Influence of chronic exposure to silver and mercury in the field on the bioaccumulation potential of the bivalve Macoma balthica

In order to assess the adaptation to metals previously observed in the bioindicator organism, Macoma balthica, subjected to chronic contamination by silver and mercury in the French Loire estuary, the bioaccumulation potential of individual organisms originating from the contaminated Loire estuary and a relatively uncontaminated control estuary (Somme) was evaluated using both radiotracers and stable isotopes of Ag (80 μg Ag litre⁻¹) and Hg (100 μg Hg litre⁻¹). Clams from the contaminated estuary were more sensitive to Ag (LT₅₀ = 9d) than those originating from the Somme estuary (LT₅₀ > 15d), even though the former bioaccumulated Ag to a significantly lower degree. This is attributed to a consequence of the chronic stress induced by Ag while clams were living in their natural environment. Therefore, past history of trace metal contamination should be considered when evaluating the susceptibility of M. balthica to heavy metal exposure. Lower uptake rates obtained for Hg (during the initial uptake phase only) and for Ag in clams from the polluted estuary suggest the presence of an adaptive trait for survival in contaminated areas. However, the lower degree of bioconcentration observed for Ag was not sufficiently low to reduce the sensitivity of the organisms to Ag and allow them to resist the toxic stress. Clams that survived Ag or Hg exposure at LT₅₀ did not protect themselves against metal toxicity by accumulating a significantly lesser amount of these metals than clams which did not survive metal stress. The results suggest that the bioaccumulation potential of each individual was not a factor which can explain the survival ability of M. balthica exposed to chronic Ag and Hg contamination in estuaries. In this case, cellular, biochemical and genetic levels of adaptation are presumed to be of greater importance.     

Sensitivity to stress of the estuarine bivalve Macoma balthica from areas between the Netherlands and its southern limits (Gironde)

Variation in the sensitivity to stress of Macoma balthica was measured in several French and Dutch estuaries. For adult and juvenile Macoma balthica exposed to copper under conditions of starvation, differences in mortality rate, condition, glycogen, burrowing rate and copper content were assessed. No significant differences were observed between adults and juveniles; the influence of treatment and origin was always evident. Animals from the most southern estuaries, Loire and Gironde, near to the species's southern limit of distribution, showed, in the field, the strongest deviations for the ecophysiological traits measured, and were in the experiments the most sensitive to stress.     

Effect of native and invasive cordgrass on Macoma petalum density, growth, and isotopic signatures

Ecosystem engineers can influence community and ecosystem dynamics by controlling resources, modifying the flow of energy or biomass, or changing physical characteristics of the habitat. Invasive hybrid cordgrass (Spartina alterniflora × Spartina foliosa) is an ecosystem engineer in salt marshes in San Francisco Bay, California, U.S.A. that raises intertidal elevations and may be either increasing C₄ plant carbon input into food webs or tying up carbon in a form that is not usable by consumers. A manipulative experiment compared abundance, growth, and stable isotope (δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N) composition of the clam Macoma petalum (=M. balthica) among native marsh, hybrid Spartina, and mudflats in central San Francisco Bay. We found higher densities (individuals m⁻²) of M. petalum on mudflats compared to either native or hybrid Spartina (p < 0.001). Macoma petalum shell growth was significantly greater in mudflats than in either vegetation type in 2002 (p = 0.005) but not 2003. Differences in shell growth between native and hybrid Spartina were not significant. Stable isotope results showed differences between habitats in δ¹³C but not δ¹⁵N. Carbon signatures of M. petalum placed in Spartina were much more depleted than the isotopic signature of Spartina. Neither native nor hybrid Spartina appears to be a significant carbon source for M. petalum in San Francisco Bay, and we found no evidence that hybrid Spartina contributes carbon to M. petalum beyond what is provided by S. foliosa, despite the hybrid's much greater biomass. Our results show that loss of mudflat habitat, rather than increased input of C₄ carbon, is the greatest effect of the invasion of hybrid Spartina on M. petalum.     

Biomarker responses in Macoma nasuta (Bivalvia) exposed to sediments from northern San Francisco Bay

Our study investigates biomarker responses and survival of Macoma nasuta exposed to sediments collected from six locations in northern San Francisco Bay. Biomarkers analyzed were stress proteins (hsp70) in gill, mantle and digestive gland, lysosomal membrane damage and histopathologic lesions. Sediments and clam tissues were analyzed for a comprehensive suite of heavy metals and trace organic pollutants. Sediment grain size and organic carbon content were determined. Clams accumulated metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine pesticides (aldrin and p,p^′-DDT and its metabolites p,p^′-DDD and p,p^′-DDE). Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis revealed that mortality, hsp70 in gill and histopathologic lesion scores in gonads, and lysosomal membrane damage were significantly correlated with tissue concentrations of DDT and/or its metabolites. Tissue concentrations of metals, in particular nickel, chromium, and copper, were associated with macrophage aggregates in digestive gland and germ cell necrosis. Cadmium was linked to mortality and lysosomal membrane damage.     

温度与盐度对福建牡蛎与长牡蛎、熊本牡蛎、香港巨牡蛎种间杂交子代孵化及其早期生长成活的影响

本研究以野生福建牡蛎(A)为亲本一方, 分别与野生长牡蛎(G)、熊本牡蛎(S)、香港巨牡蛎(H)进行杂交, 除A♀×S♂、A♀×H♂两组杂交不育外, 共得到AG(A♀×G♂)、GA(G♀×A♂)、SA(S♀×A♂)、HA(H♀×A♂)、AA(A♀×A♂)5个不同组合, 并研究不同盐度与温度对其幼虫孵化率、早期生长及成活率的影响。结果表明, 盐度25时AG、GA、SA、HA、AA五组孵化率分别达到最大值78.33%、75.00%、63.33%、55.00%、71.67%; 温度低于25℃时, GA孵化率高于其他组, 温度高于25℃时AG孵化率最大, 其中25℃时达到最大孵化率83.33%; 不同盐度条件下D型幼虫经过7 d培育, HA在盐度20时壳高达到最大值97.8 µm, 成活率46.67%, 在盐度为35时第5天全部死亡。AG、GA、SA、AA四组在盐度为25时壳高有最大值, 分别为124.7 µm、121.2 µm、93.7 µm, 111.8 µm; 不同温度条件下D型幼虫经过7 d培育, 在温度为25℃时各组壳高和成活率均有最大值, 大小排列依次为AG>GA>AA>HA>SA, 各组成活率随温度升高呈现出先增大后减小的趋势, AG在25℃时成活率在所有组中最高, 为88.89%; 孵化后在适宜温度盐度条件下连续培养16 d, 不同组之间壳高表现为: AG > GA> AA > HA > SA, AG壳高、壳高SGR及成活率始终大于其他组, 而SA、HA两组壳高、壳高SGR及成活率始终小于自交组AA。研究表明, 相较于福建牡蛎与熊本牡蛎、香港巨牡蛎的杂交, 以及福建牡蛎的自交, 福建牡蛎与长牡蛎的杂交子代表现出明显的生长及存活优势, 生长潜力较好, 且AG优于GA; AG组在盐度25、水温25℃条件下生长速率最大, 成活率最高。研究结果可为福建牡蛎育苗行业良种选育提供参考依据。     

Effects of suction-dredging for cockles on non-target fauna in the Wadden Sea

Suction dredging for cockles removes large cockles from tidal flats and may also cause mortality of non-target fauna and make the habitat less suitable for some species. This study examines whether suction dredging for cockles on tidal flats of the Dutch Wadden Sea had affected densities of non-target fauna, directly after fishing and one year later. Densities of non-target fauna in two randomly chosen undredged locations were compared to densities at the surrounding heavily commercially dredged area. A significant negative effect of cockle dredging on densities of 0-group Macoma balthica was observed and this effect persisted one year after dredging. The dredged area appeared to be less suitable for settlement of mussels Mytilus edulis. No significant effects of dredging on the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae and on 0 and 1-group C. edule were found. For the mobile young Macoma balthica it seems unlikely that the effect found after one year was still due to the mortality caused by dredging and this suggests that the habitat was less suitable as a consequence of dredging. Thus, even in the highly dynamic ecosystem of the Wadden Sea, effects of bottom disturbance by cockle dredging may persist after one year.     

刺参体壁脂肪酸组成的季节变化分析

对不同季节刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)体壁的脂肪酸组成进行了分析.结果表明刺参体壁的脂肪酸组成和相对质量分数具有明显的季节变化.在秋季和冬季,多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)的相对质量分数最高,其次是单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA),饱和脂肪酸(SFA)的相对质量分数最低;春季MUFA的相对质量分数最高,其次是PUFA和SFA;夏季MUFA的相对质量分数最高,其次是SFA,PUFA的相对质量分数最低.在所有季节,相对质量分数最高的SFA和MUFA分别是16:0和16:1n-7,相对质量分数较高的PUFA是20:5n-3,20:4n-6和22:6n-3.n-3PUFA与n-6PUFA相对质量分数比值在1.87～2.42之间,冬季和春季显著高于夏季和秋季(P<0.05).     

皱肋文蛤胚胎、幼虫及稚贝的发育

在水温28.5～30℃、盐度23.6～25.4 条件下, 观察了皱肋文蛤(Meretrix lyrata)胚胎、幼虫和稚贝的发育过程。结果表明, 皱肋文蛤的胚胎经历桑椹期、囊胚期、原肠胚期等阶段, 形成担轮幼虫。根据行为方式和形态特征, 其幼虫阶段可分为D 形幼虫、壳顶初期幼虫、壳顶中期幼虫、壳顶后期幼虫、变态期幼虫、附着期幼虫。稚贝发育可分为无管期稚贝、单管期稚贝和双管期稚贝。皱肋文蛤幼虫在不同阶段的生活习性逐渐改变, 从担轮幼虫至壳顶后期幼虫营浮游生活, 变态期和附着期幼虫分别营匍匐生活和附着生活。壳顶初期幼虫出现足原基, 壳顶中期和壳顶后期幼虫分别形成平衡囊和鳃丝。稚贝阶段开始从附着生活向埋栖生活过渡。稚贝出现明显的次生壳, 无管期稚贝和单管期稚贝的次生壳为红褐色, 而双管期稚贝的次生壳为白色。皱肋文蛤从D 形幼虫发育到附着期幼虫, 后者的壳长和壳高分别增至前者的1.77 倍和2.10 倍; 稚贝阶段从无管期发育到双管期, 后者的壳长和壳高分别增至前者的3.13 倍和3.28 倍, 显示皱肋文蛤幼虫阶段缓慢生长, 稚贝阶段快速生长的特征。     

褐毛鲿全人工繁殖技术研究

为了掌握褐毛鲿(Megalonibea fusca)繁殖生物学特性并突破全人工繁殖技术,作者介绍了1998～2002年项目实施期间,对褐毛鲿的性成熟年龄、生殖季节、产卵水温、性腺发育与性周期、产卵类型与产卵量、室内产卵池催产、海上网箱催产、亲鱼产卵率、受精率、催产激素与剂量、全人工繁殖技术等所做的研究,讨论和总结了褐毛鲿亲鱼的强化培育,人工催产的方法与措施。     

三氯异氰尿酸对脊尾白虾幼体存活及发育的影响

三氯异氰尿酸(Trichloroisocyanuric acid ,TCCA)是水产养殖中常用的水质消毒剂, 使用不当会给生产和环境带来危害。为指导脊尾白虾(Exopalaemon carinicauda)人工育苗过程中TCCA 的安全用药,作者利用静水试验法研究了TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体的急性毒性及对幼体发育的影响。实验设7 个浓度梯度组(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5、3.0、3.5、4.0 mg/L)和1 个空白对照组, 每组3 个平行。急性毒性实验持续96 h 后结束, 用正常育苗海水代替TCCA 溶液, 正常管理直到幼体全部变态为仔虾, 评估短时间的TCCA 处理对脊尾白虾幼体发育的影响。结果表明, TCCA 对脊尾白虾幼体在24、48、72 和96 h 的半致死浓度分别为3.81、3.03、2.71 和2.47 mg/L, 其安全浓度为0.25 mg/L; 随着TCCA 浓度的升高, 脊尾白虾幼体变态存活率显著降低(P<0.05), 但能成功变态为仔虾个体的变态持续时间及仔虾体长与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05)。本实验结果可以为脊尾白虾人工育苗安全用药提供参考和依据。     

副溶血弧菌攻毒过程中文蛤肝胰腺弧菌载量变化的分析

文蛤(Meretrixpetechialis)是我国一种重要的海水养殖贝类,其养殖过程中病害导致的规模性死亡时有发生,已有的工作证实致病性弧菌是导致文蛤大规模死亡最为常见的病原。在本研究中,我们通过浸泡感染实验模拟了文蛤在自然条件下的弧菌胁迫环境,明确了攻毒水体中弧菌生长变化规律;攻毒过程中宿主载菌量分析显示,文蛤肝胰腺组织弧菌载量在攻毒后呈第1天急剧上升,第3天迅速下降的变化趋势,而且不同个体间载菌量差异较大;通过不同弧菌含量攻毒实验,发现在攻毒早期文蛤体内弧菌载量与水体环境的弧菌含量之间呈显著的正相关(Spearman’sρ=0.899,P=0.000),而在感染中后期不同攻毒强度组之间无显著差异,且呈现较低水平,为0～205CFU/mg,预示着宿主免疫系统和肝胰腺微生物群落可将致病菌的数量控制在一定的范围。上述研究为开展文蛤感染发病过程中弧菌载量和免疫抗性评价相关研究提供了参考。     

牙鲆与夏鲆杂交及回交子代胚胎发育及早期生长比较

通过人工授精技术对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus )和夏鲆( Paralichthys dentatus )进行了正反交及回交实验,并比较了正反交、回交子代的胚胎发育时序和仔稚幼鱼的生长.结果表明:孵化水温18.0±0.5℃下,初孵仔鱼破膜用时为:牙鲆41 h,正交鲆47 h,回交牙鲆42 h30 min,回交夏鲆44 h;16.5±0.5℃下,夏鲆61 h 40 min,反交鲆66 h.正交及两组回交子代在胚胎期均可正常发育.反交子代卵裂期出现异常,仅少数胚胎可以孵化.胚胎孵化后,在1~64日的培养过程中,反交鲆于3~4 d 内全部死亡,回交牙鲆发育至18日龄时全部死亡.正交鲆和回交夏鲆可正常发育,与牙鲆没有明显差别     

刀鲚、凤鲚和湖鲚矢耳石的形态学比较研究

选取凤鲚(Coilia mystus)、湖鲚(Coilia nasus taihuensis)以及采自崇明、黄海和瓯江口3个水域的刀鲚(Coilia hasps)的矢耳石为对象,描述了这些鱼类耳石的形态特征,并进一步使用基于12组形态数据的框架测量进行了种间和种内比较和判别分析.结果表明耳石形态的差异种间较种内更为明显...     

低氧对中华哲水蚤存活和繁殖影响的实验研究

为研究低氧对海洋浮游生物关键种存活、繁殖等的影响,作者采用了实验室模拟低氧环境的方法,研究了低溶解氧(dissolved oxygen, DO)浓度对中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)致死率、产卵和孵化的影响.研究发现,中华哲水蚤对低氧环境比较敏感,当DO质量浓度为2 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在1 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为3 mg/L左右时,中华哲水蚤会在96 h内全部死亡;当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L 时,基本无死亡,但对中华哲水蚤的产卵有明显抑制作用,首次产卵时间推迟,产卵周期缩短.当DO质量浓度为4 mg/L时,基本不产卵,当DO质量浓度为6 mg/L时,产卵量也仅为常氧组的15%左右.当DO质量浓度为4~6 mg/L时,中华哲水蚤所产卵的孵化率为常氧组的60%左右,但差异不显著.可见,低氧对中华哲水蚤的存活和繁殖均有抑制作用,长时间低氧很可能会降低中华哲水蚤的种群数量,甚至改变海洋生态系统结构.     

斑节对虾TSG101基因的克隆及表达分析

为探究肿瘤易感基因101(简称TSG101)对斑节对虾(Penaeusmonodon)的免疫应答作用,了解在细菌刺激下斑节对虾的机体发生的变化机制,本研究以哈维弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)为实验组,以磷酸缓冲液(PBS)为对照组,通过荧光定量分析展开对斑节对虾对菌刺激的免疫应答作用。结果显示,斑节对虾的TSG101在各组织中均有表达,在肝胰腺中的表达量最高。在金黄色葡萄球菌刺激下,斑节对虾的TSG101在肝胰腺中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第12小时的TSG101 mRNA的表达量达到最大(为对照组的21.60倍);在鳃中的表达量与对照组相比呈极显著上调(P0.01),第6小时斑节对虾TSG101的表达量达到最大值(为对照组的3.64倍)。在注射哈维弧菌第9小时,肝胰腺中的PmTSG101 mRNA表达量极显著上调(P0.01)且达到最大(为对照组的2.50倍)。实验结果初步表明,斑节TSG101参与斑节对虾的先天免疫反应,在金黄色葡萄球菌和哈维弧菌的刺激的情况下,该基因RNA水平的表达情况发生明显变化。     

美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种感染卵形鲳鲹的病理学观察

病原菌美人鱼发光杆菌杀鱼亚种(Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida)分离自发病的卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus), 本实验利用腹腔注射和浸泡的感染途径, 观察卵形鲳鲹发光杆菌病的病理变化。感染发病鱼呈现急性和慢性临床症状, 主要急性症状为鳃盖周围轻微出血, 腹腔积水和内脏器官多灶性坏死; 主要慢性症状为脾脏、肾脏和心脏内能观察到直径为0.5~1.0 mm 的白色粟米样结节; 利用光学显微镜和透射电镜观察的组织病理显示: 急性病理症状主要表现为鳃、肝和肾发生变性及凝固性坏死, 肾管微绒毛紊乱, 线粒体的嵴脱落, 脾淋巴细胞增生, 核染色质边集, 心肌细胞发生多灶性坏死,线粒体增生, 肠道的病变较轻微。慢性病理症状主要表现为鳃丝上皮细胞坏死, 脾淋巴细胞线粒体、高尔基体和内质网溶解, 肾小管上皮细胞的微绒毛脱落, 心肌纤维Z 带排列紊乱, 线粒体变性, 肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、心脏和肠道出现典型的肉芽肿病变。相比之下, 脾脏、肾脏和心脏的病变是所有器官中最严重的。     

印度洋大眼金枪鱼和黄鳍金枪鱼渔场水温垂直结构的季节变化

为了解印度洋大眼金枪鱼(Thunnus obesus)和黄鳍金枪鱼(Thunnus albacares)主要作业渔场温跃层上界温度、深度和垂直温差时空变化特征,采用2007～2010年Argo温度剖面浮标资料,计算了印度洋大眼金枪鱼、黄鳍金枪鱼主要作业渔场次表层温度和温跃层特征参数.研究认为,温跃层上界深度、温度和10～200 m温差存在明显的季节性变化.5～9月在15°～25°S纬向区域存在一块季节性较深的温跃层上界深度区域;在20°S以南海域,12月至次年4月份温跃层上界深度非常浅;在15°S至赤道纬向区域,尤其是在西部,常年存在一块温跃层较浅的区域.总体而言,温跃层上界深度较深的地方温度相对较低,在2～5月期间,在阿拉伯海东南和孟加拉湾西南形成一块大面积的暖水区;7～9月期间,在15°～25°S,纬向区域因温跃层上界深度较深,从表层至温跃层上界深度温度变化相对较大,温跃层上界温度显著较低.在20°S以南,温跃层上界温度常年都很低.10°S经线方向将水下10 ～200 m垂直温度分成南北两部分,10°S以南部及以北部海区的垂直温差分别大于和小于10℃.分析结果初步揭示了金枪鱼主要作业渔场温跃层上界温度、深度和垂直温差分布特征,为金枪鱼实际生产作业提供理论参考.     

条斑紫菜Tubulin和Kinesin基因家族鉴定及失水胁迫表达模式分析

微管是细胞骨架的主要成分,其结构及动力学机制对提高生物体耐受性具有重要作用。微管网络如何通过结构的动态变化调控适应环境变化已成为胁迫生物学领域的研究热点之一。条斑紫菜(Pyropiayezoensis)能够适应潮间带复杂多变的环境,是研究潮间带大型海藻抗逆机制的良好材料。目前对紫菜微管相关基因家族构成及其生物学功能的研究较少。本研究利用生物信息学方法,在条斑紫菜基因组中共鉴定出4个Tubulin基因(Pyα-tubulin 1、Pyα-tubulin 2、Pyβ-tubulin和Pyγ-tubulin)和11个Kinesin基因(PyKinesin1—PyKinesin11),并对其理化性质、基因结构、蛋白特征、染色体定位、系统进化和失水胁迫下的表达模式进行了系统分析。结果显示:条斑紫菜中有3种微管蛋白(Tubulin)亚型;该家族成员散布于1号和2号染色体上, Pyα-tubulin 1和Pyα-tubulin 2为串联重复基因;PyTubulin家族成员在基因结构和蛋白特征方面均较为保守,且在转录水平对失水胁迫不敏感。条斑紫菜中有5种驱动蛋白(Kinesin)亚型,亚家族种类和基因数量均少于高等植物;该家族基因散布于1号、2号和3号染色体上,无串联重复基因; PyKinesin家族成员在基因结构和蛋白特征方面存在一定差异,PyKinesin1在中高度失水胁迫下表达量显著上调。本研究为进一步理解Tubulin和Kinesin基因家族的进化和功能、解析微管在条斑紫菜响应失水胁迫中的作用奠定了基础。     

缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)GST和HSP90基因克隆及其在氨氮胁迫下的表达特征分析

克隆获得缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(Sc-GSTσ)和热休克蛋白90(ScHSP90)基因的cDNA全长,分析了它们的组织表达差异及其在氨氮胁迫下的表达特征。结果表明,Sc-GSTσ的全长cDNA为1 414 bp,含有639 bp的开放阅读框(Open Reading Frame,ORF),编码212个氨基酸,Sc-GSTσ氨基酸序列与其他物种的GST氨基酸序列同源性为31.88%～43.40%;而Sc-HSP90的全长cDNA为2 752 bp,ORF为2 181 bp,编码726个氨基酸,其氨基酸序列与其他物种HSP90的氨基酸序列同源性为76.77%～87.05%。荧光定量PCR分析发现,Sc-GSTσ和Sc-HSP90在缢蛏各组织中均有表达,两者均在肝胰腺中表达量最高。氨氮胁迫后,Sc-GSTσ和Sc-HSP90 mRNA在肝胰腺中表达均显著上调(p<0.05),表明氨氮胁迫引起机体的应激反应,2个基因可能参与机体解毒或防御过程。但胁迫后期表达量下降推测是机体的防御能力有限,不足以完全保护宿主免受应激诱导的细胞损伤。     

牙鲆gnrh基因的表达分析

本文通过qPCR方法,研究了我国重要海水鱼类——牙鲆（Paralichthys olivaceus）雌、雄成体组织以及性腺分化期的脑、性腺中gnrh1、gnrh2和gnrh3的表达水平。结果显示,gnrh1分布于所有检测的组织：在脑、垂体、肾脏和肝脏中高表达,在性腺中表达相对较低;gnrh2则在雌、雄性的肝脏以及雄性的肠、肾脏、眼睛和头肾中;而gnrh3只在雄性的肾脏、眼睛和肌肉中检测到微弱表达。人工诱导的牙鲆雌核发育鱼苗分别用17β-雌二醇（E₂）和17α-甲基睾酮（MT）处理,使其分化为雌性或雄性个体表型。在性腺分化期的脑中,gnrh1的表达呈现上升趋势,在全长（total length,TL）4 cm鱼苗中,E₂组的表达显著高于MT组（P<0.05）;gnrh2在2 cm TL时E₂组显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,随后在E₂和对照组的表达水平均出现下降趋势;gnrh3在2 cm TL时E₂和对照组的表达均显著高于MT组（P<0.05）,自6 cm TL时MT和E₂组的表达开始下降。在性腺中,三种gnrh在性腺分化前2 cm TL表达量都相对较高,随后呈现下降趋势。综上,推测牙鲆gnrh1可能参与了性腺分化的启动、分化过程及性腺发育,gnrh2主要参与了性腺分化的启动,gnrh3主要参与了性腺分化的启动和分化过程。