨论了维拉斯托矿区钻孔内出露的黑云母花岗岩、黑云母二长花岗岩以及石英闪长岩的岩石学及地球化学特征。黑云母花岗岩及黑云母二长花岗岩具高硅特征,A/NCK平均值为1.07,里特曼指数小于3.3,属于钙碱性系列;稀土总量较高,轻重稀土元素分馏强烈,中等Eu负异常;(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)t值为0.705 93~0.710 75,ε_Nd(t)值为-4.45~-0.63,具有高分异I型花岗岩特征。石英闪长岩的SiO2含量中等,准铝质,高镁(3.12%~7.58%),高Cr、Ni;稀土总量较低,轻重稀土元素分馏不明显,弱Eu负异常;(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)t值0.705 05~0.707 68,ε_Nd(t)值在-0.88 ~1.04,具有赞岐岩的元素组成特点。黑云母花岗岩及黑云母二长花岗岩主要来源于年轻陆壳的部分熔融,上侵过程经历较强烈的分异作用;石英闪长岩来源于俯冲流体/熔体或残余洋壳部分熔融对岩石圈地幔改造后的产物,岩浆演化后期并未经历强烈的地壳混染及分异作用。综合研究认为：维拉斯托矿区花岗岩类侵位于晚石炭世,形成于后碰撞环境。兴蒙造山带内大量出露晚石炭世-早二叠世的钙碱性高分异I型花岗岩及A型花岗岩,同时大量沉积学及地层古生物的证据均显示兴蒙造山带该时期已经进入陆内演化阶段。     

赣南不同类型花岗岩体的锆石形态群特征及其意义

根据赣南不同时期的各类型花岗岩体的锆石形态群的研究,确定了赣南在前燕山期形成的隘地体、安西－龙州岩体都是造山花岗岩,寨背岩体,陂头岩体,柯树北岩体和安西－龙州岩体均可能是地幔物质混染地壳物质后形成的。     

广西花山花岗岩的岩石学和地球化学特征及成岩物质来源的探讨

本文研究了花山花岗岩的岩石学、地球化学和同位素地质学特征,确定了花山岩体是一个由三期独立的、不同时代、不同成因和不同物质来源的花岗质岩浆岩所组成的复式岩体。第一期印支期牛庙石英二长岩和同安石英二长岩,属以幔源物质为主的壳幔混合来源,由上地幔分异岩浆上侵并同化混染了地壳物质而形成;第二期燕山早期花山主体花岗岩亦属壳幔混合来源,但其壳幔物质比值有所增高。上地幔沿东西向区域性深断裂的上拱和地壳物质(包括沉积组分和火成组分)受热重熔,是该期花岗岩的可能成因;第三期燕山晚期细粒花岗岩小岩体是由以沉积组分为主的地壳物质经部分熔融、重熔或深熔而成。