洪泽湖不同湖区表层沉积物对磷的吸附特征

研究了洪泽湖9 个湖区表层沉积物对磷的吸附行为和沉积物对磷的吸附/解吸平衡质量浓度, 并分析了沉积物理化性质与磷吸附特征参数的关系。结果表明, 在低磷浓度条件下(0~1 mg/L), 沉积物对磷的最大吸附量为50.67~85.17 mg/kg, 沉积物在磷酸盐初始质量浓度较低时都存在负吸附(释放)现象。各湖区沉积物的吸附/解吸平衡磷浓度(EPC0) 范围为0.06~0.11mg/L, 均小于其上覆水中磷的含量, 沉积物对其上覆水中的磷表现为吸附作用。沉积物最大磷吸附量(Q_max)、本底吸附态磷量(NAP) 和总最大吸附磷量(TQ_max) 与沉积物中活性铁和活性铝的含量显著正相关, 与沉积物中总磷、无机磷、有机磷和有机质的含量相关性不显著。吸附/解吸平衡浓度(EPC₀) 与沉积物各理化参数之间没有表现出显著相关性。     

淮南潘一矿塌陷水域沉积物磷吸附特征分析

本文选取淮南潘一矿—20年左右的塌陷水域为研究对象,研究区域水化学环境对沉积物磷吸附特征的影响。以纯水(Pure water)体系及弱碱性NaHCO3体系为参照,研究NaHCO3+CaCl2综合体系下磷的吸附特征,并分析了磷赋存形态、有机质环境、铁氧化物和粘土含量等对吸附特征参数的影响。研究结果表明,水化学条件对沉积物P吸附特征具有重要影响,对比纯水组,弱碱性(NaHCO3组)环境对磷的吸附具有减弱作用,而Ca2+离子的存在能显著增强沉积物对磷的吸附,同时泥质湖相沉积—淹水土层二元结构也会导致磷吸附特征的差异。     

长江河口潮滩表层沉积物对磷酸盐的吸附特征

实验研究了长江口滨岸潮滩表层沉积物对上覆水体中磷酸盐（PO4－P）的吸附特性，结果表明，沉积物吸磷过程主要发生在0－10小时（h)内，尔后基本上达到一种动态平衡过程，但在0－0.5h沉积的对PO4－P的吸附速率最大，达到10.40-56.40mg/kg h，且其吸附速率受细颗粒物含量影响明显。沉积物对PO4－P宾吸附容量达26.32-204.08mg/kg，且吸附容量与Fe^3 和总有机碳（TOC）含量有了的正相关关系；PO4－P的吸附效率达21.55-248.30L/kg，且吸附效率主要取决于TOC含量。此外，环境因子（温度，pH和盐度等）圣沉积的吸磷作用显著。     

小兴凯湖表层沉积物的理化特征和磷吸附效率研究

在小兴凯湖设置了12个采样点,2018年9月11～13日,在各采样点,采集表层(0～5 cm深度)沉积物样品;2018年5月12日、7月13日、9月11日和10月11日,在各采样点,采集湖水样品;测定表层沉积物样品和湖水样品的理化指标,计算出表层沉积物的磷吸附效率;分析水体理化指标对表层沉积物理化特征和磷吸附效率的影响...     

芦苇湿地根孔系统特征及其磷去除机理研究

为探明湿地根孔的分布特征及其磷去除机理,于2008年4～7月调查了白洋淀排污河--府河沿岸芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地中根孔的分布,并研究了根孔系统中3种典型介质对磷的吸附特点.调查发现,排污河沿岸苇地剖面上死根孔数目约占40%,根孔的存在大大增加了交错带土壤的导水速率和水/土接触的有效面积.野外剖面清查发现,死根孔内部常存在着湿润而松软的颗粒填充物,由于交错带与周边水体的间歇性水文交换过程,湿地基质中存在明显的红棕色氧化性土壤.试验表明,根孔内部填充物、湿地氧化性基质土和湿地基质土3种典型介质对磷都有很高的吸附容量,而湿地基质和根孔内部不同的水流条件明显影响其物理化学性质和吸附性质.湿地氧化性基质土、湿地基质土和根孔内部填充物的最大磷吸附量分别为1 186.0 mg/kg、714.6 mg/kg和650.1 mg/kg.从吸附平衡浓度(EPC0)来看,三者无显著差别,均在0.025 mg/L左右,表明这3种介质可以吸附较低浓度的磷.而更接近田间条件的动态吸附试验中,饱和磷吸附量分别为:湿地氧化性基质土约320 mg/kg,湿地基质土约200 mg/kg,根孔内部填充物约140 mg/kg.根孔内部填充物吸附的磷较之二种基质土更容易解吸.以上结果说明,芦苇湿地根区3种典型介质均有较高的磷吸附容量,根孔内部填充物吸附能力低于湿地基质土壤,但错综复杂的根孔系统增加了吸附表面积,使水分和土壤充分接触,从而保持了根孔系统良好的磷去除效果.     

东海沉积物中磷的存在形态及其环境意义

By means of SEDEX, ASPILA and XRF, depth-dependent changes of different phosphorus forms in sediment cores from specific areas of the offshore Changjiang Estuary (Yangtze Estuary) in 1998 were analyzed. Results show that contents of total phosphorus (TP), organic-phosphorus (OP) and iron-phosphorus (Fe-P) decreased down-core, while those of absorbed-phosphorus (Ad-P) andcalcium-phosphorus (Ca-P) increased. The distribution tendency of detritus-phosphorus (De-P) is not obvious. Results also show that TP, Fe-P and OP contents at Meso station of the Changjiang Estuary and Hangzhou Bay are higher than that of the other stations. This suggests that the pollutants carried by the Changjiang and the Qiantang rivers from inland have affected the natural environment inoffshore area. TP, Fe-P and OP contents of each station become higher from bottom to top, indicating the amount of the terrestrial pollutants carried by the two rivers has been enhanced since the last 30-50 years. Ad-P, Ca-P, Fe-P and OP are all active phosphorus in sediments, and their re-cycling in sediment is closely related to each other.     

云龙湖沉积物碱性磷酸酶活力特征及其对氮、磷元素的作用

碱性磷酸酶能催化有机磷分解释放正磷酸盐,对湖泊治理研究具有生态学意义。以徐州市云龙湖为研究区,于2008年9月4日在云龙湖东、西两个区域共布设20个采样点,测定了沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活力,研究沉积物中碱性磷酸酶的分布及其活力与营养盐（总氮和总磷）的关系。结果表明,云龙湖东、西区沉积物的碱性磷酸酶活力的最大值都出现在沉积物表层（0～3cm层）,最小值都出现在底层（7～11cm层）;云龙湖东区上覆水中总氮和总磷含量高于西区;云龙湖东区沉积物中总磷和总氮含量的最大值都出现在底层,而西区则都出现在表层;东、西区沉积物中层（4～6cm层）的碱性磷酸酶活力都与其总磷含量显著正相关（东区：r=0＋776,n=10,P〈0．01;西区：r=0．642,n=10,P〈0．05）,研究区沉积物中层是碱性磷酸酶的活跃层;东区沉积物底层的碱性磷酸酶活力与其总氮含量显著正相关（r=0．838,n=10,P〈0．01）;东、西区沉积物表层的碱性磷酸酶活力与其总磷和总氮含量不相关。     

太湖滨岸带芦苇区沉积物磷的特征

为了进一步揭示大型水生植物对湖泊滨岸带沉积物磷的生物地球化学影响,探讨芦苇(Phragmites austra-lis)群落对沉积物磷的生态效应,于2003年9月18日、10月17日和12月3日,用柱状采样器分别在太湖梅梁湾滨岸带芦苇区和无草对照区采样。用HClO4-H2SO4消化法和H2SO4-H2O2消煮法测定芦苇区和对照区沉积物及芦苇根、茎组织中的总磷含量。结果表明,在芦苇生长旺盛期(9月),芦苇区和对照区沉积物的总磷含量最高,在芦苇生长的衰弱期(10月),其总磷含量次之,在芦苇生长的枯萎期(12月),其总磷含量最低;对照区沉积物距地表0～2cm的表层是磷的富集峰值层,而芦苇生长区距地表4～7cm的沉积物层为磷的富集峰值层;芦苇须根对磷的富集效应大于其根状茎,而芦苇根状茎对磷的富集效应又大于其茎,但它们的总磷含量都小于距根0～2cm范围芦苇根际沉积物的总磷含量。     

九龙江西溪流域沉积物磷的形态与时空分布特征

沉积物磷的内源释放是导致水体富营养化和水华爆发的重要原因.本研究通过现场监测、GIS技术、模型模拟、数理统计等方法,在人类扰动剧烈的九龙江西溪流域开展河流沉积物磷的赋存形态及分布特征研究.研究结果表明,西溪表层水磷浓度和沉积物TP含量在空间上都呈下游较高、上游较低的分布形态;此类TP含量处于143至1516 mg·kg...     

南极普里兹湾表层沉积物中磷的形态分布特征

针对多次南极考察中雪龙号在普里兹湾海域获取的表层沉积物样品,分析了该海域沉积物中各形态磷的含量,并讨论了其分布特征和控制因素。结果表明,表层沉积物总磷含量介于416.1×10-6—676.3×10-6之间,平均为543.5×10-6,主要由碎屑磷(平均为209.9×10-6)和自生磷(平均为137.7×10-6)组成。自生磷、有机磷呈现从湾东部至西部逐渐降低的分布趋势,这种分布与有机碳、生物硅等生源要素的分布以及上层水体生产力的高低相吻合,指示了其海洋生源属性;碎屑磷在湾西部含量较高,其分布与沉积物中铝、砂质的分布模式一致,表明其主要来自堆积在西部浅滩区域冰山携带的陆源砂质碎屑。可交换态磷(平均为36.0×10-6)和铁结合磷(平均为47.1×10-6)在沉积物中含量较低,分别受沉积物粒度和铁含量的控制,仅在湾东部和中心个别站位含量较高。生物可利用磷在湾东部和中心区域含量较高,可能与上述区域较高的生源颗粒物沉降速率有关,同时这些颗粒物可能吸附了水体中的磷进入沉积物中,导致对应底层海水磷酸盐浓度相对降低。     

Adsorption-desorption of phosphate and its availability in the sediment of a saline lake (Fuente de Piedra,southern Spain)

Seasonal changes of soluble reactive phosphorus concentrations in sediments of Fuente de Piedra, a saline lake, have been observed and linked to salinity changes. Phosphate availability in sediments was studied in the laboratory under different salinities, from 10 to 70 g L⁻¹. Changes in adsorption of dissolved phosphate appear to be controlled by salinity variations. The adsorption coefficient increases with salinity and the amount of phosphorus adsorbed ranged between 10 and 30 per cent of the total. Salinity-modulated adsorption is proposed as the primary mechanism explaining the seasonal dynamics of phosphorus in this saline lake and its effects on progressive eutrophication.     

Adsorption of phosphate from the Yellow River water by desert particles: Kinetics and equilibrium studies

The equilibrium and kinetic adsorption of phosphate (P) from the Yellow River water onto desert particles taken from the Ulan Buh and Kubuqi deserts were investigated. Effect of the initial concentration of P and particulate matter on the sorption was explored. The kinetic studies show that adsorption rate was faster within the 0–8th hour period, then gradually decreased at 8th–48th hour period and basically tended to a dynamic equilibrium at the 48th hour, but there exists an adsorption difference of P onto different desert particles. The uptake process of P followed the pseudo-second-order rate model and the Morris-Weber diffusion equation which indicates that the adsorption process was mainly controlled by P diffusion inside the particles. The equilibrium investigation obtained an adsorption-desorption equilibrium mass concentration (EPC₀) of P from the Yellow River water on desert particles with the range of 0.010–0.042 mg/L, which is higher than present P concentration in the Yellow River. This study indicates that desert particles entering the river might release P to the Yellow River.     

阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附影响研究

为了解阿拉尔河悬浮物对铀的吸附特性,通过静态吸附实验,研究了吸附时间、pH值、温度和铀初始浓度等因素对模拟含铀水中U(VI)去除率的影响,并从热力学和动力学方面对吸附过程进行了分析。结果表明,在T=25℃,溶液初始pH=7,接触时间为16 h时,悬浮物对铀的平衡吸附率最佳,为95.48%。随着铀初始浓度的增加,吸附量增加,但吸附率随之下降,升高温度有利于铀的吸附。铀在悬浮物上的吸附过程符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,说明悬浮物对铀为单分子层吸附,且化学吸附占主导地位。吸附动力学过程可用准二级吸附动力学模型描述,表明吸附主要受动力学控制,由两个以上步骤共同控制。FTIR和EDS分析结果表明,吸附过程中铀主要与悬浮物表面活性基团螯合并以表面络合吸附为主。吸附前后的能谱对比分析表明,吸附过程中存在离子交换行为。因此,悬浮物对铀的吸附机理是以表面络合吸附和离子交换为主、物理吸附为辅的混合吸附过程。     

毛乌素沙地布寨淖尔下风向沙化湖滨地表沉积物理化特性

布寨淖尔湖是鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地腹地的代表性盐湖,其东南部分布着平坦裸露的沙化湖滨\,湖岸沙丘及半固定沙丘,地表均沉积有大量沙物质与粉尘,这些松散富盐物质在风力侵蚀作用下常形成盐碱尘暴,威胁下风向区域的生态环境安全。研究了布寨淖尔湖东南部区域2.5 km范围内地表沉积物的土壤粒度与理化特性,旨在为盐碱尘暴源区的防治与生态治理提供基础科学参考。结果表明:布寨淖尔湖滨裸露地表沉积物以粗砂、中沙和细砂为主;从湖心沿东南方向等距离(0.5 km)采样,距湖心越远,粗砂和细砂含量逐渐减小,极细砂、粉砂和黏土含量逐渐增加,中砂含量无明显变化。地表沉积物含水率、容重随与湖心距离的增加逐渐增加,pH值、全盐量及电导率则呈逐渐减小趋势;沉积物阳离子以Na⁺为主,阴离子以Cl^-为主,其次为SO₄^2-、HCO^-₃。整体看,区内地表碱化较为严重,区域下风向土壤理化特征呈明显有规律变化趋势,湖滨地表土壤有明显风蚀迹象,可能是盐碱尘暴与湖岸沙丘形成的重要物源区。     

The use of ultra-sound in the preparation of carbonate and clay sediments for chironomid analysis

Initial investigations of Holocene carbonate sediment from Hawes Water, Northwest England, yielded lower numbers of chironomid head capsules than anticipated. Standard techniques used to prepare sediment for chironomid analysis were ineffective in breaking up the coarse crystalline sediment structure sufficiently. This led to large amounts of sediment being retained and increased sample processing times. The low yield of head capsules also meant that more sediment was needed to produce adequate numbers of head capsules for analysis. The use of ultra-sound as part of the sediment processing was investigated. This technique reduced the amount of sediment left for sorting and yielded significantly more head capsules which were of equivalent structural condition and cleaner than those produced by conventional methods. The technique was extended to clay samples where similar results were obtained although shorter treatment times are recommended. The proportion of Tanytarsini and Tanypodinae heads increased significantly in carbonate and clay samples, respectively; both sediment types showed a significant decline in the proportion of Chironomini. The results indicate that ultra-sonic preparation of samples will yield a more accurate representation of chironomid assemblages in sediments leading to greater sensitivity and reliability in analysing past environmental conditions.     

长江口悬沙浓度变化的同步性和差异性

近年来长江流域入海沙量呈现阶梯性减小趋势,三峡水库蓄水后加剧了这一减小趋势,并通过传递效应影响河口悬沙浓度变化。基于长江口1950-2013年悬沙浓度数据,结果表明：① 长江口南支河段及口外海域悬沙浓度为减小趋势,且越向海域减幅越小,同时与流域入海沙量减幅差距加大;② 北支优势流变化不大,但悬沙浓度为减小趋势,主要为南支和海域大环境悬沙浓度减小所致;③ 拦门沙河段悬沙浓度的峰值区域因径流减小、潮流相对增强,2003-2012年较1984-2002年期间峰值位置向口内上溯约1/6经度,上溯距离洪季 > 年均 > 枯季;④ 1999-2009年南槽进口悬沙浓度减小,主要是再悬浮和滩槽交换引起的悬沙浓度增量小于流域和海域悬沙浓度锐减引起的减量,中段该作用相反,悬沙浓度为增加趋势;⑤ 北槽进口由于分流分沙比减小、流域和海域悬沙浓度减小及再悬浮量减小等综合影响下,1999-2012年逐年的8月份悬沙浓度呈减小趋势,中段越堤沙量作用明显高于外部坏境引起的减小量,为增加趋势。     

Evaluation of210Pb dating in lake sediments using stable Pb,Ambrosia pollen,and137Cs

We used sediment chronology data from fourteen published studies of lake cores across much of North America and Scandinavia in order to make a large scale comparison of the different dating techniques. The uncertainty of²¹⁰Pb derived dates was determined using common sediment event markers: the stable Pb rise, the¹³⁷Cs rise, and theAmbrosia pollen rise. For all data combined, the 95% confidence intervals for the stable Pb rise and theAmbrosia rise, were approximately 30 years. These 95% confidence intervals are slightly higher than those derived by First-Order Error analysis performed by others on²¹⁰Pb derived dates. When comparing the concordance of two²¹⁰Pb models (CRS and CIC) against markers of known history, we found that the CRS model dates (constant rate of supply) had consistently better agreement than the CIC model dates (constant initial concentration). Major discrepancies between¹³⁷Cs and²¹⁰Pb were common, but were consistently more severe in sediments of soft water lakes pointing to an inability of sediments with low mineral content to immobilize Cs.This is the ninth of a series of papers to be published by this journal following the 20 ^th anniversary of the first application of²¹⁰Pb dating of lake sediments, Dr. P. G. Appleby is guest editing this series.     

Adsorption kinetics, isotherm, and thermodynamic studies of adsorption of pollutant from aqueous solutions onto humic acid

In the present study,humic acid was used as an adsorbent for the investigation of the adsorption kinetics,isotherms,and thermo-dynamic parameters of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solution at varying pH,temperatures,and concentrations.Adsorption isotherms and equilibrium adsorption capacities were determined by the fittings of the experimental data to three well-known iso-therm models:Langmuir,Freundlich,and Redlich-Peterson.The results showed that the Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson models appear to fit the adsorption better than did the Freundlich adsorption model for the adsorption of chromium onto humic acid.The equilibrium constants were used to calculate thermodynamic parameters such as the change of free energy,enthalpy,and entropy.The derived adsorption constants (logaL) and their temperature dependencies from Langmuir isotherm have been used to calculate the corresponding thermodynamic quantities such as the free energy of adsorption,heat,and entropy of adsorption.The thermo-dynamic data indicate that Cr (VI) adsorption onto humic acid is entropically driven and characterized by physical adsorption.     

中国城际联系距离衰减的非线性规律——基于人口流动大数据

以人口流动为表征的空间相互作用是热点议题,然而关于其影响因素的非线性机制尚未被充分揭示。论文利用2018年腾讯迁徙大数据,以梯度提升决策树模型改进重力模型,分析距离衰减系数的非线性特征。研究发现：(1)城际联系的距离衰减系数呈非线性,偏依赖图曲线存在2个“平台区”(距离衰减系数接近于0)和2个“衰减区”(距离衰减系数约为2.8),将直线距离替换为路网距离,2018年数据替换为其他年份数据后,结果仍然稳健;(2)与基准模型相比,航空、铁路及公路交通下的距离衰减系数非线性特征存在显著差异,春运期间的距离衰减系数基本保持一致。建议根据城际联系距离衰减规律布局都市圈和城市群,优化国土空间发展格局。