三峡泄滩滑坡滑动带土的改进Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程

进行了三峡泄滩滑坡体滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验研究,在此基础上给出了该滑动带土的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即剪应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数来描述土体的流变性质。并根据分段拟合的思想,提出了改进的 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程,即在应变-时间幂函数中使用不同的幂值λ ,来分别模拟滑动带土的衰减、匀速和恒定蠕变。通过对比可知,改进 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程较 Singh-Mitchell 蠕变方程能更好地模拟流变性较小的滑动带粘土。     

古树包滑坡滑带土蠕变经验模型

针对清江古树包滑坡滑带土的室内蠕变试验资料,结合经验模型理论,以双曲线函数描述蠕变应力-应变关系,并引入Morgan Mercer Florin函数,用来描述应变-时间关系,建立了一种新的蠕变经验模型。采用/ -关系曲线和遗传算法求解出了该模型的所有参数。经过计算,所建经验模型的计算结果与实际实验数据的相关系数在0.96以上,说明所建经验模型能有效地反映古树包滑坡滑带土的蠕变特性。     

考虑排水条件的软土蠕变特性及模型研究

为了研究珠江三角洲软土在不同的排水条件和应力水平下的蠕变特性,进行了一系列室内三轴排水及不排水蠕变试验。试验结果表明,在排水情况下软土的瞬时变形大,而蠕变变形小,而在不排水情况下蠕变随时间的发展更为显著。在工程中可以提高软土地基的排水性能,来减小蠕变破坏的可能性。引入Singh-Mitchell蠕变方程,建立了珠江三角洲软土排水和不排水的Singh-Mitchell蠕变模型,其中应力-应变关系采用指数函数,应变-时间关系采用幂函数。该模型较好地表达了土体的应力-应变-时间关系。随着排水条件的改变,模型参数的取值有着较大的变化,其原因可归结为,在不同的排水条件下土体的应变-时间关系和应力-应变关系均有很大的不同。     

软黏土蠕变试验及其经验模型研究

针对湖南竹城公路路基软土开展了系统的三轴固结不排水蠕变试验,得到不同围压、不同应力加载等级下的全过程蠕变曲线。进而通过“陈氏加载法”得到分别加载下蠕变曲线和应力-应变等时曲线。以围压100 kPa为例,得出应力-应变关系采用幂函数,而应变-时间关系采用双曲线关系的蠕变方程。对比分析表明,该蠕变方程较Singh-Mitchell模型、Mesri模型更适应试验数据,能够更好地反映和预测该软土的蠕变特性。     

蠕动型滑坡滑带土蠕变特性研究

蠕动型滑坡表现为长期缓慢的变形响应,其演化过程和稳定性受到滑坡滑带土蠕变性质的控制。选取三峡库区典型蠕动型滑坡马家沟滑坡为研究对象,针对该滑体滑带土原状试样开展大尺寸三轴蠕变试验,研究滑带土试样在不同围压和应力水平下的蠕变规律,并进一步采用等时曲线法确定滑带土长期强度与常规强度的差异。研究结果表明,马家沟滑坡滑带土具有典型的稳定蠕变材料特性,蠕变阶段可分为衰减蠕变和稳定蠕变2个变形过程,其变形趋势与滑坡宏观变形演化具有较好的一致性;滑带土绝对蠕变量和稳定蠕变阶段的变形速率均与轴向应力值呈正相关,而衰减蠕变阶段的持续时长随着剪应力水平增加基本呈线性增加。滑带土长期强度参数与常规强度参数比较,其长期黏聚力c值和长期内摩擦角?值分别下降24.8%和22.4%。     

残余强度状态下原状滑带土蠕变特性试验研究

三峡库区许多古滑坡在重力等内、外地质营力作用下呈现出长期而缓慢的变形特征,具有明显的蠕变属性。复活型古滑坡的滑带常处于残余强度状态,其运动特征主要受滑带土力学性质和应力状态控制,研究原状滑带土在残余强度状态下的蠕变特性,对于了解复活型古滑坡滑动机制及预测其运动趋势具有重要意义。针对三峡库区黄土坡滑坡原状滑带土开展环剪试验,研究了不同应力水平条件下滑带土在残余强度状态下的蠕变变形规律。结果表明,滑带土的蠕变速率与剪切应力比R_(CSR)(蠕变剪切应力与残余强度的比值)呈正相关变化,当R_(CSR)接近蠕变阈值1时,滑带土等速蠕变明显,部分试验条件下继而发生加速蠕变,在相同R_(CSR)条件下,土样法向应力越大,其蠕变速率也越大。采用Burger模型对蠕变过程进行模拟,获取了模型的各参数。通过分析滑带土等时蠕变曲线,获得滑带土长期抗剪强度约为0.95倍的残余强度。此外,滑带土蠕变速率受固结时间影响,蠕变速率随固结时间增加而减小,滑带土剪切强度随着固结时间和剪切位移的增加可发生一定程度的恢复。     

考虑时间效应的E-μ 模型

为进行三峡泄滩滑坡体的变形建模和稳定性数值分析，进行了滑动带土的三轴排水蠕变试验，并在此基础上，提出了排水条件下粘性土与时间有关的非线性弹性模型，即与时间有关的邓肯-张E-μ 模型。该模型假定 ， 不随时间变化， ， ， ， ， ， 均与时间有关。通过试验数据拟合，给出了部分参数（如 , , , ）与时间的关系式及模型的12个参数值。通过计算值与试验数据的对比表明：该模型适合于该滑动带粘土。     

三峡库区马家沟滑坡滑体粗粒土蠕变试验研究

为进行滑坡建模和数值模拟的需要,针对三峡库区马家沟滑坡滑体粗粒土开展了三轴蠕变试验,研究了不同围压、不同应力水平下滑体土的蠕变变形规律。试验表明,滑体粗粒土具有明显的非线性蠕变特征,蠕变过程可分为减速蠕变和匀速蠕变2个阶段;围压和应力水平对蠕变速率和蠕变阶段划分有重要影响。采用应力-应变关系为指数函数,应变-时间为幂函数的Singh-Mitchell（简称S-M）蠕变模型描述粗粒土的蠕变特性,与试验数据对比表明,S-M蠕变模型与试验结果具有较好的一致性,能很好地描述该粗粒土的蠕变特性。     

湛江软粘土蠕变特性及经验模型

针对湛江软粘土开展了系统的三轴固结不排水蠕变试验,得到不同围压、不同应力加载等级下的全过程蠕变曲线,进而通过线性的Boltzmann叠加原理,采用"坐标平移法"得到分别加载下的蠕变曲线和蠕变等时曲线,蠕变等时曲线的折线形式说明湛江软粘土具有较为特殊的蠕变特性,故文中经验模型中的应力-应变关系在通常情况下采用线性函数,应变-时间关系采用双曲线函数形式,而在偏应力较低时采用Mesri模型。通过分析和对比,发现该蠕变方程较Singh-Mitchell模型、Mesri模型更适应试验数据,能够较为全面地反映和预测该软粘土的蠕变特性。     

漳州软土蠕变特性的试验研究

软土变形具有显著的时效性,弄清软土蠕变性状及机理,对于正确描述软土的工程性状具有重要意义。利用室内试验对漳州软土进行不同围压、不同偏应力、不同排水条件的三轴蠕变试验,分析了应变-时间,偏应力-应变,孔隙水压力-时间关系及排水条件对软土蠕变的影响,对试验数据利用Singh-Mitchell经验模型进行了参数拟合,给出了固结不排水条件下的软土蠕变方程。     

大岗山坝区岩体现场剪切蠕变试验及参数反演

现场剪切蠕变试验是了解岩体剪切蠕变特性的最重要手段。针对大岗山水电站坝区"硬、脆、碎"辉绿岩脉进行了现场剪切蠕变试验,分析了岩体的剪切蠕变变形规律和剪切蠕变速率特性。试验结果表明,在剪应力较小时坝区岩体剪切蠕变仅呈现出减速蠕变和稳态蠕变2个阶段;当剪应力接近屈服强度时,坝区岩体剪切蠕变速率由渐变增长转为突变增长,岩体在短时间内即发生破坏,呈现出加速蠕变特性。恒定正应力下辉绿岩体的稳态流变速率与剪应力之间可用指数关系来表征。根据剪切蠕变试验曲线,进行了岩体剪切蠕变模型辨识。辨识表明,西原模型可以较好反映坝区辉绿岩脉的剪切蠕变特性。通过优化反演获得坝区岩体的剪切蠕变参数,为坝基边坡工程稳定性分析和设计提供了重要的力学依据。     

孔隙水压力对锯齿状结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响

为探究孔隙水压对岩体结构面剪切蠕变特性的影响,自主研制了结构面一体化制作模具和多功能剪切流变仪,开展了孔隙水压力下锯齿状结构面的剪切蠕变试验,分析了孔隙水压对结构面蠕变变形、蠕变速率和长期强度的影响。试验结果表明：不同孔隙水压力下的结构面先后经历了瞬时变形阶段、减速蠕变阶段和稳定蠕变阶段,并且孔隙水压力的增大促进了结构面非线性特征的发展;随着孔隙水压力的增大,结构面瞬时位移、蠕变位移和稳态蠕变速率逐渐增大,而蠕变时长、破坏应力和长期强度均呈现明显降低的趋势。根据试验结果,考虑孔隙水压力对模型参数的影响,将蠕变模型中的瞬时剪切模量、黏性剪切模量以及黏性系数替换为孔隙水压力的函数,构建了能够反映孔隙水压力影响的结构面蠕变模型,并对模型参数进行辨识,将试验曲线和理论模型曲线进行对比,验证了模型的正确性和适用性。研究成果对富水区岩体长期稳定性分析提供一定的理论指导。     

Mechanical Behaviour of the Interface Between Cemented Tailings Backfill and Retaining Structures Under Shear Loads

Understanding the shear behaviour of the interface between cemented tailings backfill and retaining wall structures (barricades, bulkheads) is important for the optimal design of barricades or bulkheads, and for mine operators to balance strength and safety against cost. However, our understanding of the shear behaviour of the aforementioned interface is limited. This paper is aimed at investigating the interfacial behaviour and properties of cemented tailings backfill-retaining wall structures, including stress–strain behaviour, cohesion, friction angle and shear stiffness through direct shear tests. Two different types of barricade or bulkhead materials (brick and concrete) are used in this study. Interface shear tests are performed at various curing times of the cemented backfill. Valuable results are obtained with regards to the interface shear behaviour of backfill-retaining structures. Based on these results, interfacial properties between cemented tailings backfill and barricades or bulkheads show a significant time-dependent variation.     

Shear behaviour of cemented pastefill-rock interfaces

The shear stress–strain behaviour and shear strength parameters of the interface between cemented paste backfill (CPB) and rock are of practical importance in the optimal and safe design of CPB structures. An understanding of the shear behaviour and properties at this interface is also required to develop comprehensive interface models for CPB-rock analyses, interface design methods for the static and dynamic stability analysis of CPB structures, and building high performance CPB structures. In this study, direct shear tests were conducted to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour between CPB and rock. All tests were carried out in a standard direct shear test apparatus for a range of curing ages of 1 to 28 days for the CPB. The procedures of the laboratory tests will be described. Results will be presented for interface shear behaviour, including stress–strain curves, vertical deformation and shear strength parameters. The test results show that the shear strength parameters and behaviour of the CPB-rock interface are time-dependent and significantly influenced by the normal load.     

Discrete element modelling of creep of asphalt mixtures

Creep tests on asphalt mixtures have been undertaken under four stress levels in the laboratory while the discrete element model (DEM) has been used to simulate the laboratory tests. A modified Burger’s model has been used to represent the time-dependent behaviour of an asphalt mixture by adding time-dependent moment and torsional resistance at contacts. Parameters were chosen to give the correct stress-strain response for constant strain rate tests in Cai et al. (2013). The stress-strain response for the laboratory creep tests and the simulations were recorded. The DEM results show reasonable agreement with the experiments. The creep simulation results proved to be dependent on both bond strength variability and positions of the particles. Bond breakage was recorded during the simulations and used to investigate the micro-mechanical deformation behaviour of the asphalt mixtures. An approach based on dimensional analysis is also presented in this paper to reduce the computational time during the creep simulation, and this analysis is also a new contribution.     

三轴压缩蠕变试验下石英云母片岩各向异性蠕变特性研究

对石英云母片岩进行三轴压缩蠕变试验,研究丹巴水电站石英云母片岩的三轴蠕变特性及其各向异性特性。按轴向荷载与层理面关系加工成平行组和垂直组2组试件,开展分级加载方式进行不同围压条件下的蠕变试验。试验研究表明,石英云母片岩具有蠕变特性,包括瞬时变形、衰减蠕变、稳定蠕变和加速蠕变阶段;采用带Kachanov蠕变损伤律的蠕变模型来描述石英云母片岩的蠕变特性,并进行蠕变参数辨识,拟合结果显示此模型能很好地描述石英云母片岩的蠕变特性;根据试验结果获得2组试件的长期屈服强度、破坏形态、瞬时变形参数和稳定蠕变速率,分析表明石英云母片岩的蠕变力学特性具有明显的各向异性特性。层理面与轴向荷载垂直的试件较层理面与轴向荷载平行的试件的强度、弹性剪切模量、体积模量和黏性系数相对较大,表现出较高的抗变形和抗破坏能力;平行组以剪切破坏为主,垂直组破坏时出现侧向鼓胀现象,显示出延性破坏的特点;2组石英云母片岩试件的瞬时应变量和稳定蠕变速率都随着应力水平的提高而增大。     

Study on soil–cement grout interface shear strength of soil nailing by direct shear box testing method

An important design parameter in cement-grouted soil nailed structures is the shear strength at the interface between the grouted nail and the surrounding soil. Both field and laboratory pull-out tests are normally used to investigate this interface shear strength. However, these tests have some limitations. In this study, direct shear box tests are adopted to investigate the interface shear strength behaviour between a completely decomposed granite (CDG) soil and a cement grout plate. Tests were carried out in a large direct shear test apparatus over a range of constant normal stress, soil moisture content, and soil–cement grout interface surface waviness. The laboratory test procedures are briefly described and the main test results are presented, followed by a discussion of the shear behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface. The interface shear behaviour is compared with the shear strength behaviour of the same soil tested under comparable conditions. It is shown that the shear stress–displacement behaviour of the soil–cement grout interface is similar to that of the soil alone. The test results indicate that the interface shear strength of the CDG and cement grout material depends on the normal stress level, the soil moisture content, and the interface surface waviness.