西藏南部羊卓雍措地区晚侏罗世维美组沉积特征及环境演化

通过沉积岩石学、岩相学、粒度分析等研究方法,对维美组沉积特征、沉积环境及演化提出新的认识和探讨。晚侏罗世维美组主要为一套陆源碎屑物质沉积,沉积期共经历4个沉积旋回,每个沉积旋回的岩石组合大致为含砾石英砂岩-中、粗粒石英砂岩-细粒石英砂岩(长石石英砂岩)-粉砂岩(泥岩、页岩),由底到顶粒度变细,层厚减薄。识别出6种岩相类别:含砾石英砂岩、石英砂岩、长石石英砂岩、泥质粉砂岩、薄层页岩-泥岩互层;发现平行层理、水平层理、粒序层理和重荷模等沉积构造;识别出陆棚、滨岸和陆棚下切河道3类沉积相,其中陆棚相包括内陆棚和外陆棚亚相,滨岸相包括近滨上部和近滨下部亚相;陆棚下切河道充填结构大致为:下部河道砂砾岩层,中部不等粒长石砂岩、杂砂岩层,上部细粒石英砂岩、泥岩层。综合来看,维美组沉积环境为位于克拉通边缘上浅海环境,沉积物质及沉积序列受海平面升降变化影响显著,主要形成于全球海平面下降之后上升的阶段。     

Boundary element analysis of Biot consolidation in layered elastic soils

Biot's linear consolidation analysis of three-dimensional fluid saturated layered soils is investigated. The time marching method, uncoupled boundary element method, and successive stiffness method are applied for the numerical modelling of this study. Settlement induced by surface loading and land subsidence due to pumping is studied. The results show that settlement induced by surface loading is mainly influenced by the properties of the soil layer, and that the settlement is larger for soil layers with smaller stiffness and greater thicknesses. The land subsidence induced by pumping is influenced by the properties of the soil layer as well as by the permeability of the pumped layer and the conditions at the top and bottom boundaries. The land subsidence is larger for soil layers with a smaller stiffness, lower permeability of the pumped layer, deeper pumping depth, larger pumping rate and an impervious top surface.     

琼海凸起珠江组一段低电阻率油层的微观成因机理分析

琼海凸起珠江组一段低电阻率油层岩石类型为石英砂岩和长石石英砂岩,以高泥质、低碳酸盐胶结物特征,物性特征为高--中孔、中--低渗。油层表现为低电阻率特征的原因包括: ① 岩性为泥质粉砂岩与细砂岩与粉砂质泥岩互层,粒级较细; ② 黏土矿物以伊蒙混层和伊利石为主,且以贴附颗粒表面生长为主要产状; ③ 以微喉为主的喉道特征。导电矿物含量少,对油层电阻率贡献较小。     

巴西劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度测试中的分析与讨论

为分析巴西圆盘劈裂法在层状岩体抗拉强度试验中的适用性,在以往层状岩体巴西圆盘劈裂试验成果分析基础上,选取层理砂岩为试验对象,设计并进行了考虑不同层理角度的砂岩巴西圆盘劈裂试验。分析结果表明,（1）层状岩体抗拉强度的各向异性特点非常明显,层理角度对各种层状岩体的劈裂抗拉强度的影响规律是基本类似的,只是影响程度不一样;（2）不同层理角度圆盘试样的破裂面形状差别较大,其破坏模式可以归纳为直线型、折线型和弧形型;（3）当层理角度0°＜β＜90°时,破裂面的发展规律不能严格满足巴西圆盘劈裂试验力学理论模型的假定,采用式（1）计算得到的劈裂抗拉强度只能是一个近似的值;（4）当圆盘试样加载线两侧的岩石材料、层理结构对称分布时,加载时圆盘内的应力分布可以较好地满足其理论计算模型,其试验结果比较准确。研究成果可为层状岩体抗拉强度的准确测定提供较好的参考。     

A dynamic model for fault nucleation and propagation in a mechanically layered section

When a mechanically layered section of rock is subject to a horizontal strain, faults often nucleate preferentially in one or more layers before propagating through the rest of the section. The result is a high density of small, low-throw faults within these layers, and a much smaller number of large, through-cutting faults which nevertheless accommodate most of the strain due to their much larger displacement. A dynamic model of fault nucleation and propagation has been created by combining analytical and finite element techniques to calculate the energy balance of these propagating faults. This model shows that: 1) faults may nucleate in either mechanically weak layers, or in stiff layers with a high differential stress; 2) fault propagation may be halted either by strong layers (in which the sliding friction coefficient is high), or by layers which deform by flow and thus have low differential stress. This model can predict quantitatively the horizontal strain required for faults to nucleate, and to propagate across mechanical layer boundaries. The model is able to explain the complex pattern of fault nucleation and propagation observed in a mechanically layered outcrop in Sinai, Egypt.     

Some problems with the cumulus theory

There are a number of features in layered intrusions which do not appear to be consistent with the cumulus theory. The most important of these are: (1) Rhythmic layering in plagioclase-pyroxene cumulates from some intrusions (e.g. Jimberlana and Stillwater) may be inverted with the light plagioclase-rich cumulates at the base of the layer and heavy pyroxene-rich cumulates at the top. (2) Hydraulic sorting in rhythmically layered cumulates is often poor, suggesting that chemical and not mechanical processes control the distribution of minerals in this type of layered sequence. (3) The textures of cumulates from the steeply dipping marginal zone of Jimberlana, which cannot have formed by gravity settling, are indistinguishable from those found in the flatly dipping central layers of the intrusion. Similarly, it is difficult to explain the cumulate textures in the ‘overturned’ marginal layered series of Jimberlana. (4) Igneous layering, including cross-bedding, graded bedding and trough banding, has been described in layered sequences with near-vertical primary dips. (5) Calculations and experiments with a centrifuge furnace suggest that plagioclase cannot sink in Fe-rich tholeiitic liquids. (6) The settling of crystals as individual grains assumes that nucleation is homogeneous. This is unlikely.

It is probable that heterogeneous and self-nucleation are the dominant nucleation mechanisms during the formation of cumulates. This gives rise to two possibilities. Firstly, that most grains nucleate against pre-existing settling crystals to form composite grains which gravitate to the floor of the chamber. Secondly, that the cumulus grains nucleate in situ at the temporary floor of the magma chamber.     

Application of Image Analysis to Observe Microstructure in Sandstone and Granite

Abstract: Advanced techniques are examined to observe microstructure of rocks using image analysis combined with methods such as the fluorescent approach and the application of optical characteristics of minerals. Analyzed are discrimination of grains in rocks, distribution patterns of grain orientation in sandstone, changes of grain shape as weathering advances and distribution patterns of microcracks in granite. In Shirahama sandstone, relatively large and flat grains are orientated parallel to the bedding on the plane perpendicular to the bedding, while grains on the plane parallel to the bedding show random patterns. In weathered granite, it is clarified that the grain surface becomes complex as weathering advances and differences among three major mineral species are identified. In Inada granite, intracrystalline cracks predominate over intercrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks both in total length and number. Furthermore, three types of microcracks show different orientations; the intercrystalline cracks show a dominant orientation which coincides with the orientation of the rift plane, the easiest plane to split, while the intracrystalline cracks and grain boundary cracks show no preferred orientation.     

Influence of shear speed and normal stress on the shear behavior and shear zone structure of granular materials in naturally drained ring shear tests

“Sliding Surface Liquefaction” is a process causing strength loss and consequent rapid motion and long runout of certain landslides. Using a new ring shear apparatus with a transparent shear-box and digital video camera system, shear-speed-controlled tests were conducted on mixed grains (mixture of three different sizes of sand and gravel) and mixed beads to study shear behavior and shear zone development process under the naturally drained condition in which pore pressure is allowed to dissipate through the opened upper drainage valve during shearing. Higher excess pore water pressure and lower minimum apparent friction were observed in the tests where grain crushing was more extensive under higher normal stress and higher shear speed. Along with the diffusion of silty water generated by grain crushing, smaller particles were transported upward and downward from the shear zone. Concentration of larger grains to the central and upper part of the shear zone was confirmed by means of visual observation together with grain size analysis of sliced samples from several layers after the test. On the other hand, smaller particles were accumulated mostly below the layer where larger grains were accumulated. The reason why larger grains were accumulated into the shear zone may be interpreted as follows: grains under shearing are also subjected to vertical movement, the penetration resistance of larger grains into a layer of moving particles is smaller than that into the static layer. Therefore, larger grains tend to move into the layer of moving grains. At the same time, smaller particles can drop into the pores of underlying larger grains downward due to gravity.     

Morphology and microstructure of chromite crystals in chromitites from the Merensky Reef (Bushveld Complex, South Africa)

The Merensky Reef of the Bushveld Complex consists of two chromitite layers separated by coarse-grained melanorite. Microstructural analysis of the chromitite layers using electron backscatter diffraction analysis (EBSD), high-resolution X-ray microtomography and crystal size distribution analyses distinguished two populations of chromite crystals: fine-grained idiomorphic and large silicate inclusion-bearing crystals. The lower chromitite layer contains both populations, whereas the upper contains only fine idiomorphic grains. Most of the inclusion-bearing chromites have characteristic amoeboidal shapes that have been previously explained as products of sintering of pre-existing smaller idiomorphic crystals. Two possible mechanisms have been proposed for sintering of chromite crystals: (1) amalgamation of a cluster of grains with the same original crystallographic orientation; and (2) sintering of randomly orientated crystals followed by annealing into a single grain. The EBSD data show no evidence for clusters of similarly oriented grains among the idiomorphic population, nor for earlier presence of idiomorphic subgrains spatially related to inclusions, and therefore are evidence against both of the proposed sintering mechanisms. Electron backscatter diffraction analysis maps show deformation-related misorientations and curved subgrain boundaries within the large, amoeboidal crystals, and absence of such features in the fine-grained population. Microstructures observed in the lower chromitite layer are interpreted as the result of deformation during compaction of the orthocumulate layers, and constitute evidence for the formation of the amoeboid morphologies at an early stage of consolidation. An alternative model is proposed whereby silicate inclusions are incorporated during maturation and recrystallisation of initially dendritic chromite crystals, formed as a result of supercooling during emplacement of the lower chromite layer against cooler anorthosite during the magma influx that formed the Merensky Reef. The upper chromite layer formed from a subsequent magma influx, and hence lacked a mechanism to form dendritic chromite. This accounts for the difference between the two layers.     

致密低渗透砂岩储层多尺度天然裂缝表征方法

本文利用地表露头、岩芯、测井、三维地震和微观分析资料,根据多尺度裂缝的发育特征及不同资料的精度,探讨了多尺度裂缝的表征方法。致密低渗透砂岩储层发育多尺度天然裂缝,根据天然裂缝规模以及限制天然裂缝扩展延伸的岩石力学层界面,将天然裂缝分为大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝和微尺度裂缝4级,不同尺度裂缝的发育特征存在较大差异。其中大尺度裂缝主要应用三维地震资料的叠后属性进行检测和表征;中小尺度裂缝在单井上可以应用岩芯、成像测井和常规测井相结合的方法进行表征,在平面上采用基于地质和测井约束的三维地震叠前各向异性分析以及储层地质力学相结合的方法进行综合预测和评价;微尺度裂缝一般应用铸体薄片、普通薄片、扫描电镜和三维CT扫描等微观分析方法进行观察描述,通过主控因素约束的方法进行预测。利用本文提出的多尺度裂缝表征方法实现了对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部致密砂岩储层多尺度裂缝表征,可为其它致密低渗透砂岩储层多尺度裂缝表征提供借鉴。     

塔中北斜坡碳酸盐岩岩溶储层油气差异富集特征

塔中北斜坡下奥陶统岩溶储层基本为低孔低渗储层,主要的储集空间为溶蚀孔、洞和断裂活动产生的裂缝。储层呈现“横向连片,纵向分层”特点,优质储层主要呈层状叠合分布在不整合面下0~200m范围内的垂直渗流带和水平潜流带。岩溶储层具有大面积、多储集段含油气的特点,平面上整体表现为“西油东气,内油外气”的分布特征。鹰山组直接盖层良3—5段致密灰岩平面上具有“东厚西薄,北厚南薄”的分布特点,剖面上呈现“块状分布,横向相连,纵向叠置”的展布特征。鹰山组内部多套高阻层相互叠置,与下伏含油气层构成良好的配置关系,形成一套或多套储盖组合,控制油气的分层聚集。塔中北斜坡发育着一系列NE向左行走滑断裂,以之为边界,可以分为若干个构造区块。区块内油气水正常分异,相对高的部位聚集油气、低部位出水。块体内部油气多富集在距主干走滑断裂0.5~4.0km范围内。      

饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解

假定土体在固结过程中压缩性和渗透性的变化成正比,基于 - 及 - 关系,推导出饱和软土成层地基一维非线性固结解析解,分别给出了按沉降定义和按有效应力定义的每层土平均固结度及整个土层总固结度的计算公式。采用Fortran语言编制了相应的计算程序,将计算得到的结果与已有双层地基一维非线性固结解析解计算结果进行比较,验证该解析解的正确性。利用该程序分析成层地基一维非线性固结性状,分别讨论了初始竖向渗透系数、初始体积压缩系数、荷载值及土层厚度对地基固结性状的影响。分析结果表明：在成层地基一维非线性固结过程中,初始竖向渗透系数对超静孔压的影响较为复杂,对上下层地基固结速率影响不同;初始体积压缩系数增大,超静孔压增大,固结速率变小;所加荷载值越大,超静孔压消散越慢,固结发展越慢;超静孔压消散速率不仅取决于土层厚度,同时取决于各层土渗透性的相对大小。     

Stratigraphy of the Upper Permian Kennedy Group of the onshore Carnarvon Basin (Merlinleigh Sub‐basin), Western Australia

Upper Permian strata contain many examples of cyclic deposition, despite the prevailing view that greenhouse conditions existed at the time. The shallow marine Upper Permian Kennedy Group, onshore Carnarvon Basin, has been studied in detail in the Kennedy Range 150 km east of the town of Carnarvon, Western Australia. The Kennedy Group exhibits cyclicity on a scale of 3–10 m, and also some larger scale changes in sedimentation. In this study, the Kennedy Group is divided into twelve informal units, designated with letters from A to L. The small‐scale cyclicity consists of stacked regressive cycles that comprise only thin highstand systems tracts and regressive systems tracts. Transgressive systems tracts are only sometimes represented by highly bioturbated green sandstone layers at cycle boundaries. Cycle tops are planar and often have extensive vertical trace fossil development down from them, as well as surface traces on them. The twelve informal units can be interpreted as being caused by changes in relative sea‐level.     

三间房组油藏沉积微相及其对注水开发效果影响研究

三间房组油藏储层辫状河三角州平原和前缘亚相比较发育。其主要微相由辫状河分流河道、心滩、水下分流河道、分流间区等组成。受沉积微相控制,储层砂体在平面上的分布特征导致和影响了注水开发中的油水运动和产量变化。由于河道砂体物性好、连通性好、吸水强度大,且具有明显的方向性,故注入水沿河道砂体发育方向推进速度快,油井含水上升也快,从而造成沿主河道砂体方向上的高产井初期不含水,后期高含水的现状。剖面上受沉积旋回控制,动用程度较高的层段主要集中在每一砂层组中下部的第３ 、４ 小层。     

缓倾坡内层状岩质高边坡稳定性分析以黄桷湾危岩高边坡的主斜坡为例

黄桷湾危岩高边坡是泥岩和砂岩呈类似夹心饼干状软硬互层结构、缓倾坡内的岩质高切坡。危岩高边坡除坡顶的陡崖处厚层砂岩发生崩塌失稳外,主斜坡体下部还存在局部的切层失稳。为确保高边坡下部的工程建设的顺利开展和居民的安全,采用数值模拟的方法对高边坡的主斜坡进行稳定性评价,选取天然自重和地震动荷载两种工况进行分析。计算结果表明:(1)主斜坡岩体在两种工况下仍处于稳定状态,但在地震动荷载作用下稳定系数下降显著; (2)陡崖和主斜坡接触带附近及主斜坡坡脚处应力集中现象明显,发生破坏的可能性更大; (3)主斜坡潜在滑移面位于坡内中深部,剪出口位置可能位于主斜坡的坡脚处。     

致密低渗透砂岩储层多尺度天然裂缝表征方法

本文利用地表露头、岩芯、测井、三维地震和微观分析资料,根据多尺度裂缝的发育特征及不同资料的精度,探讨了多尺度裂缝的表征方法。致密低渗透砂岩储层发育多尺度天然裂缝,根据天然裂缝规模以及限制天然裂缝扩展延伸的岩石力学层界面,将天然裂缝分为大尺度裂缝、中尺度裂缝、小尺度裂缝和微尺度裂缝4级,不同尺度裂缝的发育特征存在较大差异。其中大尺度裂缝主要应用三维地震资料的叠后属性进行检测和表征;中小尺度裂缝在单井上可以应用岩芯、成像测井和常规测井相结合的方法进行表征,在平面上采用基于地质和测井约束的三维地震叠前各向异性分析以及储层地质力学相结合的方法进行综合预测和评价;微尺度裂缝一般应用铸体薄片、普通薄片、扫描电镜和三维CT扫描等微观分析方法进行观察描述,通过主控因素约束的方法进行预测。利用本文提出的多尺度裂缝表征方法实现了对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部致密砂岩储层多尺度裂缝表征,可为其它致密低渗透砂岩储层多尺度裂缝表征提供借鉴。     

冻融循环作用下层理砂岩物理特性及劣化模型

岩石在冻融环境下发生的损伤与其层理结构密切相关,同时冻融损伤作为一种综合表现,单纯考虑岩体内部某一种尺度缺陷或外部单一因素在冻融循环作用下的变化,不足以客观反映损伤情况。对垂直、平行层理试样开展0、20、40次冻融试验,首先探究了层理砂岩在冻融过程中的损伤发育特征,之后基于?100 mm SHPB试验装置,进行5种弹速下的冲击试验,分析了冻融循环条件下层理砂岩冲击破碎块度分布规律,以冻融损伤累积与破碎块度的相关性为理论依据,以力学性质的冻融劣化为思想建立了层理砂岩的冻融劣化模型,研究结果表明：冻融环境下,两种试样孔隙发育、纵波波速表现出显著差异,平行层理试样相对更容易发生损伤;各级冲击弹速下破碎块度分布与冻融循环次数之间存在正相关、负相关以及波动型3种相关关系;劣化模型基于负相关区域数据和成比例相同区域数据得到的强度、峰值应变计算值与实测值非常接近,基于正相关区域数据得到的强度计算值也与实测值有很好的一致性。     

Efficiency of a two-step upscaling method for permeability evaluation at Darcy and pore scales

This work presents a new subdivision method to upscale absolute permeability fields. This process, called two-step method, consists in (i) solving micro-scale equations on subdomains obtained from the full domain regular decomposition and (ii) solve a second upscaling with Darcy’s law on the permeability fields obtained in the first step. The micro-scale equations used depend on the case studied. The two-step upscaling process is validated on randomly generated Darcy-scale permeability fields by measuring the numerical error induced by upscaling. The method is then applied to real domains obtained from sandstone micro-tomographic images. The method specificities due to pore-space structure are discussed. The main advantage of the two-step upscaling method resides in the drastic reduction of computational costs (CPU time and memory usage) while maintaining a numerical error similar to that of other upscaling procedures. This new upscaling method may improve permeability predictions by the use of finer meshes or larger sample volumes.     

Evidence for syntectonic crystallization for the mudstone to slate transition at Lehigh gap,Pennsylvania, U.S.A.

Data primarily for phyllosilicates have been obtained for the continuous transitional sequence from mudstone to slate with well-developed slaty cleavage at Lehigh Gap, Pennsylvania, and for slates from quarries in the same area. Samples were studied by optical microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and electron microprobe analysis, with emphasis on transmission and analytical electron microscopy. Mineral grains are virtually free of deformation-induced strain. Concomitant with the gradual development of cleavage normal to bedding the following changes are observed or confirmed: (1) the orientation of phyllosilicate grains changes discontinuously from being preferentially parallel to bedding to being parallel to cleavage; (2) crystal imperfections as expressed in layer terminations, low angle grain boundary-like features and other defects decrease in density; (3) complex mixed layering is replaced by homogeneous packets of layers of single phases and (4) illite transforms to muscovite, with increase in K + Al and change from a 1M_d to 2M polytype. Slaty cleavage apparently develops due in part to pressure solution of phyllosilicates oriented parallel to bedding, mass transport of components, and crystallization to form new grains parallel to cleavage. It reflects transitions from imperfect, metastable phases toward ordered stable phases in a low temperature (∼225°C) metamorphic environment.     

丹霞地貌砂岩的微观化学风化作用电子探针研究

利用偏光显微镜观察、电子探针分析等手段对江西龙虎山丹霞地貌崖壁砂岩的微观化学风化作用的发展过程进行了研究,重点观测黑云母蛭石化以及长石黏土化过程中矿物组分的变化,进而探讨丹霞地貌砂岩的微观化学风化作用机理。在微观化学风化下,强风化层胶结物中的方解石迅速分解流失,从而导致黑云母大量发生蛭石化和铁的氧化物在矿物边部富集;长石则大量发生黏土化而使高岭石、石英等矿物富集。研究表明丹霞地貌砂岩在微观化学风化作用下矿物分解以及新矿物的形成都破坏原来岩石中的力学平衡,因而风化作用在宏观上表现为岩面片状剥离和重力崩塌,据此推断更大尺度的风化作用可能与岩石中矿物的微观化学风化作用存在着密切联系,是微观化学风化作用长期累积后在宏观上的综合表现。