中国西部、东北地区湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机碳同位素组成及与环境的响应

湖泊沉积物中碳酸盐碳、氧和有机质碳同位素组成受湖泊环境介质的控制,可以有效地指示环境演化过程。通过对中国东北和西部青藏高原、新疆现代湖泊表层沉积物的碳酸盐的碳、氧同位素组成(δ13C、δ18O)、有机碳同位素组成(δ13Corg),以及有机质含量(TOC)、C/N分析研究,发现当湖泊中以浮游植物来源有机母质为主时,其δ13Corg为-30‰~-23‰;以硅藻为主的藻类来源时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-16‰;以挺水植物来源,δ13Corg为-30‰~-24‰;沉水植物来源,δ13Corg为-24‰~-16‰;以水生植物和陆生植物来源为主时,δ13Corg为-30‰~-20‰;当以陆生植物来源为主时,其δ13Corg为-26‰~-24‰。当西北地区半封闭湖泊表层沉积物中碳酸盐含量大于30%时,湖泊表现出δ13C、δ18O之间较好的正相关性,TOC主要以内源有机质来源为主。     

天目山泥炭类脂物记录的微生物特征和植被演替

为进一步了解泥炭中微生物特征和植被的变化,对采自浙江天目山的样品进行了类脂生物标志物与有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)的测定。有机碳δ13Corg值整体偏负,显示C3植物占优势的特点。正构烷烃的分布特征表明,大多数样品来源于陆生高等植物和低等菌藻类生物,其中高碳数正构烷烃主要以C29为主峰,显示植被类型以木本植物为主,但草本植物的相对比例也发生了多次变化,且这种变化与有机质的相对贡献量密切相关。在深度100~68cm,不同来源的有机质,特别是低等菌藻类的相对贡献量都相对较少;在深度68~30cm,低等菌藻类生物的贡献逐渐变大;而表层泥炭的有机质主要来源于高等植被,菌藻类的输入较少。泥炭有机碳同位素与类脂生物标志物的综合特征表明,该区植被经历了几次明显变化,并据此可将研究区中全新世以来环境演化分为早(4100~3200aB.P.)、中(3200~700aB.P.)、晚(700aB.P.以来)三个环境演化阶段,其结论与前人的环境演化与全球气候变化研究具有较好的可比性。     

元古宙—寒武纪疑源类的辐射演化、绝灭作用与海洋地球化学演变—兼论扬子区元古宙—奥陶纪疑源类的演化

通过对目前全世界元古宙－寒武纪地层中的浮游植物（疑源类）的统计，发现在新元古代晚期和早、中寒武世相对较短的时间间隔内发生了一系列的微体植物（疑源类）辐射和绝灭事件。而这些辐射和绝灭事件又与早期后生生物的辐射、绝灭都有密切的镜像关系。通过对古海洋的δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr研究，发现元古宙－寒武纪浮游植物（疑源类）的辐射演化、绝灭作用与古海洋环境变化有着密切的关系，即生物辐射时期，δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr呈现高异常；生物绝灭时期，δ^13C、^87Sr/^86Sr呈现低异常；冰期δ^13C呈现明显的负异常。     

14ka B.P. 以来巴里坤湖区有机碳同位素记录及古气候变化研究

通过有机碳同位素（δ13Corg.）,磁化率和粒度的测定和分析,结合光释光年龄标定,对新疆巴里坤湖区滨湖相沉积物14ka B.P. 以来 δ13Corg. 值变化的影响因素及其反映的气候特征进行了研究。结果表明：在巴里坤湖区植被类型主要以C3植被为主,干湿变化是导致δ13Corg. 值波动的主要因素,在末次冰消期至早全新世阶段（14.0~8.4ka B.P.）,巴里坤湖区周围冰川尚未融化,剖面δ13Corg. 值最为偏正,在-22‰ 到-21‰ 之间变化,暗示剖面处在干旱的气候条件下; 进入全新世后,随着巴里坤山冰川的融化,湖区湿度增加,同位素值持续偏负,达到-23.5‰,同时中值粒径和磁化率同步降低; 在中全新世阶段（7.2~5.0ka B.P.）出现高湖面,同位素值达到-24‰ 左右,为剖面同位素值最低阶段; 中晚全新世阶段（5.0~1.5ka B.P.）δ13Corg. 值开始逐渐偏正,表明气候开始变干; 1.5ka B.P. 至今的 δ13Corg. 值则是在-24‰ ~-23‰ 间频繁波动,反映了该时段气候的不稳定性。     

植物-土壤有机质转化过程中的碳同位素组成变化

土壤有机质的碳同位素信息反映了上部的植被和气候状况，但植物体在被微生物分解、利用、转变为土壤有机质的过程中会产生碳同位素的分馏。本研究探了高山草甸和典型草原两种不同气候、生态环境条件下，植物转变为土壤有机质过程中的碳同位素组成变化。结果显示：在太白山高海拔地区的4个采样点，表土的δ13Corg值均随深度的增加而逐渐偏正，到距离地表10-15cm左右时，土壤的δ13Corg值基本稳定。经过长期分解稳定以后的土壤有机质的δ13C值要比其源植被约偏正1.65‰-2.27‰左右，平均约偏正1.9‰左右。在内蒙草原样地的4个采样点，亦表现出与太白山相似的变化：土壤样品的δ13Corg值从地表开始，随着深度的增加而逐渐偏正，到约距离地表10cm左右深度后，δ13Corg值逐渐达到稳定，在距地表10-16cm间基本稳定不变。在该深度土壤的δ13Corg值比它上面生长的植物的δ13C值要分别偏正1.3‰、1.4‰、1.4‰、1.2‰，4块样地平均偏正约1.3‰左右。本研究表明，在运用土壤有机碳同位素反淀古植被和古气候变化时，应考虑到不同气候、生态环境中植物转化为有机质过程中的碳同位素分馏影响。     

黄土有机碳同位素与古气候植被定量化研究进展

定量化重建黄土高原地区的古气候和古植被,是黄土研究的新方向和趋势。利用黄土δ13Corg值定量化恢复古植被的研究已经比较多,而定量化恢复古降水则是一种较新的尝试。土壤δ13Corg值与植被相对生物量以及气候参数之间的关系机制比较清楚,根据土壤δ13Corg值重建的古降水和古植被状况是可接受的。针对研究中存在的一些问题,提出以后应重点加强不同生态条件下植物转化为有机质过程中的碳同位素分馏研究,多因素综合探讨其它气候和环境要素与土壤δ13Corg值之间的关系,使定量化研究更加准确。     

浙江煤山二叠-三叠系界线剖面有机和无机碳同位素变化与古环境

浙江长兴煤山 D剖面 196个碳酸盐岩样品无机和有机碳同位素δ13Ccarb和δ13Corg变化趋势表明,煤山地区晚二叠世末为比较封闭的局限海沉积环境,早三叠世初期经局限和开阔海环境交替出现渐变为海水循环良好的广海沉积环境.长兴期的海进作用使海洋初始生产率升高,可能是引起长兴组葆青段碳同位素变重的主要原因;海洋 CO2浓度增高可能是长兴组煤山段δ13Corg出现负漂移的原因.二叠纪末期全球性海平面下降以及火山作用可能是使生态系统崩溃、引起二叠-三叠系 (P- T)界线附近生物绝灭的外部原因,也是使海洋中 12C输入量增加导致过渡层碳同位素变轻的主要原因.二叠纪晚期生物绝灭经历了由渐变到突变的过程.δ13Corg在生物绝灭后才出现大幅度负漂移,可能是由于营光合作用的浮游植物不一定因海洋缺氧以及其他生物的绝灭而停止生长,当海水酸度超过浮游生物忍耐限度时,才导致浮游生物大量死亡.殷坑组δ13Corg和δ13Ccarb呈上升趋势,说明经历过 P- T生物大绝灭后,早三叠世海洋生产率逐渐升高,生物开始复苏.     

广西柳桥深水相二叠系/三叠系界线剖面有机碳同位素地层学对比研究及事件响应

研究了广西柳桥地区东攀剖面有机碳同位素的组成,并和浙江煤山剖面进行了对比。结果表明东攀剖面在1δ3Corg变化趋势上,既具有全球PTB剖面普遍存在的共性,又具有其独特性。在东攀剖面一个显著的1δ3Corg负漂移出现在事件界线(EB)之上和二叠系/三叠系界线(PTB)之下,这与煤山剖面具有相似性。显著的1δ3Corg负漂移指示了P/T之交生物绝灭后海水表层水原始生产率的降低以及大气和海水中CO2含量的增加,并得到放射虫绝灭事件、火山事件和海退事件的响应。煤山剖面1δ3Corg负漂移从第27层就开始向13C富集的方向恢复,而东攀剖面1δ3Corg在下Induan阶仍持续亏损,表明东攀剖面早三叠世的生物复苏明显滞后于煤山剖面的。     

三峡水库建设对长江下游颗粒有机碳通量及碳同位素组成的影响

2008年4月至2009年4月,在南通长江干流每周采集一次表层悬浮物样品,共51个,分析了其粒度、颗粒有机碳(POC)、颗粒氮(PN)含量以及有机碳同位素(δ13Corg)组成,研究了下游干流颗粒有机碳组成的季节性变化特征.悬浮物的平均粒径在一年内变化不明显,而POC和PN含量呈现洪季缓慢减小,枯季增加的趋势;δ13C...     

黄土记录的中亚干旱区东部全新世气候与环境演化

选取位于中亚干旱区东部新疆天山地区的两个典型黄土沉积剖面,通过磁学参数(XARM/SIRM)、亮度(L*)、有机碳/氮同位素(δ13Corg和δ15N)等记录,对研究区内全新世以来的气候环境进行重建.结果表明:早全新世,XARM/SIRM、L*指示黄土成壤较弱、有机质含量低,δ13Corg记录表明区域降水较少,共同反映...     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案（1999/30/EC）,对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10 μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提出了具体测定要求。     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.