塔里木盆地库车河剖面有机碳同位素地层学及三叠系—侏罗系界线

三叠纪—侏罗纪之交发生了地史上五次最大规模之一的生物灭绝事件、中大西洋大火成岩省喷发、泛大陆进一步裂解导致的中大西洋开启以及大气CO₂浓度急剧升高等。然而该时期中国各板块主要发育陆相沉积,其三叠系—侏罗系界线（TJB）很难与定义于海相地层的全球层型剖面和点（GSSP）进行精细对比。应用基于C3植物的碳同位素地层学,进行了两次独立地、系统地以高等植物木质部为研究对象的采样和测试,获得了可以指示同期大气CO₂的δ13C演化和进行全球等时对比的碳同位素地层曲线。并在植物大化石和孢粉的生物地层约束基础上,首次完成了库车河剖面与海相三叠纪末期生物大灭绝事件（ETE）底界和TJB的精细对比;推测与全球其他剖面ETE等时的地层界线位于38层底部附近,与TJB的GSSP等时地层界线位于41层底部附近。海相与陆相的ETE和TJB层位附近均出现了δ13C负偏,指示全球性的碳同位素的波动,推论该时期发生了全球规模的、地表圈层的碳储库扰动。     

Paleogene stratigraphy of Kutch,India: an update about progress in foraminiferal biostratigraphy

The Paleogene sections of Kutch are the reference for the regional chronostratigraphic units of India. The ages of these dominantly shallow marine carbonates are mainly based on larger benthic foraminifera (LBF). The taxonomic revisions of the LBF and the progressively refined shallow benthic zonations (SBZ) have necessitated the present study on updating the stratigraphy of the area. The sedimentation in Kutch commenced with the deposition of volcaniclastics in terrestrial environments in the Paleocene. The marine transgression in SBZ 5/6 deposited finer clastics and carbonates, designated as Naredi Formation, in early Eocene. There is no evidence of marine Paleocene in Kutch. A major hiatus spanning SBZ 12 to SBZ 16 was followed by the development of a carbonate platform and deposition of Harudi Formation – Fulra Limestone during the Bartonian, SBZ 17. The hiatus corresponds to a widespread stratigraphic break in Pakistan and India to Australia, referred as the ‘Lutetian Gap.’ The Maniyara Fort Formation is assigned to SBZ 22 B and SBZ 23, and its age is revised to Chattian. Climate played a major role in building up of the Paleogene stratigraphic succession of Kutch, the carbonates formed during the warming intervals and the stratigraphic gaps were in the intervening cooling periods.     

陕西渭北二叠纪-三叠纪之交叶肢介化石及其地层对比

陆相二叠纪-三叠纪地层划分与对比对全面认识该时期全球性重大生物与环境突变事件具有重要意义,也是当前国际古生物学与地层学研究的重点和难点.选择陕西渭北为重点研究区域,通过对该地区石川河剖面和后周公庙剖面的叶肢介化石进行系统的分类学研究,恢复了叶肢介化石的面貌和组合特征,从而利用叶肢介化石组合来进行该地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交的生物地层划分和对比.其中,石川河剖面共产出叶肢介化石4属8种,后周公庙剖面共产出叶肢介化石2属3种.据此,该地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交的叶肢介化石由老到新可划分为3个组合,分别是晚二叠世晚期的Pseudestheria minuta-Pseudestheria xinjiangensis组合,二叠纪-三叠纪过渡期的Euestheria gutta-Palaeolimnadiopsis vilujensis组合和早三叠世早期的Magniestheria subcircularis-Cornia germari组合,并且通过这些叶肢介化石组合可以大致建立不同沉积区之间的生物地层对比关系.另外,两条剖面上都存在叶肢介化石与海相化石同层产出的现象,认为通过研究陕西渭北地区由于多期次海泛事件所导致的海、陆混合生物群,有望建立二叠纪-三叠纪之交该地区与海相地层的生物地层对比关系.      

The Early Cretaceous drowning unconformities of the Apulia carbonate platform (Gargano Promontory, southern Italy): local fingerprints of global palaeoceanographic events.

Drowning successions which cap carbonate platforms and flanks bear palaeoenvironmental information which is useful for genetic stratigraphy; they constitute predictive key-markers in regional to global correlations. An Early Cretaceous platform-to-basin transition has been investigated in Apulia (southern Italy) and two drowning unconformities, dated as early Valanginian and late early Aptian, have been documented. They occur at the base of thick pelagic tongues wedging toward the platform and mark the base of two depositional sequences showing distinct transgressive–regressive cycles. Timing of drowning processes, based on biostratigraphy and dynamic stratigraphy, allows the correlation of unconformities with global-scale palae- oceanographic events marked, among others, by positive spikes of well-established δ¹³C curves. Drowning signatures in the Apulia carbonates fit the stratigraphic, palaeoecological and possibly geochemical evidence found in global records at the same stratigraphic levels. Moreover, it is proposed that the observed drowning events were caused by palaeoceanographic crises affecting factory productivity.     

黔西滇东地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交有机碳同位素和生物地层对比

二叠纪-三叠纪之交海、陆相地层对比研究对陆相二叠系-三叠系界线的定义以及全面认识该全球性重大生物与环境突变事件具有重要意义,是当前国际古生物学与地层学研究的重点和难点.选择贵州六盘水仲河二叠系-三叠系界线剖面为研究对象,系统研究了该剖面的化石面貌和有机碳同位素演变特征.结合黔西滇东地区二叠纪-三叠纪之交良好的陆相、海陆过渡相和浅海碎屑岩相地层记录,初步搭建了海、陆相生物地层与有机碳同位素地层对比框架.值得关注的是,综合已有研究的陆相和海陆过渡相剖面植物有机碳同位素和海相剖面无机碳同位素数据,发现均存在相同的碳同位素演变特征,且与生物地层对比方案一致.据此,认为高分辨率的有机碳同位素化学地层是实现海-陆相地层对比的有效手段之一.      

Organic geochemistry in a sequence stratigraphic framework. The siliciclastic shelf environment of Cretaceous series, SE France

For a better understanding of siliciclastic shelf environments, correlation between sequence stratigraphy and organic geochemistry is used. Our study is focused on the Cretaceous deposits of Marcoule (Gard, France), particularly on a close-packed siltites layer (200–400 m thick), which is well characterized as a marine flooding facies of a single trangressive–regressive cycle. During the Uppermost Albian and the Lower Cenomanian, the stratigraphic data indicate a change in the depositional environment from offshore to shoreface. Organic geochemistry is used in order to characterize origin and variability of the organic matter in relation to the stratigraphic data. The study is carried out on core samples from 2 drill holes (MAR 203 and MAR 501). Analyses of the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were performed using GC–MS and focused on biomarker distributions. The biomarkers indicate a contribution of mixed terrestrial and marine organic matter. The changes in molecular signatures are related to variations in the source of organic matter (marine versus terrestrial), preservation conditions (largely influenced by clay and early diagenesis), environmental oxidation-reduction and acidic conditions as well as bioturbation. Various environmental zones, characterized by different molecular signatures, can be distinguished. Resin derived biomarkers can be assigned to higher plant material input and may reflect the evolution and diversity of Gymnospermae versus Angiospermae during the transgressive/regressive cycle. The relative sea-level variations are clearly correlated with the nature and the preservation of the organic matter. For example, the Pr/Ph and Pr/n-C₁₇ ratios as well as the regular steranes distributions underline the maximum flooding surface evidenced by other studies. We observe a good correlation between the organic data and sequence stratigraphy: changes in geochemical signatures reflect the 3rd order depositional cycles.     

中国含煤岩系层序地层学研究进展

层序地层学理论为人们理解聚煤作用模式提供了新的思路,通过近二十年的研究,人们认识到含煤岩系旋回性与不同级别的全球海平面变化规律密切相关,认识到有工业价值的煤层形成于基准面(海平面)抬升过程,相继提出幕式聚煤作用、海侵过程成煤、事件成煤作用、海相层滞后阶段聚煤等基于层序地层分析的聚煤作用理论。同时概括出层序地层格架下基于可容空间增加速率与泥炭堆积速率的关系的厚煤层聚集模式。今后的研究将会进一步对不同构造背景下的含煤岩系层序地层格架样式、层序地层格架下的优质煤炭资源聚集模式、煤层在地球演化的长周期过程中的地质意义等方面进行探索,此外,针对中国五大聚煤区的成煤时期及盆地构造背景的特殊性,中国学者还会进一步总结其层序地层格架样式以及聚煤模式,并将其用于指导中国优质煤炭资源预测     

Arido-eustasy: A new example of non-glacial eustatic sea level change

Sea level fluctuation is common in the stratigraphical record and is partly explained by periodic polar glaciation. Such fluctuation in the absence of polar glaciation, during the warm periods of Earth's history, is poorly understood and currently under discussion. Here, I reconsider the palaeo-environmental information extracted from the variation in the carbon-isotope record and explain the phenomenon by coupling the levels of marine and fresh-water reservoirs through long-term wet and arid climate modes. The arido-eustasy model produces a standard anti-covariation pattern of marine organic and carbonate carbon-isotope records, which may appear throughout the geochemical record of the last 200 Myr. Under the model, orbitally forced periods of extremely wet climate result in environmental crisis, sea level falls, and carbon cycle perturbations, during which negative excursions in the marine organic carbon-isotope record of sediments containing matter from terrestrial vegetation should be understood as a proxy reporting periods of high precipitation rather than changes in the global carbon reservoir. I propose that the early Toarcian oceanic anoxic event is an example of arido-eustasy.     

Carbon-isotope records of the Early Jurassic (Toarcian) oceanic anoxic event from the Valdorbia (Umbria–Marche Apennines) and Monte Mangart (Julian Alps) sections: palaeoceanographic and stratigraphic implications

The Toarcian oceanic anoxic event ( ca 183 Ma) coincides with a global perturbation marked by enhanced organic carbon burial and a general decrease in calcium carbonate production, probably triggered by changes in the composition of marine plankton and elevated carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This study is based on high-resolution sampling of two stratigraphic successions, located in Valdorbia (Umbria–Marche Apennines) and Monte Mangart (Julian Alps), Italy, which represent expressions of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in deep-water pelagic sediments. These successions are characterized by the occurrence of black shales showing relatively low total organic carbon concentrations (compared with coeval strata in Northern Europe), generally < 2%, and low hydrogen indices. On this basis, they are similar to other Toarcian black shales described from the Tethyan region. The positive and negative carbon-isotope records from the two localities permit a high-resolution correlation such that ammonite biostratigraphy information from Valdorbia can be transferred to those parts of the Monte Mangart section that lack these fossils. Spectral analyses of δ¹³C_org values and of CaCO₃ percentages from the sedimentary records of both the Valdorbia and Monte Mangart sections reveal a strong cyclic pattern, best interpreted as an eccentricity signal which hence implies a duration of ca 500 kyr for the negative carbon-isotope excursion. Based on the carbon-isotope curves obtained, the high-resolution correlation between the Italian successions and a section in Yorkshire (Northern Europe) confirms the supposition that the apparent mismatch between the dating of the Toarcian oceanic anoxic event in the Boreal and Tethyan realms is an artefact of biostratigraphy.     

A Climatic Sequence Stratigraphic Model in the Terrestrial Lacustrine Basin: A Case Study of Green River Formation,Uinta Basin,USA

In recent years, with the development of terrestrial sequence stratigraphy, more attention has been focused on the study of the terrestrial lacustrine sequence stratigraphic model globally. Different viewpoints are preferred by researchers. Under the guidance of the theory of sequence stratigraphy, the findings of this paper indicate that climate is a major factor controlling the formation of the fourth-order sequence, based upon the study of the sequence stratigraphy in the Green River Formation of the Uinta basin in the USA. It also divides the fourth-order sequence in the terrestrial lacustrine basin into two system tracts: the wet (rising) half-cycle and the dry (falling) half-cycle, establishing a new-style fourth-order sequence stratigraphic model for the terrestrial lacustrine basin, that is, the climate-genetic sequence stratigraphic model. As a result, the theory of sequence stratigraphy is greatly enriched.     

A Climatic Sequence Stratigraphic Model in the Terrestrial Lacustrine Basin:A Case Study of Green River Formation,Uinta Basin,USA

In recent years,with the development of terrestrial sequence stratigraphy,more attention has been focused on the study of the terrestrial lacustrine sequence stratigraphic model globally. Different viewpoints are preferred by researchers.Under the guidance of the theory of sequence stratigraphy,the findings of this paper indicate that climate is a major factor controlling the formation of the fourth-order sequence,based upon the study of the sequence stratigraphy in the Green River Formation of the Uinta...     

Terrestrial carbon-isotope records from coastal deposits (Algarve, Portugal): a tool for chemostratigraphic correlation on an intrabasinal and global scale

ABSTRACT The carbon-isotope signature of terrestrial organic matter (OM) offers a valuable tool to develop stratigraphic correlations for near-shore deposits. A mid-Cretaceous coastal succession of the western Algarve Basin, Portugal, displays a marked negative δ¹³C excursion ranging from − 21.2‰ to − 27.8‰ in the Early Aptian followed by two shifts towards higher values (up to − 19.3‰) during the Early and Late Aptian, respectively. The dominance of cuticle and leaf debris in the bulk OM fraction is confirmed by optical studies, Rock-Eval pyrolysis and by comparison with the δ¹³C signature of four different types of fossilized land-plant particles. Correlation of two terrestrial δ¹³C_bulk OM records from different study sites leads to a significant enhancement of the intrabasinal stratigraphic correlation within the Algarve Basin. Three prominent excursions in the Portuguese records can be correlated with existing δ¹³C curves from pelagic and terrestrial environments. The general carbon-isotope pattern is superimposed by small-scale fluctuations which can be explained by compositional variations within the OM.     

Chemostratigraphy of the Cenomanian-Turonian shallow-water carbonate: new correlation for the rudist levels from north Sinai,Egypt

The present study aims to provide carbon-isotope curves for the Cenomanian to Turonian rudist-dominated successions in north Sinai. The high-resolution carbon-isotope curves obtained from north Sinai sections provide new insight for calibrating the age of rudists as well as for evaluating the effects of the oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE2) on rudist communities. The primary goals are (1) to provide a high-resolution sequence stratigraphic framework for the Cenomanian-Turonian succession, (2) to use rudist and ammonite biostratigraphic data to distinguish the stratigraphic levels of the rudist species, and (3) to integrate the chemostratigraphic (δ¹³C) profile and the rudist levels to improve the biostratigraphy based on the rudist distributions and the carbon-isotope data. The recognition of three ammonite zones through the Cenomanian-Turonian succession was utilized to identify four temporally significant rudist levels indicative of the Lower Cenomanian, Middle Cenomanian, Upper Cenomanian, and Middle Turonian, respectively. Most of the rudists occur in the highstand deposits of medium-scale sequences. Carbon- and oxygen-isotopic analyses were carried out on both rudists and surrounding carbonate units. Based on the variations in the carbon-isotope signals, 12 chronostratigraphic segments were identified in the studied sections. The Cenomanian carbon-isotope segments (C23–C30) were obtained from the Halal Formation at Gabal Yelleg and Gabal Maaza sections, while the Turonian segments (C30–C34) were measured from the Wata Formation at Gabal Yelleg section. The carbon-isotope record from the studied sections is consistent with the trends documented in previous studies of the Tethyan realm. The Cenomanian-Turonian boundary is placed at the onset of falling carbon-isotope values (δ¹³C) from 2.61 to ?0.25‰ in the upper part of OAE2 with the carbon-isotope segment C30 at Gabal Yelleg. The negative shift in δ¹³C values (C33) occurred in the Middle Turonian lowstand deposits characterizing the global sea level fall during this interval.     

分子地层学的原理、方法及应用实例

当前分子地层学研究已涉及蛋白质、核酸、碳水化合物、类脂物和木质素等多种生物化学组分。在地层中,分子化石具有分布的广泛性、定量的准确性、应用的指纹性和信息的多样性等特点,其地层学应用的主要原理是依据分子化石的生物源信息和其离开生物体后发生的一系列转化途径来实现的,其表述方法可以是含量、相对丰度、碳数分布和单体同位素特征等。在各类年代学框架下,由这些分子化石参数所揭示的各类生物事件和环境事件可以成为区域性乃至全球性地层对比的主要依据。分子地层学与分子古生物学、生物地球化学、有机地球化学密切相关,它与传统三大地层学分支学科明显不同,目前还没有明确的分子地层单位,也没有进行广泛的分子地层划分与对比工作。对各类生物事件与环境事件有重要指示作用的分子地层学,与生态地层学、事件地层学等地层学分支学科类似,其主要任务是在传统生物地层学或其他年代学框架下,提高地层划分和对比的精度。以浙江长兴煤山二叠纪-三叠纪界线地层和第四纪泥炭为例,以高分辨率的生物事件与环境事件为切入点,分别探讨在生物地层学或其他年代学框架下的分子地层工作,由此提出了分子地层学的分类单位——分子化石带。     

Carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous (Cenomanian-Campanian) shallow-water carbonates of southern Italy: Chronostratigraphic calibration of larger foraminifera biostratigraphy

Shallow-water carbonates are invaluable archives of past global change. They hold the record of how neritic biologic communities reacted to palaeoenvironmental changes. However, attempts to decipher these geological archives are often severely hampered by the low stratigraphic resolution attained by biostratigraphy. This is particularly the case for the Upper Cretaceous carbonate platforms of the central Tethyan realm: their biostratigraphy suffers from very low resolution and poor correlation with the standard biochronologic scales based on ammonites, planktic foraminifers and calcareous nannoplankton.In this paper we show how this problem can be tackled by integrating biostratigraphy with isotope stratigraphy. We present a detailed record of the benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphy and carbon and strontium isotope stratigraphy of three upper Cenomanian-middle Campanian sections belonging to the Apennine Carbonate Platform of southern Italy. For the upper Cenomanian-Turonian interval, the carbon isotope curves of the studied sections are easily correlated to the reference curve of the English Chalk. The correlation is facilitated by the matching of the prominent positive excursion corresponding to the Oceanic Anoxic Event 2. For the Coniacian-middle Campanian interval, the correlation is mainly based on strontium isotope stratigraphy. We use the ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios of the low-Mg calcite of well preserved rudist shells to obtain accurate chronostratigraphic ages for many levels of the three studied sections. The ages obtained by Sr isotope stratigraphy are then used to better constrain the matching of the carbon isotope curves.From the high-resolution chronostratigraphic age-model stablished by isotope stratigraphy, we derive the chronostratigraphic calibration of benthic foraminiferal biostratigraphic events. For the first time the benthic foraminiferal biozones of the Apennine Carbonate Platform can be accurately correlated to the standard ammonite biozonation. This result is of great relevance because the biostratigraphic schemes of other carbonate platforms in the central and southern Tethyan realm are largely based on the same biostratigraphic events.     

Microorganisms Linked to Neoproterozoic Microspar Carbonate Sedimentation in the Jilin-Liaoning Area

Molar-tooth carbonate refers to a sort of rock that has ptygmatical folded structure comparable to the ivory. This kind of carbonate exists in a special time range (from Middle to Neoproterozoic). Its origin and the possibility to use it in stratigraphic correlation of the paleocontinent is the key task of the IGCP447, a project on Proterozoic molar tooth carbonates and the evolution of the earth (2001-2005). The importance lies in that the molar-tooth structure is the key to solving problems related to Precambrian biological and global geochemical events. The molar-tooth structure is associated with microorganisms. Development and recession of such carbonates have relations with the evolution process of early lives and abrupt changes in sea carbonate geochemistry. In recent years, based on researches on petrology, geochemistry and Sr isotope of molar-tooth carbonate in the Jilin-Liaoning and Xuzhou-Huaiyang area, the authors hold that it can be used as a marker for stratigraphic sequence and sedimentary     

塔西台地寒武纪沉积环境演化与海陆耦合

碳酸盐岩台地作为陆地与深海间的过渡带,其沉积记录了海洋和邻近陆地的演化。结合已有的沉积学工作,对塔里木盆地西部台地寒武系碳酸盐岩进行全岩及酸不溶物地球化学研究。塔西台地寒武纪主要发育局限台地、局限-蒸发台地或蒸发台地相沉积。碳酸盐岩的地球化学特征主要受沉积环境和成岩作用影响,对研究区寒武系白云岩来说,其元素组成极易受沉积微相的控制,氧同位素组成则很可能已被成岩作用改造,仅原生、准同生白云岩的Sr/Ba、Fe/Mn和C同位素可反映沉积相演化对应的古盐度、离岸距离等沉积环境特征的变化,酸不溶物化学蚀变指数（CIA值）则指示邻近陆地的化学风化强度与气候特征。寒武纪时期,塔西台地在相对海平面较高时发育局限台地相沉积,以水体盐度较低、沉积环境离岸较远和生物活动相对较弱为特征,陆地化学风化强度适中,气候温暖湿润;在相对海平面较低时发育蒸发台地相沉积,具有水体盐度较高、沉积环境离岸较近和生物活动相对较强等特点,陆地化学风化强烈,气候炎热极端;在相对海平面适中时发育局限-蒸发台地,沉积环境和邻近陆地的特征介于前述二者之间。沉积相演化对应的较长周期的海陆演化可能主要受全球海平面升降及宏观气候变化控制,具体表现为相对海平面升降所导致的海相沉积环境的变化,以及气候变化引起的陆地化学风化强度的变化。寒武纪塔西台地所处区域的海洋-陆地演化具有高度耦合的特征。     

综合地层学的系统层次结构

本文在分析地层学各分支学科研究内容。出发点和相互关系的基础上，从系统科学观点出发阐述了综合地层学在研究地层体时空分布规律中以岩石地层学为基础，以沉积地层学、火山地层学、磁性地层学、构造地层学等为基本层次，以生物地层学、同位素年龄地层学、年代地层学为主导层次的系统结构特点。综合地层学就是要以这种系统结构为基本指导思想，最大限度地利用包括地层的岩石组合、化石、变形变质、物理化学属性和侵入地层中的岩脉及它们所反映的沉积与构造环境等各种地质资料解决地层问题。     

Cone-penetrometer exploration of Sinkholes: Stratigraphy and soil properties

Four sinkholes with varying surficial expressions were subjected to detailed stratigraphic and soil analysis by means of Standard Penetration Tests (SPT) and Electric Friction Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) in order to evaluate applications of CPT to sinkhole investigations. Although widely used, SPT data are of limited value and difficult to apply to sinkhole mapping. CPT is sensitive to minor lithologic variability and is superior to SPT as a cost-effective technique for determining geotechnical properties of sinkholes. The effectiveness of CPT data results from the force measurements made along the sleeve of the cone. The friction ratio (ratio of sleeve to tip resistance) is a good indicator of soil stratigraphy and properties. By smoothing the friction-ratio data, general stratigraphy and changes in soil properties are easily identified. Stratigraphy of the sinks has been complicated by intense weathering, karstification and marine, transgressions. The resulting deposits include five stratigraphic units. I and II represent Plio-Pleistocene marine sediments with Unit II being the zone of soil clay accumulation. III and IV are horizons residual from Miocene strata and indicate an episode of karstification prior to deposition of Units I and II. Conduit fill is a mixture of materials with low cohesion. The fill materials indicate centripetal and downward movement of insoluble sediments derived from the surrounding strata. Loss of cohesion results in near-zero friction ratios. Very low friction ratios, coupled with materials with little cohesion, indicate potentially-liquefiable soils in the immediate vicinity of zones where piping failure may be imminent. SPT does not provide sufficient data to predict these zones of potential, failure. CPT provides sufficient information for recognition of sinkhole stratigraphy and geotechnical properties. When coupled with laboratory soil analysis, CPT provides unique information about sinkhole geometry and dynamics. In contrast, SPT data fail to produce consistent indicators of sinkhole stratigraphy or properties. With laboratory soil data, SPT indicates general, inconclusive trends.     

深海碎屑岩层序地层学50年(1970—2020)重要进展

层序地层学是当前地球科学研究颇为关注的领域,被广泛应用于沉积盆地分析和油气勘探.碎屑岩层序地层学理论方法源于海相盆地,是在被动大陆边缘油气勘探实践的基础上凝练而来的,至今已经历了约50年的发展历程.本文梳理了深海碎屑岩层序过去50年发展历程中的重要进展(包括1970—2000年的经典海相碎屑岩层序地层学、2000—20...