海水中溴离子气相色谱测定法的研究

研究了用气相色谱测定海水及天然水中溴离子含量的方法,确定了最佳条件。天然海水,稀释200倍后;取10ml稀释水样,用氯胺T为氧化剂,将Br-氧化为溴,在六次甲基四胺催化的条件下,溴与丁酮反应生成溴代丁酮;用环已烷萃取后,用ECD检测器测定。此方法简便快速,对溴离子含量较低的天然水尤为适用。方法与碘量法相对照,取得满意结果。     

溴素生产技术及溴系列产品的开发

溴素是重要的化工原料之一,是海洋化学工业的主要分支,由它衍生的种类繁多的无机溴化物、溴酸盐和含溴有机化合物在国民经济和科技发展中有着特殊的价值,随着我国主导工业的发展,正在渗透到各个行业和领域之中。1　主要的溴素生产技术路线溴素的工业生产始于19世纪中叶,随着溴系列产品越来越重要的贡献,国内外制溴业生产技术的研制开发也在不断地完善和发展之中。1.1　成熟的水蒸汽蒸馏法及空气吹出法我国溴素生产目前全部采用水蒸汽蒸馏法和空气吹出法。其原理均为用氯气作氧化剂将溴离子氧化为游离溴后再用水蒸汽蒸馏和空气吹出方式进行提…     

海水是镁和溴取之不尽的天然宝库

海水蕴藏着丰富的化学资源 ,在我们的地球上已发现的 1 0 9种化学元素中 ,海水中就含有 80多种。海盐、溴素、钾盐、镁盐是其中的四大主体要素 ,因为它们是世界各国国民经济发展的重要的基础化工原料 ;也是 2 1世纪的重要战略物资。其中镁是机械制造业重要的金属材料 ,在飞机、     

海洋资源的化学 Ⅲ．用于海水直接提溴的新型吸着剂

溴是合成化学工业和感光底片的重要原料。近几十年来，由于溴大量用于制备内燃机抗震添加剂和新型的高效灭火剂，因而其需用量日益增加。我国目前溴的产量亦亟待提高。世界上现今生产的溴，虽然约有70％是来源于海水，但沿用的方法和工艺，远非经济、合理。     

中国典型红树林沉积物中多溴联苯醚和替代型溴系阻燃剂污染特征

本文研究了中国四省区(福建、广东、广西和海南)共16处红树林湿地表层沉积物中多溴联苯醚(polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBDEs)和5种替代型溴系阻燃剂(alternative brominated flame retardants, ABFRs)的污染特征, 包括十溴二苯乙烷(decabromodiphenyl ethane, DBDPE)、1, 2-双(2, 4, 6-三溴苯氧基)乙烷[1, 2-bis (2, 4, 6-tribromophenoxy) ethane, BTBPE]、六溴苯(hexabromobenzene, HBB)、五溴甲苯(pentabromotoluene, PBT)和五溴乙苯(pentabromoethylbenzene, PBEB)。结果表明, PBDEs、DBDPE和BTBPE在我国红树林湿地沉积物中广泛存在, 而HBB、PBT和PBEB仅在部分红树林湿地检出。PBDEs总含量的均值范围为1.39~293ng·g^-1(干重), 其污染程度具有明显的空间差异性(p=0.016), 并且与当地人口和经济水平显著正相关(p<0.01)。在红树林沉积物样品中, BDE 209是最主要的同系物, 占PBDEs总含量的72%~96%; DBDPE和BTBPE是最主要的ABFRs, 浓度的均值范围分别为0.489~29.4ng·g^-1(干重)和0.0127~1.11ng·g^-1(干重)。BDE 209与其替代品DBDPE的含量显著正相关(p<0.01), 反映出二者在红树林湿地沉积物中空间分布的相似性, 这说明BDE 209和DBDPE可能具有相似的污染源和/或环境行为。DBDPE与BDE 209的浓度比值范围为0.0839~0.925, 表明我国红树林湿地沉积物中DBDPE的污染水平还未超过BDE 209, 但ABFRs逐渐替代使用而带来的环境问题不容忽视。     

溴离子阳极脱附动力学模型研究

作者在1995年的硕士论文实验工作中曾研究了酸性介质中溴离子(Br-)对铁阳极极化行为的影响,发现电极电位到达一定值时,Tafel斜率会急剧减小,可以发生从约60mV到30mV的变化。根据循环极化和变化扫描速度两种实验方法得到的结果,作者认为这种Tafel斜率的变化应归因于Br-在铁表面上发生吸附和脱附的结果。基于以上观点,本文拟建立一个动力学模型,以期从理论上解释上述现象,并能对实际问题进行定性和定量的分析。     

不同饵料密度下BDE-47和DBDPE联合作用对褶皱臂尾轮虫生殖力和存活力的影响

针对如今随着阻燃剂的更新换代,使得汇入海洋环境中的阻燃剂组分构成更加多样,造成的潜在危害更加复杂这一问题,本项目以四溴联苯醚(BDE-47)和十溴二苯乙烷(DBDPE)分别作为旧型和新型溴系阻燃剂代表,以海洋浮游动物-褶皱臂尾轮虫为对象,探究不同密度饵料藻培养下,BDE-47和DBDPE的联合作用对轮虫生殖力和存活力的毒性效应。研究结果表明,BDE-47和DBDPE作用均可导致轮虫的产幼数的降低,生殖期和存活时间的缩短,且BDE-47表现出更强的毒性效应。BDE-47和DBDPE联合作用时,对饱食轮虫的生殖期、产幼数和存活期表现为拮抗作用或相加作用,而对饥饿轮虫表现为协同作用。本项目为准确评价溴系阻燃剂更迭造成的潜在风险变化提供数据支持。     

六溴苯的合成研究

对直接溴化法合成六溴苯作了系统的研究,并对文献方法进行了一系列的改进。包括选择适当的摧化剂及其用量,使反应基本上在室温下进行;利用水汽蒸馏法驱除残余溴,可直接得到无色或近乎无色的纯净产物,而勿需进行还原脱溴,且得率较高。提出一种以溴化物形式回收副产物的方法。     

酸性介质中溴离子对铁阳极溶解行为的影响

海水中的氯离子(Cl-)及溴离子(Br-)是造成金属孔蚀或缝隙腐蚀的主要元素,因而这些离子对金属阳极极化行为的影响受到有关领域的普遍重视,国内、外许多专家对此进行了大量研究,然而,这些研究关于Cl-的较多,对Br-的研究则相当少。Br-介于Cl-和I-之间,在许多性质方面与这两种离子存在相似性,它们在对铁阳极溶解的作用机理方面也应存在一定的内在联系,因此对Br-的研究有可能会揭示卤素离子之间的这种关系,并能加深对Cl-作用机理的认识。基于以上,作者利用动电位扫描方法对工业纯铁在酸性介质中存在Br-条件下的阳极极化行为进行了研究,结果表明Br-在铁电极表面上存在吸附和脱附的过程,Br-的阳极脱附是产生铁阳极极化曲线中电流剧增平阶区的本质原因。由于Br-存在与缓蚀剂的协同效应,这一研究将对高效缓蚀剂的开发具有一定的指导意义,同时也为金属防蚀技术在生产中的应用提供了理论依据。     

气态膜法海水提溴影响因素的研究

以聚偏氟乙烯 (PVDF)为材料 ,采用中空纤维气态膜法对影响海水及增浓后海水 (卤水 )提溴的因素进行了探讨。通过分析确定原料液 (含溴海水和卤水 )的温度 T、流速μ、浓度 c以及膜外侧的真空度为影响提溴收率 η、传质系数 k和通量 J的优选因素 ,对此 4因素进行 L16 (44)正交实验。实验结果极差分析表明 :温度是收率和传质系数的首要影响因素 ,而通量的首要影响因素是浓度。在本实验条件下 ,η,k和 J均达最佳时各因素水平分别为 :温度 48℃ ,真空度 60 0 mm Hg,流速 7.81cm/ s,浓度 190× 10 - 6。     

Quantitative characterization of connectivity and conductivity of sandstone carriers during secondary petroleum migration,applied to the Third Member of Eocene Shahejie Formation,Dongying Depression,Eastern China

Studies on migration pathways remain qualitative, albeit extensive quantification of migration forcing. In this study, hydrocarbon carriers are defined as carrier units and their corresponding carrier beds for the Third Member of Eocene Shahejie Formation in the Dongying Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China, on the basis of their lithofacies and physical properties, spatial relationships, and data availability; secondary migration conduits are then quantified. A carrier unit is defined as a stratigraphic unit that contains microscopically porous and permeable carrier beds and is covered by regional seals. The carrier beds are macroscopically and physically connected to each other within a carrier unit and are hydrodynamically connected during secondary migration. A method of quantifying sandstone carrier units using common physical properties is developed. First, a carrier unit containing potential carrier beds is identified on the basis of lithofacies and their lateral changes. Second, physical connectivity of sandstone carrier beds is assessed on the basis of percolation theory. Third, the hydrodynamic connectivity of a sandstone carrier unit is analyzed using effective parameters that may reflect the hydraulic circulation in the carrier unit. Last, the conductivity of a sandstone carrier bed is quantitatively characterized using appropriate physical property parameters. The results for sandstone carrier units in the Third Member of the Shahejie Formation are used in numerical models addressing Pleistocene secondary migration. The model results explain the discovered accumulation and hydrocarbon shows well; and the model predictions on exploration targets have been confirmed by drilling.     

一阶速度-应力双相介质方程逆时偏移及GPU加速实现

实际地下储层是含流体的双相介质,常规的弹性波叠前逆时偏移多基于单相介质理论,不能充分考虑地层中的双相介质对地震波场的影响。为研究双相介质中地震波传播对逆时偏移结果的影响,基于Biot的双相介质理论实现了一阶速度-应力双相介质方程的逆时偏移,并基于CUDA实现了双相介质方程逆时偏移的GPU加速。模型实验结果表明,在含流体的双相介质中,双相介质方程逆时偏移的结果比弹性波方程和声波方程的结果更接近真实的构造形态,同时与基于CPU的双相介质逆时偏移相比,基于GPU的逆时偏移可达到27倍的加速比。因此基于GPU加速的双相介质逆时偏移不仅能够实现对双相介质地层的精确偏移成像,而且能够有效提高逆时偏移的计算效率。     

The Effects of GPS Carrier Phase Ambiguity Resolution on Jason-1

We have used GPS carrier phase integer ambiguity resolution to investigate improvements in the orbit determination for the Jason-1 satellite altimeter mission. The technique has been implemented in the GIPSY orbit determination software developed by JPL. The radial accuracy of the Jason-1 orbits is already near 1 cm, and thus it is difficult to detect the improvements gained when the carrier phase ambiguities are resolved. Nevertheless, each of the metrics we use to evaluate the orbit accuracy (orbit overlaps, orbit comparisons, satellite laser ranging residuals, altimeter crossover residuals, orbit centering) show modest improvement when the ambiguities are resolved. We conservatively estimate the improvement in the radial orbit accuracy is at the 10–20% level.     

Nutrient limitation in two marine diatoms inhibits release of bromoform

Bromoform released from phytoplankton and kelp in the ocean is the largest known carrier of bromine to the atmosphere. The photoproducts of atmospheric bromoform catalyse ozone depletion. Laboratory investigations were conducted into the link between nutrient limitation and bromoform production using axenic cultures of two warm-water diatoms (Chaetoceros neogracile and Phaeodactylum tricornutum). During exponential growth the bromoform production was 2 000–3 000 nmol bromoform (g Chl a)?1 h?1, i.e. 10–100 times higher than earlier values for temperate and cold-water diatoms. Bromoform production decreased down to zero under CO2 and nitrate limitation for both species. These results suggest that the bromoform production could be directly related to bromoperoxidase activity (and irradiance) only during exponential growth, whereas compounds other than bromoform might be formed under nutrient limitation.     

溴素的有机化学Ⅵ.多溴代邻羟基苯甲酸—2,3,5,6—四溴—1,4—苯二酯的合成

由邻羟基苯甲酸、１，４—苯二酚和溴素起始，经溴代、氧化—溴代、形成酰氯和酰化等步骤，合成了三种新的多溴代邻羟基苯甲酸—２，３，５，６—四溴—１，４—苯二酯。通过对产物溴含量、ＩＲ和１ＨＮＭＲ的分析，验证了产物的结构     

Shipborne GPS attitude determination during MMST-93

The attitude parameters of a ship underway were measured using a configuration of four 10-channel NovAtel Model 951 narrow-correlator-spacing receivers. These C/A code receivers have output rates of up to 10 Hz and maintain effective carrier phase lock under relatively harsh ship dynamics. The attitude parameters are calculated independently at each epoch using differential carrier phase measurements, carrier phase ambiguities are resolved on-the-fly by constraining the approximately known distances between the antennas that are rigidly mounted on the ship. Carrier phase thermal noise and multipath are minimized by mounting the antennas as far apart as possible. The four-antenna configuration provides redundancy and further improves accuracy. During the Matthew Motion Sensor Trials (MMST-93) conducted off the coast of Halifax, Nova Scotia, in June-July 1993, the GPS-derived attitude parameters were compared with those obtained with a Honeywell HG1050 ring laser gyro inertial navigation system (INS) which provides roll and pitch with an accuracy of 15 arcsecs and heading with an accuracy of 2 arcmins. To simulate rough weather conditions, sharp maneuvers were performed to induce roll angles in excess of 10°. No accuracy degradation nor any loss of GPS measurements occurred. The RMS agreement between GPS and INS derived attitude parameters is better than 2 arcmins in heading, 1 arcmin in pitch and 3 arcmins in roll. This level of accuracy demonstrates the capability of GPS for cost-effective shipborne attitude determination at an accuracy level of 0.05     

A study of the chemistry of iodine and bromine in marine sediments

Several recent marine sediments were treated with eleven chemical reagents in order to ascertain the iodine and bromine species present. The sediments were analyzed before and after each treatment to determine which reagents released the bound halogens. By a process of elimination it is concluded that the iodine is present primarily in its electro-positive state as N-iodoamides while bromine exists in many different chemical forms.     

北斗三频非差观测值实时周跳探测与修复

基于三频观测值组合原理,在周跳探测与修复过程中提出了一种新的组合方法,即利用一组伪距/相位组合,一组无几何组合以及一组系数之和为1的几何组合,通过历元间差分,分步求取周跳估值。实验证明,该方法无不敏感周跳,并能够实时有效探测并修复周跳。     

Utility of GOI,QGF, and QGF-E for interpreting reservoir geohistory and oil remigration in the Hudson oilfield,Tarim basin,northwest China

The physical mechanisms responsible for hydrocarbon migration in carrier beds are well understood. However, secondary migration is one of poorly understood facets in petroleum system. The Carboniferous Donghe sandstone reservoir in the Tarim Basin's Hudson oilfield is an example of a secondary (or unsteady) reservoir; that is, oil in this reservoir is in the process of remigration, making it a suitable geologic system for studying hydrocarbon remigration in carrier beds. Experimental methods including grains containing oil inclusions (GOI), quantitative grain fluorescence (QGF) and quantitative grain fluorescence on extract (QGF-E) -- together with the results from drilling, logging and testing data -- were used to characterize the nature of oil remigration in the Donghe sandstone. The results show that (1) significant differences exist between paleo- and current-oil reservoirs in the Donghe sandstone, which implies that oil has remigrated a significant distance following primary accumulation; (2) due to tectonic inversion, oil remigration is slowly driven by buoyancy force, but the oil has not entered into the trap entirely because of the weak driving force. Oil scarcely enters into the interlayers, where the resistance is relatively large; (3) the oil-remigration pathway, located in the upper part of the Donghe sandstone, is planar in nature and oil moving along this pathway is primarily distributed in those areas of the sandstone having suitable properties. Residual oil is also present in the paleo-oil reservoirs, which results in their abnormal QGF-E. A better understanding of the characteristics of oil remigration in the Donghe sandstone in the Hudson oilfield can contribute to more effective oil exploration and development in the study area.     

基于深海运载器的小型岩芯取样钻机发展现状分析

深海岩芯取样钻机是开展海洋科学研究、深海资源探测和海底地质取样所必备的关键性装备,随着深海运载器的大规模应用,利用运载器优势发展深海运载器小型岩芯取样探测技术得到了国内外学者的关注,并形成了研究热点方向。在深海运载器作业工具应用认识基础上,首次聚焦运载器岩芯取样钻机研究,对国内外运载器岩芯取样钻机的发展现状、技术特点进行了全面综述。同时,基于"蛟龙"号岩芯钻机研制及应用经验,讨论了发展运载器岩芯取样钻机的关键技术。最后总结了后续发展方向,以期为我国深海运载器岩芯钻机的研发和应用提供技术参考。