蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩主要出露于青山群八亩地组和方戈庄组中。火山岩SiO₂含量为53.71%~69.08%,主要为安山质岩石和流纹岩,以钙碱性系列为主(σ平均3.42);富集Rb、Ba等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、P、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素;具有富集的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)=0.7051~0.7110,ε_Nd(t)=-5.16~-16.4)。根据MgO含量和Mg^﹟值,可将安山质火山岩划分为高镁(Mg^﹟>60)和低镁(Mg^﹟<60)两个系列。高镁安山质岩石的MgO、Cr、Ni及不相容元素的含量明显高于低镁安山质岩石,且具有相对高的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr(t)和较低的ε_Nd(t)值,Sr-Nd同位素组成趋向于EMⅡ型富集地幔端元。低镁安山质岩石地球化学特征类似于埃达克岩,其同位素组成介于EMⅠ型富集地幔端元与华北麻粒岩相下地壳之间。流纹岩具有较低的MgO、Cr、Ni含量和明显的负Eu、Sr异常,同位素组成类似于扬子中、上地壳。研究表明,蒙阴盆地高镁安山质岩石由曾遭受俯冲扬子陆壳熔体改造的华北岩石圈地幔部分熔融形成,且岩浆在上升 过程中经历了华北下地壳物质一定程度的混染或混合作用;低镁安山质岩石主要由华北下地壳部分熔融形成;流纹岩为岩石圈伸展减薄背景下仰冲至华北克拉通之上的扬子中、上地壳部分熔融的产物。地质现象显示,郯庐断裂带的伸展活动控制着蒙阴断陷盆地的发育,与蒙阴盆地早白垩世火山岩的成因有着密切的联系,在华北克拉通破坏中可能起到了重要的作用。     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of volcanic rocks of the Neoarchaean Sukumaland Greenstone Belt, northwestern Tanzania

The late Archaean volcanic rocks of the Rwamagaza area in the Sukumaland Greenstone Belt consists of basalts and basaltic andesites associated with volumetrically minor rhyodacites and rhyolites. Most basalts and basaltic andesites yield nearly flat patterns (La/Sm_CN = 0.89–1.34) indicating derivation by partial melting of the mantle at relatively low pressure outside the garnet stability field. On primitive mantle normalized trace element diagrams, the basalts and basaltic andesites can be subdivided into two groups. The first group is characterised by moderately negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.51–0.73, mean = 0.61 ± 0.08) with slight enrichment of LREE relative to both Th and HREE. The second group is characterised by nearly flat patterns with no Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.77 ± 0.39). The observed Nb and Th anomalies in the Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites, cannot be explained by alteration, crustal contamination or melt–solid equilibria. Rather, the anomalies are interpreted, on the basis of Nb–Th–La–Ce systematics, as having formed by partial melting of a heterogeneous mantle consisting of variable mixtures of components derived from two distinct sources. These sources are depleted mantle similar to that generating modern MORB and an LREE-enriched and HFSE-depleted source similar to that feeding volcanism along modern convergent margins.The rhyolites are characterised by high Na₂O/K₂O ratios (>1) and Al₂O₃ (>15 wt.%), low HREE contents (Yb = 0.24–0.68 ppm) leading to highly fractionated REE patterns (La/Yb_CN = 18.4–54.7) and large negative Nb anomalies (Nb/La_pm = 0.11–0.20), characteristics that are typical of Cenozoic adakites and Archaean TTG which form by partial melting of the hydrated basaltic crust at pressures high enough to stabilize garnet ± amphibole. The Rwamagaza basalts and basaltic andesites are geochemically analogous to the Phanerozoic Mariana Trough Back Arc Basin Basalts and the overall geochemical diversity of Rwamagaza volcanic rocks is interpreted in terms of a geodynamic model involving the interaction of a depleted mantle, a melting subducting oceanic slab in a back arc setting.     

新疆三塘湖盆地二叠纪火山岩岩石地球化学及其构造环境分析

对新疆东北部地区二叠纪构造动力学背景的研究，前人已经做过很多工作，但争议较大。本文通过对位于新疆东北部边缘的三塘湖盆地二叠纪火山岩常量、微量元素的分析测试及讨论，为恢复二叠纪盆地性质与古构造环境提供岩石地球化学约束。研究区内火山岩主要岩石类型为玄武岩、安山玄武岩、辉绿岩、安山岩以及少量英安岩和流纹岩。显示亚碱性系列特征。玄武岩常量元素总体显示高Ti的特征，轻、重稀土元素分馏明显，含量比值（LREE／HREE）在3．8和8．35之间变化，不同岩石类型均具有LREE富集的特征，玄武岩和玄武安山岩Eu异常不明显（8Eu=0．92～1．13）：微量元素LILE富集，Nb、Ta相对于La强烈亏损，具有较明显“TNT”负异常，不相容元素丰度并不很高，判别图解投入板内玄武岩及火山弧玄武岩区域，总体上既显示板内的构造环境，又携带俯冲带地球化学信息，与“滞后弧火山岩”特征类似，但是缺少CFB端元。综合区域地质特征及前人的研究结果，新疆北部地区晚石炭世至二叠纪处于造山后期伸展裂陷的构造背景。     

羌塘西北部松西地区新生代火山岩岩石地球化学特征及成因讨论

羌塘西北部松西地区新生代火山岩由安山岩、英安岩和晚期火山颈相流纹斑岩3种岩石类型组成,属于钙碱性-高钾钙碱性岩石系列.岩石富集大离子亲石元素和LREE,相对亏损高场强元素,Nb、Ta、Ti负异常,反映源岩具有壳源特征,基性端员的SiO2含量＜53%,表明松西地区玄武安山岩不可能完全由陆壳直接局部熔融产生,应该有少量基性的地幔物质加入.岩浆Eu负异常不明显,说明岩浆来源于加厚陆壳中下部,是印度板块与欧亚板块发生长期碰撞挤压导致青藏高原北部包括羌塘地区的陆壳缩短和加厚、拉萨地块大陆岩石圈的北向俯冲作用以及羌塘陆块之下上涌的软流层物质的底侵作用,引发增厚下地壳发生部分熔融形成的.     

准噶尔盆地西北部克-夏基性火山岩地球化学特征及其构造环境

对准噶尔盆地西北部克-夏基性火山岩进行了系统的矿物学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素和同位素地球化学研究。结果显示，克-夏基性火山岩为亚碱性拉斑玄武岩系列，以低Ti、贫REE、LREE弱富集及LILE相对HFSE明显富集为特征，与岛弧拉斑玄武岩地球化学特征一致。克-夏基性火山岩正的εNd（t）（＋7．2～＋7．4）和较低的（87^Sr86^Sr）；（0．703717～0．704520）、明显较低的HFSE／LILE以及比大洋玄武岩和OIB陡的206^Pb／204^Pb-207^pb／204^pb相关线斜率，说明其是古洋盆闭合初期由俯冲洋壳之上亏损的岩石圈地幔楔较高程度部分熔融的结果，它形成于洋内弧环境。克-夏基性火山岩与西准噶尔洋盆洋壳的俯冲消减有直接的成因联系，说明西准噶尔弧-盆系向东延伸至盆地内部，盆地西部基底为洋-陆俯冲形成的岛弧型增生地体。     

准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区石炭系中、基性火山岩地球化学及其形成环境

准噶尔盆地是发育在前寒武纪结晶基底与古生代褶皱基底双重基底之上的中、新生代沉积盆地。盆地东北缘陆东—五彩湾地区发育大量的石炭系中、基性火山岩,主要由玄武岩、熔结玄武岩、气孔-杏仁玄武岩与辉绿岩组成。其中、基性火山岩具有低钾高钛、高∑REE的特征,球粒陨石标准化的REE配分曲线表现轻稀土富集,轻、重稀土分异的谱线特征,微量元素具有大离子亲石元素富集,Ta、Nb亏损的现象,可能与板内拉张环境下地壳混染或地幔源区有富Ta、Nb的残留体有关,微量元素环境判别图解中大部分样品点落入板内玄武岩区域,少量漂向岛弧火山岩区,表现出主体为板内构造环境;高场强元素Th/Nb、Nb/Zr比值进一步表现出火山岩具有板内火山岩的特征。综合区域地质特征及前人的研究结果,认为准噶尔盆地陆东—五彩湾地区中、基性火山岩应属造山期后伸展背景下的火山作用产物,但岩浆源区可能受到古洋壳板片俯冲作用的影响。     

郯庐断裂带东侧滁州盆地早白垩世高镁埃达克质火山岩地球化学特征及其岩石成因

郯庐断裂带东侧滁州盆地内晚中生代火山岩以安山岩为主。本文对其中3件样品中锆石进行LA-ICP-MS测年,获得年龄分别为128±3Ma、128±2Ma、128±2Ma,为早白垩世岩浆活动的产物。火山岩Si O_2含量为60.48%~66.20%,富钠、富碱(σ=2.34~4.97),属高钾钙碱性-钾玄岩系列。岩石均富集Ba、U、K等大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti等高场强元素和重稀土元素。样品具有高的Sr(944×10~(-6)~1213×10~(-6))含量及高Sr/Y(80.0~113)和(La/Yb)N(23.8~29.7)比值,低Yb(0.70×10~(-6)~0.92×10~(-6))和Y(8.84×10~(-6)~11.8×10~(-6))含量,且Mg O(2.39%~3.48%)和Mg~#(43~61)较高,表明其具有高镁埃达克质岩的特征。火山岩(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i变化范围为0.70564~0.70579,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-15.7~-14.0,全岩Sr-Nd同位素组成与大别晚中生代加厚下地壳部分熔融形成的岩浆岩的特征相类似。滁州火山岩中锆石具有较高的氧逸度(Ce4+/Ce3+=38~1260,Eu/Eu*=0.68~1.20)和较低的锆石Ti温度(613~728℃),暗示滁州火山岩形成于相对高氧逸度和低温条件下,类似于长江中下游地区(LYRB),明显不同于郯庐断裂带南段(STLF)。受古太平洋板块俯冲流体/熔体交代改造的滁州盆地岩石圈地幔,具有含水、高氧逸度的性质。岩石圈地幔发生部分熔融形成含水、高氧逸度的岩浆,并与下扬子含金红石和石榴子石加厚下地壳部分熔融产生的岩浆混合,从而形成滁州盆地早白垩世高镁埃达克质火山岩。     

海拉尔盆地西北部火山岩地层划分的锆石U-Pb年代学证据

海拉尔盆地是中国东北地区的中生代断陷盆地,其中的火山岩地层是大兴安岭晚中生代火山岩的重要组成部分。本文对秃1井和红2井8个火山岩岩芯样品进行的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb 定年结果表明,所研究的火山岩时代明显分为145~151Ma和117~119Ma两期,分别与海拉尔盆地及大兴安岭地区的塔木兰沟组和上库力组火山岩的形成时间相当。根据本文测年结果,辅以前人近几年对邻区中生代火山岩测年数据的统计,认为海拉尔盆地晚中生代火山作用至少分为三期：117~125Ma、140~151Ma和~160Ma。根据火山岩的岩石学特征及锆石的U-Pb同位素年龄新资料,认为红2井原定为盆地基底布达特群的一套火山岩地层至少有一段实际是晚中生代火山岩。     

皖南屯溪盆地火山岩的地球化学、年代学及其构造意义

安徽南部侏罗至白垩纪屯溪盆地位于NE向中下扬子火山岩带和NNE向中国东南部火山岩带的交接部位,其火山岩的年代学和成因研究可以提供华南晚中生代构造演化的信息。4个火山岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄及其岩石地球化学数据指示屯溪盆地发育两期火山岩:早期火山岩形成于156~152 Ma,为中、高钾钙碱性系列,稀土元素分布型式为轻稀土元素富集的右倾型,铕负异常不明显,富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素,亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti、P;晚期火山岩形成于136~130 Ma,具有双峰式火山岩特征,其酸性组分属中钾钙碱性系列,稀土元素分布型式为右倾斜的"V"型,铕负异常明显,同样具有富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素及亏损高场强元素Nb、Ti、P的特征。皖南屯溪盆地晚侏罗世-早白垩世火山活动类似于中国东南部火山岩带。结合前人资料,认为屯溪盆地晚侏罗世火山岩形成于挤压构造环境,而早白垩世火山岩形成于伸展环境,其成因与晚侏罗至早白垩世古太平洋板块俯冲角度变化和俯冲板片后撤作用有关。     

非洲乍得盆地火山岩地球化学特征及成因

钻井揭示了乍得盆地中新生代有大量玄武岩喷发,主要为橄榄拉斑玄武岩,少数为石英拉斑玄武岩和碱性橄榄玄武岩。主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究表明,乍得盆地玄武岩岩浆在上升过程中经历了橄榄石、单斜辉石的分离结晶作用,且未受到陆壳物质的混染;岩石明显富集轻稀土元素、大离子亲石元素和高场强元素,Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf具正异常。晚白垩世玄武岩(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr) _i比值（0.704167~0.706564）高于古近纪玄武岩（0.703545~0.705380）,(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i比值（0.512451~0.512703）低于古近纪玄武岩（0.512690~0.512847）;晚白垩世玄武岩ε_Nd(t)u值变化范围较大（-1.4~3.5）,且明显低于古近纪玄武岩（2.6~5.6）。两者具有相似的Pb同位素比值,²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=18.14~18.96,²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=15.56~15.62,²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb=38.33~38.88。乍得盆地玄武岩主要来自于亏损地幔DM和富集地幔EMⅡ两种端元组分混合产生的,石榴石橄榄岩的母熔体可能是本区玄武岩产生的源区,是地幔高度部分熔融的结果（15%左右）。乍得盆地玄武岩的地幔组份随时间的演化可能与中生代以来中、西非地区软流圈上涌、岩石圈减薄作用密切相关。     

大兴安岭中生代双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征

大兴安岭中生代火山岩的主要活动时期为晚侏罗世至早白垩世，由碱性系列玄武岩和亚碱性系列玄武岩以及伴生的中酸性火山岩组成。它们与邻区俄罗斯和蒙古同时期火山岩构成面形展布的巨型火山岩带。碱性系列玄武岩高度富集不相容元素，其富集程度类似于板内碱性系列玄武岩，但明显亏损Nb和Ta等高场强元素这一点又类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧钙碱性玄武岩。亚碱性系列玄武岩适度富集不相容元素而强烈亏损高场强元素的特征类似于活动大陆边缘火山弧或岛弧火山岩，其中低钾玄武岩类似于拉斑玄武岩。大兴安岭酸性火山岩根据地球化学特征可划分为高Sr流纹岩类和低Sr流纹岩类。前者富集Ti、Ba、Sr、Co和Ni而贫Rb、Zr和Th等强不相容元素，类似于大陆溢流玄武岩省分异作用形成的流纹岩；后者明显富集不相容元素Rb、Zr和Th而亏损Ti、Ba、Sr和Co，它们与碱性系列玄武岩之间形成类似于大陆裂谷环境的双峰式火山岩组合。亚碱性系列玄武岩与高Sr流纹岩的成因关系类似于大陆伸张环境的双峰式火山岩，但前者形成从基性到酸性的连续演化系列，并没有形成Daly成分间断。这表明大兴安岭火山岩在源区及其原始岩浆的性质上明显区别于世界大陆溢流玄武岩省。也就是说，大陆溢流玄武岩省的双峰模式起源于干岩浆体系，这种岩浆分异形成的中性岩浆由于其教度大于玄武岩、挥发分含量低于流纹岩而未能喷出地表。大兴安岭富含水的原始岩浆使分异形成的中性熔岩被挥发分过饱和，导致中性熔岩的爆炸性喷发。     

Geochemistry of eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area,Northern Turkey

Analytical data for Sr, Rb, Cs, Ba, Pb, rare earth elements, Y, Th, U, Zr, Hf, Sn, Nb, Mo, Ni, Co, V, Cr, Sc, Cu and major elements are reported for eocene volcanic rocks cropping out in the Kastamonu area, Pontic chain of Northern Turkey. SiO₂% versus K₂O% relationship shows that the analyzed samples belong to two major groups: the basaltic andesitic and the andesitic ones. High-K basaltic andesites and low-K andesites occur too. Although emplaced on continental type basement (the North Anatolian Crystalline Swell), the Pontic eocene volcanics show elemental abundances closely comparable with typical island arc calc-alkaline suites, e.g. low SiO₂% range, low to moderate K₂O% and large cations (Cs, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb) contents and REE patterns with fractionated light and almost flat heavy REE patterns. REE and highly charged cations (Th, U, Hf, Sn, Zr) are slightly higher than typical calc-alkaline values. Ferromagnesian elements show variable values. Within the basaltic andesite group the increase of K%, large cations, REE, La/Yb ratio and high valency cations and the decrease of ferromagnesian element abundances with increasing SiO₂% content indicate that the rock types making up this group developed by crystalliquid fractionation of olivine and clinopyroxene from a basic parent magma. Trace element concentration suggest that the andesite group was not derived by crystal-liquid fractionation processes from the basaltic andesites, but could represent a distinct group of rocks derived from a different parent magma.     

Geochemistry of Archaean volcanic rocks from Iron Ore Supergroup, Singhbhum, eastern India

Mafic-ultramafic rocks of Archaean age constitute a significant component of the Eastern Indian Craton. These occur in two different modes. In the eastern belt these occur as a long, linear enclave within the Singhbhum granite and the primary banding in them is subvertical. In the more extensive western belt along the periphery of the Singhbhum granite, the disposition of the primary banding is subhorizontal. The major rock type in both the belts is meta-basalt with minor peridotitic komatiite and basaltic komatiite occurring in the eastern belt. Rare ultramafic rocks with cumulate textures are present in both the belts. The larger volume of the basaltic rocks preclude the possibility of their being derived by fractional crystallization of the high-MgO components. On the basis of trace element and REE characters the rocks may be classified into three groups. One of the groups shows a tholeiitic trend and include samples mostly from the eastern belt while the second consisting mostly of samples from the western belt shows a calc-alkaline trend. The third group includes samples having elemental ratios intermediate between these two groups. Zr/Nb ratios for the tholeiitic and calc-alkaline samples are different suggesting their sources to be different. The tholeiitic samples have been generated from a source having chondritic REE characters, while the calc-alkaline samples have been generated from a source with LREE enriched character. The high-MgO components in both the groups are suggested to represent high degrees of melting compared to the basalts in each group. It is further suggested that the tholeiitic basalts have been generated relatively early from a chondritic source. Down-buckling of this material has added LREE enriched melts to the source, thereby changing its character into a LREE enriched one. Melting of a source with such changed character has subsequently produced the calc-alkaline melts. Rocks with variable but intermediate characters between these two groups have been generated as a result of contamination between these two groups.     

塔里木微板块震旦-寒武系火山岩地球化学及其大地构造意义

塔里木微板块震旦—寒武系火山岩是反演该区震旦—寒武纪构造背景及演化过程的重要依据。本区震旦—寒武系火山岩主要有碱性玄武岩、流纹岩及少量安山岩。通过对该组岩石中玄武岩的常量、微量及稀土元素地球化学研究,结果表明,塔里木微板块在震旦—寒武纪期间曾经受到边缘活动带的明显影响,而产生陆内裂陷,形成了具有特殊的双重地球化学特征的火山岩岩石构造组合。它们为该区古构造环境的反演和古板块构造格局的重建提供了可靠的火成岩岩石学纪录。     

新疆北部哈纳斯盆地火山岩地球化学特征、锆石 U-Pb年龄及其构造意义

哈纳斯火山沉积盆地位于新疆阿尔泰造山带北部,盆地内的火山岩是一套钙碱性的中酸性岩石 ,为安山岩英安岩流纹岩组合.微量元素分析表明,哈纳斯火山岩大体上富集 Rb、 Sr、 Th和 La等大离子亲石元素,而亏损 Zr、 Y、 Ti、 Nb和 Ta等高场强元素,并呈现相似的轻稀土元素中等富集的分布模式,表现出典型弧火山岩的特征. FeO、 MgO、 CaO、 Al2O3、 TiO2等主元素和 Sr、 Ni、 Cr、 Co等微量元素的含量与 SiO2含量呈明显的线性相关关系,表明该区火山岩可能是同源岩浆分异的产物,岩石形成于活动大陆边缘的构造环境,并由遭受消减板块流体交代的富集地幔楔部分熔融而形成.英安岩单颗粒锆石 U-Pb年龄为 (474.5± 4.7) Ma,与中-晚奥陶世地层年代相吻合.在这一时期新疆北部存在古亚洲洋,并向北部西伯利亚板块俯冲,形成了以哈纳斯火山沉积盆地为代表的陆缘火山弧,这类陆缘火山弧是早古生代的中亚造山带典型的侧向大陆增生弧.     

龙江盆地龙江组火山岩的地球化学特征及锆石U-Pb年龄

在龙江盆地地区,龙江组由中—中酸性火山岩、火山碎屑岩和火山碎屑沉积岩组成。岩石地球化学显示为钙碱性岛弧火山岩系列,火山熔岩主体具有高SiO_2、Na_2O、Al_2O_3、Sr,低MgO、Y、Yb,和高场强元素Ta、Nb明显亏损等特征,与典型埃达克岩地球化学特征吻合,Sr和Sr/Y值显示为俯冲型埃达克岩。地球化学相关图解等表明岩浆在早期演化过程阶段可能发生了陆壳混染,经历了斜长石、辉石、铁钛氧化物和磷灰石的分离结晶作用。锆石LAICP-MSU-Pb谐和年龄为(125.9±1.5)Ma,与在该组中发现的化石资料完全一致,代表了火山岩的形成年龄。从东北地区火山岩的定年结果及其空间展布来看,龙江组火山岩的形成既与环太平洋构造体系有关,又与蒙古—鄂霍茨克构造带相联系。     

Isotopic evidence for the origin of Cenozoic volcanic rocks in the Pinacate volcanic field, northwestern Mexico

Six volcanic rocks, reconnaissance samples representing most of the temporal and compositional variation in the Pinacate volcanic field of Sonora and Arizona, are characterized for major element and Nd---Sr isotopic compositions. The samples consist of basanite through trachyte of an early shield volcano, and alkali basalts and a tholeiite from later craters and cinder cones. With the exception of the trachyte sample, which has increased ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr due to crustal effects, all ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values fall between 0.70312 and 0.70342, while ε_Nd values are all between + 5.0 and + 5.7. Clinopyroxene in a rare spinel-lherzolite nodule derived from the uppermost mantle beneath the field has ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr of 0.70320 but ε_Nd of + 8.8, three ε_Nd units higher than the volcanic rocks. Both the volcanic rocks and the nodule record the presence of asthenospheric, rather than enriched lithospheric mantle beneath Pinacate. This is consistent with one or both of (a) proximity of Pinacate to the Gulf of California spreading center and (b) presence of similar asthenospheric mantle signatures in volcanic rocks over a wide contiguous area of the southwestern USA. We consider the comparison to other southwestern USA magma sources as the more relevant alternative, although a definite conclusion is not possible at this stage.     

Geochemistry and geothermometry of volcanic rocks from Serra Branca,Iberian Pyrite Belt,Portugal

Volcanic rocks from Serra Branca, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal, consist of calc-alkaline felsic and intermediate rocks. The latter are massive andesites, whereas the former include four dacitic to rhyolitic lithologies, distinguishable on spiderdiagrams and binary plots of immobile elements. Zircon thermometry indicates that two felsic suites may have formed from different magmas produced at distinct temperatures, with only limited fractionation within each suite. Alternatively, all the felsic rocks can be related through fractionation of a single magma if the lower zircon saturation temperature obtained for one suite merely results from Zr dilution, mostly reflecting silicification.The relatively high magma temperatures at Serra Branca ease the classification of felsic rocks based on their HFSE contents and also indicate volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit favorability. This contrasts with other areas of the Belt that register lower magma temperatures and are subsequently barren. However, magma temperatures may have not been high enough to cause complete melting of refractory phases in which HFSE reside during crustal fusion of an amphibolite protolith, implying difficult discrimination of tectonic environments for the felsic rocks. The intermediate rocks were possibly formed by mixing between basaltic magmas and crustal material, compatible with volcanism in an attenuated continental lithosphere setting.     

Geochemistry and petrogenesis of late proterozoic volcanic rocks from north-western Africa

The Upper Proterozoic volcanism of northwestern Africa is characterized by the predominance of calc-alkaline rocks. Volcanics with tholeiitic affinities and alkali basalts are rare. The geochemistry and the relative proportions of calc-alkaline rocktypes in the Silet zone (Algeria) and the Ouarzazate formation (Morocco) are similar to those of recent island arc suites where basalts are most abundant while in the Tassendjanet and Gara Akofo zones (Algeria) they resemble contintal margin volcanic suites with a predominance of andesites. The volcanic rocks have undergone low-grade metamorphism which strongly affected alkali and alkali-earth elements and also to a smaller degree, the less mobile elements such as REE, Zr, Hf, Nb, and P. The geochemistry of the calc-alkaline rocks point to a complex origin involving low-pressure fractional crystallization, crustal contamination and derivation from a source already enriched in LILE.     

Geochemistry and geothermometry of volcanic rocks from Serra Branca, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal

Volcanic rocks from Serra Branca, Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portugal, consist of calc-alkaline felsic and intermediate rocks. The latter are massive andesites, whereas the former include four dacitic to rhyolitic lithologies, distinguishable on spiderdiagrams and binary plots of immobile elements. Zircon thermometry indicates that two felsic suites may have formed from different magmas produced at distinct temperatures, with only limited fractionation within each suite. Alternatively, all the felsic rocks can be related through fractionation of a single magma if the lower zircon saturation temperature obtained for one suite merely results from Zr dilution, mostly reflecting silicification.

The relatively high magma temperatures at Serra Branca ease the classification of felsic rocks based on their HFSE contents and also indicate volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit favorability. This contrasts with other areas of the Belt that register lower magma temperatures and are subsequently barren. However, magma temperatures may have not been high enough to cause complete melting of refractory phases in which HFSE reside during crustal fusion of an amphibolite protolith, implying difficult discrimination of tectonic environments for the felsic rocks. The intermediate rocks were possibly formed by mixing between basaltic magmas and crustal material, compatible with volcanism in an attenuated continental lithosphere setting.