长江三角洲地区生态足迹的时空动态及其可持续发展分析(英文)

In the urbanizing world,the Yangtze Delta Region (YDR) as one of the most developed regions in China,has drawn a lot of the world’s attention for the remarkable economic development achieved in the past decades.Nevertheless,the rapid economic development was certain to be accompanied by unprecedented consumption and loss of natural resources.Therefore,the analysis of the ecological situation and driving factors of environmental impact was of great significance to serve the local sustainable development decision-making and build a harmonious society.In this paper,the ecological footprint (EF) was taken as the index of the ecological environmental impact.With the help of Geographic Information System (GIS),we studied the spatiotemporal change of ecological footprint at two scales (region and city) and assessed urban sustainable development ability in YDR.Then we discussed the driving factors that affected the change of ecological footprint by the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population,Affluence,and Technology (STIRPAT) model.The results showed that increasing trends of regional ecological footprint during 1998-2008 (1.70-2.53 ha/cap) were accompanied by decreasing ecological capacity (0.31-0.25 ha/cap) but expanding ecological deficit (1.39-2.28 ha/cap).The distribution pattern of ecological footprint and the degree of sustainable development varied distinctly from city to city in YDR.In 2008,the highest values of ecological footprint (3.85 ha/cap) and the lowest one of sustainable development index (SDI=1) in YDR were both presented in Shanghai.GDP per capita (A) was the most dominant driving force of EF and the classical EKC hypothesis did not exist between A and EF in 1998-2008.Consequently,increasing in ecological supply and reducing in human demand due to technological advances or other factors were one of the most effective ways to promote sustainable development in YDR.Moreover,importance should be attached to change our definition and measurement of prosperity and success.     

The calculation and analysis of ecological footprints,diversity and development capacity of China

The ecological footprint of China’s provinces is calculated in this paper.In general,China’s development is not sustainable because its ecological footprint is beyond its bio-capacity.The sustainability status of each province in China is presented.Ulanowicz’s developmnt capacity formula was introduced to discuss th relation ship of development and ecological footprint’s diversity.The diversity of ecological impacts is related to the efficiency with which an economy uses the source and sink services of the environment and,in this efficiency with which an economy uses the source and sink services of the environment and ,in this view,should be a factor in economic output.Development capacity,calculated from the ecological footprint and its diversity,is used to examine the relationship o economic output with the structure of the ecological footprint.China and its provinces are presented as a case study to investigate this relationship.The analysis shows that footprint capacity is significant in prdicting economic output.Increasing the ecological footprint’s diversity is presented as another way to increase development capacity.     

中国能源生态效率的空间格局与空间效应（英文）

Energy eco-efficiency is a concept integrating ecological and economic benefits arising from energy utilization and serves as a measure of efficiency in the energy–environment–economy system. Using the slacks-based measure(SBM) model considering undesirable output, this study first measures the energy eco-efficiency of provinces in China from 1997 to 2012. It then analyzes the spatial distribution and evolution of energy eco-efficiency from three aspects: scale, intensity, and grain of spatial patterns. Finally, it examines the spatial spillover effects and influencing factors of energy eco-efficiency in different provinces by means of a spatial econometric model. The following conclusions are drawn:(1) The overall energy eco-efficiency is relatively low in China, with energy-inefficient regions accounting for about 40%. Guangdong, Hainan and Fujian provinces enjoy the highest energy eco-efficiency, while Ningxia, Gansu, Qinghai, and Xinjiang are representative regions with low efficiency. Thus, the pattern of evolution of China's overall energy eco-efficiency is U-shaped. Among local regions, four main patterns of evolution are found: increasing, fluctuating, mutating, and leveling.(2) At the provincial level, China's energy eco-efficiency features significant spatial agglomeration both globally and locally. High–high agglomeration occurs mainly in the eastern and southern coastal regions and low–low agglomeration in the northwestern region and the middle reaches of the Yellow River. Changes in spatial patterns have occurred mainly in areas with high–low and low–high agglomeration, with the most remarkable change taking place in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region.(3) There exist significant spatial effects of energy eco-efficiency among provinces in China. For the energy eco-efficiency of a given region, spatial spillovers from adjacent regions outweigh the influence of errors in adjacent regions. Industrial structure has the greatest influence on energy eco-efficiency.     

Surplus or deficit? Quantifying the total ecological compensation of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

The calculation of ecological compensation and boundary identification of stakeholders represent the key challenges for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in its implementation of the trans-regional ecological compensation mechanism. Breaking administrative boundaries and spatially coordinating ecological resources helps to restructure an ecological compensation mechanism of the region based on the coordinated development of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei. According to the estimated ecological assets in the counties of the region in 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, a quantitative model for total ecological compensation was built based on ecological assets and county-level economic development. Then, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of the total ecological compensation in the region were defined, and the boundaries of ecological surplus and deficit areas were identified. Results indicate:(1) The region's annual average ecological assets amounted to $1379.47 billion; in terms of annual total ecological assets, Hebei ranked first($1123.80 billion), followed by Beijing($157.46 billion) and Tianjin($98.21 billion); and in terms of ecological assets per unit area, Beijing ranked first, Tianjin second and Hebei last.(2) Among ecosystem services, hydrological regulation and climate regulation had the highest annual average value and contributed most to the increase in ecological assets. In 2015, the contribution of water and soil conservation to the total ecological assets decreased to –15.66%, showing the degradation of the function played by different ecosystems.(3) The ecological surplus of the region in four periods of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 were $398.98 billion, $870.37 billion, $1254.93 billion and $2693.94 billion respectively, basically offsetting the ecological deficit of each corresponding period, but the urgency for ecological compensation was increased.(4) The ecological surplus and deficit areas showed a great fluctuation in different time periods. Larger time span means more noticeable convergence of deficit areas towards central and eastern areas. Public resources such as education, transportation and medical care in central urban areas should be decentralized to encourage population dispersal, weaken the agglomeration effect of deficit areas and finally achieve the ecological synergy of the region.     

Spatial-temporal characteristics and decoupling effects of China’s carbon footprint based on multi-source data

In 2007, China surpassed the USA to become the largest carbon emitter in the world. China has promised a 60%–65% reduction in carbon emissions per unit GDP by 2030, compared to the baseline of 2005. Therefore, it is important to obtain accurate dynamic information on the spatial and temporal patterns of carbon emissions and carbon footprints to support formulating effective national carbon emission reduction policies. This study attempts to build a carbon emission panel data model that simulates carbon emissions in China from 2000–2013 using nighttime lighting data and carbon emission statistics data. By applying the Exploratory Spatial-Temporal Data Analysis(ESTDA) framework, this study conducted an analysis on the spatial patterns and dynamic spatial-temporal interactions of carbon footprints from 2001–2013. The improved Tapio decoupling model was adopted to investigate the levels of coupling or decoupling between the carbon emission load and economic growth in 336 prefecture-level units. The results show that, firstly, high accuracy was achieved by the model in simulating carbon emissions. Secondly, the total carbon footprints and carbon deficits across China increased with average annual growth rates of 4.82% and 5.72%, respectively. The overall carbon footprints and carbon deficits were larger in the North than that in the South. There were extremely significant spatial autocorrelation features in the carbon footprints of prefecture-level units. Thirdly, the relative lengths of the Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISA) time paths were longer in the North than that in the South, and they increased from the coastal to the central and western regions. Lastly, the overall decoupling index was mainly a weak decoupling type, but the number of cities with this weak decoupling continued to decrease. The unsustainable development trend of China's economic growth and carbon emission load will continue for some time.     

Ecological footprint analysis based on RS and GIS in arid land

Sustainable development has become a primary objective for many countries and regions throughout the world now. The ecological footprint (EF) is a kind of concise method of quantifiably measuring the natural capital consumption and it can reflect the goal of sustainability. In this paper, the concept, the theory and method of ecological footprint are introduced. On this basis, the study brings forward the method of ecological footprint and capacity prediction. The method is employed for the ecological footprint prediction combining consumption model with population model and the technique is adopted for the ecological capacity (EC) prediction uniting the Geographical Cellular Automata (Geo CA) and Geographic Information System (GIS). The above models and methods are employed to calculate EF and EC in 1995 and 2000 and predict them in 2005 in Hexi Corridor. The result shows that EF is continually increasing, and EC ascended in the anterior 5 years and will descend in the posterior 5 years. This suit of method is of the character of accuracy and speediness.     

Human’s digital footprints on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Variations during festivals and impacts on nature reserves

Mobile internet and wireless communication technologies have produced unprecedented location-aware data. Such big geospatial data can be used as a proxy measure of the ‘digital footprints' left by us on the planet and provide a valuable opportunity to understand the dynamic and short-term human disturbance on the nature at fine scales. This study investigated the spatiotemporal variations of human's digital footprints on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau using smartphone-users-generated Tencent's location request data. The results showed that human's digital footprints cover less than 5% of Qinghai and Tibet, exhibiting either a U-shaped or an N-shaped temporal change pattern during the major festivals. Spatial changes of the digital footprints manifested a transition process from dispersion to concentration in Xining and Lhasa. Human disturbance assessment of seven large nature reserves on the plateau showed that the Qinghai Lake is the most disturbed one as shown by 14.6% of its area is stained with human digital footprints and the areal average of footprint intensity is 1.59, and the disturbance was significantly escalated during the National Day holiday. By contrast, the Qangtang and Hoh Xil are the least affected nature reserves with the two indices less than 1% and 0.1, respectively.     

Evolving a core-periphery pattern of manufacturing industries across Chinese provinces

This paper, concerning uneven development in China, empirically analyzes the core-periphery gradient of manufacturing industries across provinces （autonomous regions, municipalities）, and assesses the extent to which these provinces have changed in recent years. Since China＇s reform and opening-up, the spatial structure of the economy has pre- sented a significant core-periphery pattern, the core evidently skewing towards east-coastal areas. With the deepening of market reforms and expansion of globalization, industrial loca- tion is gradually in line with the development advantages of provinces. The core provinces specialize in those industries characterized by strong forward and backward linkages, as well as a high consumption ratio, a high degree of increasing returns to scale, and labor or hu- man-capital intensity. However, it is the opposite with regard to peripheral provinces, in addi- tion, energy intensive industries are gradually concentrating in these areas. To a certain de- gree, the comparative advantage theory and new economic geography identify the underlying forces that determine the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries in China. This paper indicates that the industrialization of regions along different gradients becomes unsynchro- nized will be a long-term trend. Within a certain period, regions are bound to develop indus- trial sectors in line with their respective characteristics and development stage. A core-periphery pattern of industries also indicates that industrial development differentials across regions arise because of not only the uneven distribution of industries but also the inconsistent evolving trends of industrial structure for each province.     

中国省区间制造业空间格局演变(英文)

This paper, concerning uneven development in China, empirically analyzes the core–periphery gradient of manufacturing industries across provinces(autonomous regions, municipalities), and assesses the extent to which these provinces have changed in recent years. Since China's reform and opening-up, the spatial structure of the economy has presented a significant core–periphery pattern, the core evidently skewing towards east-coastal areas. With the deepening of market reforms and expansion of globalization, industrial location is gradually in line with the development advantages of provinces. The core provinces specialize in those industries characterized by strong forward and backward linkages, as well as a high consumption ratio, a high degree of increasing returns to scale, and labor or human-capital intensity. However, it is the opposite with regard to peripheral provinces, in addition, energy intensive industries are gradually concentrating in these areas. To a certain degree, the comparative advantage theory and new economic geography identify the underlying forces that determine the spatial distribution of manufacturing industries in China. This paper indicates that the industrialization of regions along different gradients becomes unsynchronized will be a long-term trend. Within a certain period, regions are bound to develop industrial sectors in line with their respective characteristics and development stage. A core–periphery pattern of industries also indicates that industrial development differentials across regions arise because of not only the uneven distribution of industries but also the inconsistent evolving trends of industrial structure for each province.     

基于陆路交通网的长江三角洲区域可达性评价

In a given district, the accessibility of any point should be the synthetically evaluation of the internal and external accessibilities. Using MapX component and Delphi, the author presents an information system to calculate and analyze regional accessibility according to the shortest travel time, generating thus a mark diffusing figure. Based on land traffic network, this paper assesses the present and the future regional accessibilities of sixteen major cities in the Yangtze River Delta. The result shows that the regional accessibility of the Yangtze River Delta presents a fan with Shanghai as its core. The top two most accessible cities are Shanghai and Jiaxing, and the bottom two ones are Taizhou （Zhejiang province） and Nantong With the construction of Sutong Bridge, Hangzhouwan Bridge and Zhoushan Bridge, the regional internal accessibility of all cities will be improved. Especially for Shaoxing, Ningbo and Taizhou （Jiangsu province）, the regional internal accessibility will be decreased by one hour, and other cities will be shortened by about 25 minutes averagely. As the construction of Yangkou Harbor in Nantong, the regional external accessibility of the harbor cities in Jiangsu province will be speeded up by about one hour.     

Geographical distribution of ecological footprint and sustainability analysis for Liaoning Province

This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning's development toward a sustainable future.     

港口与城市规模关系的评价与比较——以辽宁省港口城市为例

立足于城市地理学视角,以港口与城市规模关系为切入点,以辽宁省6座港口城市为案例,从宏观和综合的角度考察港口城市的发展程度及发展过程特征。引入RCI指数作为评价港口城市港口与城市规模关系的指标,判断港口城市类型与阶段演进。研究认为:①2008年,辽宁省港口城市包括三大类型,其中,大连市为具有典型港城特征的大区域级门户城市,营口市为特征显著的区域级门户城市,锦州市和丹东市为港口功能显化的区域级临海城市,盘锦市和葫芦岛市为港口功能相对弱小的区域级一般城市;②近10 a间,辽宁省港口城市港口与城市规模关系变化呈现出4方面特征,即大连市由门户城市向典型港口城市类型发展,营口市由典型港口城市转变为特征显著的门户城市,锦州、丹东、葫芦岛和盘锦四市作为港口城市发展缓慢,营口市和丹东市港口与城市规模关系实现了阶段跨越。     

我国海域评估的理论体系及海域分等的实证研究

海域与土地同属国土资源性资产, 实行海域有偿使用是沿海发达国家有效用海和加强 海岸带管理的重要制度。但由于当前我国海域使用金征收标准主要以地方为主, 制定的依据不充 分、随意性较大, 没有充分反映各地区的经济发展水平和资源环境条件差异, 急需要建立一套科 学合理的海域使用评估理论体系。 本文将以土地评估理论为基础, 结合海域使用的自然与社会经济的特殊属性, 构建海域使用 评估的理论框架; 具体研究海域"等"的划分指标体系, 实证研究辽宁沿海海域"等"的划分(关于海 域分类定级及基准价估算,另文撰述)。为沿海其它海域使用评估提供借鉴。     

辽宁省区域碳排放-经济发展-环境保护耦合协调分析

基于三阶段DEA模型测算2004~2015年辽宁省14市的碳排放效率,将碳排放效率分解成技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率,并将3种效率作为碳排放系统的评价指标,继而构建区域碳排放-经济发展-环境保护（3E系统）耦合协调评价体系。结果显示：辽宁省三大系统耦合协调度处于较低水平,空间上呈“递进式”进步规律,表现为沈阳、大连领先;鞍山、抚顺、丹东、锦州、营口、辽阳、盘锦、阜新、铁岭、葫芦岛处于中等水平;本溪、朝阳最低的空间分布规律。最后通过灰色GM(1.1)预测模型得到2016~2020年辽宁省3E系统耦合协调度有所提升。研究发现,将碳排放效率作为碳排放系统的评价指标适用于三元系统耦合协调研究,结果与辽宁省实际情况相符。     

辽宁省义务教育资源配置差异的时空演变分析

构建义务教育资源配置评价指标体系,采用塞尔系数计算方法,从整体差异、地市间差异和地市内部差异研究2005—2012年辽宁省义务教育资源配置差异。结果表明:1辽宁省义务教育资源配置差异整体呈逐渐扩大的趋势,从办学条件、师资力量和资源配置方面考虑,地市间差异贡献率大于地市内,地市间发展不平衡是造成辽宁总体义务教育资源配置差异的根本原因,办学条件差异是造成义务教育资源配置差异的主要体现。2从时空演变分析看,辽宁省各地市间义务教育师资力量差异在8年间变化不大,办学条件和资源配置变化趋势一致,呈"N"型;辽宁省各地市内小学、初中义务教育资源配置差异呈现出东南部和西部(丹东、本溪、鞍山、锦州、葫芦岛、朝阳)减弱、北部和南部(铁岭、大连)平稳、中部(沈阳、抚顺、辽阳)倒"U"型变化以及西北部(阜新)和辽东湾东北岸(盘锦、营口)扩大的时空演变特征。3均衡配置教育资源,平衡区域教育资源发展,加大对薄弱地区、学校的投入力度,鼓励教师深造,实现教师流动是合理发展辽宁省义务教育资源配置的有效措施。     

辽宁省滨海湿地类型及生态服务价值研究

基于辽宁省海岸带2005年秋季的Landsat ETM影像解译数据,根据辽宁海岸线湿地发育特点,确定辽宁省滨海湿地类型,计算湿地面积;并应用生态经济学的理论和研究方法,结合相关统计数据,对辽宁省滨海湿地提供的资源供给、环境调节和人文社会3大类共8项生态服务的经济价值进行估算。结果表明,辽宁省滨海湿地总面积为15208．06km2,其中自然湿地和人工湿地面积比例分别为71．49％和28．51％;辽宁省滨海湿地生态服务总价值为443．47×10^8元／a,相当于全省2005年GDP的5．54％。其中滨海湿地的资源供给服务价值最大,为195．86×10^8 t／a,占滨海湿地总价值的44．17％,环境调节服务和人文社会服务价值比例分别为31．79％和24．04％,表明滨海湿地在发挥显著的直接经济效益的同时,还兼具巨大的生态效益和社会效益,对于维系辽宁海岸带环境支撑能力和可持续发展能力,确保辽宁沿海经济带建设国家发展战略的实施具有重要的作用。     

1996～2004年大连居民生活消费生态足迹动态测度与分析

寻求可持续发展是当今社会面临的一大挑战,居民消费是建设资源节约型社会的基本单元.以大连市统计年鉴数据为基础,运用生态足迹测算了1996～2004年大连城市居民生活消费的生态占用情况,并将生态足迹与生态承载力进行比较分析,揭示大连城市居民生活消费生态足迹和生态赤字的动态变化过程.计算结果表明:1996～2004年大连市城市居民生活消费的生态足迹由0.98957 hm2/人增加到1.32023 hm2/人,在生态承载力波动幅度不大的情况下,生态赤字已由0350897 hm2/人增加至0.70448 hm2/人.通过与其他城市比较,得出大连城市居民生活消费的特殊性,并分析其结构和影响因素,揭示大连城市居民生活消费中的不可持续问题,倡导节约型的生活和消费方式.     

辽宁省水足迹强度差异及空间关联格局分析

基于辽宁省14个城市的水足迹面板数据,计算2004—2013年辽宁各城市的水足迹和水足迹强度,辽宁省水足迹强度明显下降,各城市间水足迹强度存在很大差异。采用核密度估计模型、基尼系数、锡尔指数分析人均水足迹和水足迹强度的动态演变规律,辽宁省水足迹强度差异在不断缩小且有收敛趋势。空间自相关检验发现,辽宁省水足迹强度存在显著空间自相关关系,高高集聚区域主要分布在辽宁省经济欠发达的城市,如阜新、朝阳、葫芦岛;低低集聚区域主要集中在辽宁省经济水平相对发达的城市,如大连、鞍山、盘锦;辽宁省水足迹强度存在显著空间效应,其中人均水足迹对水足迹强度的影响最大。     

辽宁沿海经济带工业环境效率分析

环境效率是生态效率的重要组成部分。基于环境效率对于指导区域经济与环境协调发展的重要意义,以重工业基地辽宁沿海经济带为例作环境效率研究,应用数据包络分析(DEA)和随机前沿分析(SFA)测算辽宁沿海经济带2001~2009年工业环境效率和产出弹性。在此基础上利用Tobit模型构建多元线性回归,分析工业环境效率的关键影响因素。结果表明:2001~2009年辽宁沿海经济带工业环境效率有大幅提高,但与理想状况仍有一定差距。其中大连的工业经济增长主要依靠劳动力推动,对环境成本的依赖正在减小,丹东、营口和葫芦岛3市的工业增长需要牺牲更多的环境成本。重工业化、资本密集化和高新技术化不利于工业环境效率提高,经济发展水平的提高则极大地促进了工业环境效率的提高。所有制结构、生产规模、外商投资和环境管理力度等因素因其作用的两面性,对工业环境效率无有效影响。     

辽宁省低碳经济发展水平评价

构建包含经济系统、能源系统、碳排放系统、技术投入系统和环境系统5个准则层及23个指标的低碳经济发展水平评价体系,基于可变模糊识别模型,分析评价辽宁省低碳经济发展水平。结果显示:辽宁省低碳经济发展水平由2004年的2.87提升到2014年的3.01,由中碳偏高水平提升到中碳发展水平。沈阳、大连、丹东、锦州、营口和葫芦岛的低碳经济发展水平较高;鞍山、抚顺、本溪、盘锦、辽阳及铁岭的低碳经济发展水平较低。在此基础上,运用SBM模型测算辽宁省各市的碳排放效率,其结果与低碳经济发展水平评价值有较大关联。