新疆和田县布雅盆地煤矿开采地质环境研究

根据布雅煤矿区勘探地质报告以及实地考察，评价了盆地目前地质环境现状，预测了该区未来随着煤矿开采规模的扩大可能产生的环境地质问题，提出了环境地质灾害的防治措施，使矿山地质环境保护工作能够遵循科学、合理、有效的原则，保证矿业可持续发展，为国土资源主管部门对矿山地质环境实施监督管理提供科学依据。     

Hydrogeochemical characteristics of mine water in the Harz Mountains,Germany

Water samples (springs, creeks, mine adits) from different former mining districts of the Harz Mountains and the nearby Kupferschiefer (copper shale) basin of Sangerhausen were analysed for major ions and trace metals. Due to more intensive water rock interactions including the ore minerals, the mine water concentrations of main components and trace metals are generally higher compared to non mining affected surface waters of the mountain range. Furthermore, the content of major ions in mine water is enriched by mixing processes with saline waters from Permian layers in the Kupferschiefer district and at the deeper levels of the mines in the Upper Harz Mountains. The waters of the different mining districts can be distinguished by trace metal occurrences and concentrations derived from the different ore bodies. Water from the Kupferschiefer mines shows the highest Na, Cl, Cu, Mo and U concentrations, whereas a combination of elevated As and Se concentrations is typical for most of the samples from the mines around St. Andreasberg. However, there are exceptions, and some water samples of all the investigated mining districts do not follow these general trends. Despite the influence of mining activities and ore mineralisation, hydrochemical effects due to rain water dilution can be seen in most of the waters. According to the elevation of the mountain range, higher precipitation rates decrease the ion concentrations in the waters of springs, creeks and mine adits.     

攸县矿山地质灾害及其防治对策

攸县有各类煤矿320多家，废石乱堆乱放，引起泥石流；不规落开采，造成植被破坏，地下水位下降，引起地面沉隆，塌陷和矿井冒顶，突水、瓦斯爆炸等矿山地质灾害；这就是煤矿布局不合理，未对采矿活动全程监管所致，为使矿山地质灾害降到最低程度，必须加强领导，加大地质调查力度，多方筹集资金，编制全县矿山地质灾害防治规则，实行谁破坏，谁治理，以保护国家和人民生命财产安全。     

河北唐山开滦赵各庄煤矿采空区地质灾害特征及防治措施

赵各庄煤矿多年采矿活动导致的地质灾害十分发育。本文介绍了矿山自然及地质环境、矿山开采历史及现状、矿体(层)地质特征等矿山基本情况,重点阐述了采空沉陷区地质灾害发育特征和成灾机制,根据"区内相似,区际相异"和各阶段评估取其重的原则,对矿区进行了地质灾害危险性分区,给出了地质灾害防治措施。     

枣庄市峄城区矿山开采现状与地质环境治理探讨

根据枣庄市峄城区矿山开采对地质环境造成的破坏及对矿业可持续发展调研分析,认为开采不仅对山体、植被等造成了直接破坏,还导致诸如地表塌陷、山体滑坡等安全隐患,矿山环境治理要从思想上、经费上、法律法规上、技术上入手解决,对已关停矿山地质环境治理,除加大宣传力度外,重点落实对矿山地质环境治理工作的责任、治理规划的编制实施,不断完善、探索治理方法和治理技术攻关及对策预案工作。     

吉林辽源市矿山地质环境问题及对策建议

辽源市是我国典型的矿业城市,具有悠久的矿业开发历史,煤炭为主要矿产资源集中分布于市区,近50年来的开采遗留下大量的矿山地质环境问题。本文在资料收集和调查的基础上,分析总结了吉林辽源市矿山环境地质问题及其危害,提出辽源市矿山地质环境保护与综合治理对策建议,为资源枯竭城市转型,提供了基础数据和技术支撑。     

矿山地质灾害危险性指数探讨

矿山地质灾害危险性评估是一项新的工作,矿山范围的保护对象是矿山地质灾害危险性评估的价值取向．是矿产资源开发与地质环境保护的技术、经济和安全合理性的价值尺度。矿山地质灾害危险性指数是评价矿山开采适宜性非常重要的概念,矿山地质灾害危险性指数内涵及其分析方法的提出,对于一般性地认识矿山地质灾害的危险性有着重要的现实意义,为加强矿山地质环境指标体系研究开拓新的思路和方法。     

Technologies of Preventing Coal Mine Water Hazards for Sustainable Development in North China

As hydrogeological conditions of coal field in North China are complicated, coal mine water hazards have been occurring frequently. Nearly 80% of coal mines are affected by Ordovician and Permo-Carboniferous Karst water. According to rough statistics, 200 incidents of water inrush have occurred since 1950, 1,500 persons have died, and there is an economic loss of 3 billion Yuan (RMB). The climate of North China belongs to drought or semi-drought zone. So the recharge amount of ground water by infiltration of precipitation is limited. Stronger coal mine water drainage has brought a series of environmental problems, such as water resource and lots of famous Karst springs exhausted, surface collapse emerged, mine water contaminated. Coal mine water hazards are so serious that the economic benefit of coal mines is dropping. Sustainable development of coal mines is affected. So, preventing coal mine water hazards and protecting geological environment are essential. This thesis focuses on preventing coal mine water hazards technologies. The technologies include four aspects: exploration of hydrogeological conditions; prediction and forecast of water inrush; mining under safe water pressure; and sealing off groundwater by grouting.     

喜马拉雅的两个造山体系和一个转换-转移断层:证据及推论

位于中喜马拉雅和巴基斯坦境内西喜马拉雅的两个相互结合的剖面在一级单元、断层中展现出不同的构造形式;并在不同时期,以不同速率发育了二级构造。沿两剖面岩性单元的显著差异显示通常指的圆柱状喜马拉雅带并没有越过喀喇昆仑山断层。与此同时,在近来许多区域研究中显示出来的构造轮廓强调主中央逆冲断层是一个貌似与中喜马拉雅断层带和越过西部山脉的西喜马拉雅断层带有联系的独立部分。上述两个地区展现出不同的碰撞历史。这些不同之处揭示喀喇昆仑山断层是西部岛弧保留造山带与东部岛弧俯冲造山带之间转移/转换断层的再活动或衍变。     

辽宁省抚顺矿区宏观地质结构及其工程效应分析

抚顺采煤已有百余年历史,由于各种原因造成了一系列地质灾害:滑坡、矿震、地表沉陷和地裂缝等。矿区的中部和西部的形成带状的地表拉裂和建筑物破坏;软岩区形成大面积的地表沉陷,硬岩区形成脆性和线性拉裂,这些现象与矿区地质结构是分不开的。通过对矿区地质结构和矿区地层构造演化研究,认为抚顺矿区地质灾害是发生在花岗岩与火山岩之间的"凹槽"内,是有限的。根据矿区主断层F1、F1A交汇点位置,将矿区地质结构类型划分为三种类型,并通过FLAC二维数值计算对三种类型的典型剖面进行了数值模拟和验证,合理地解释了矿区地质灾害的产生机理和发展趋势,为抚顺矿区地质灾害综合治理和采煤规划提供了科学依据。采用地质结构控制论来研究城市地质灾害提供了新的思路和方法。     

Type of major water hazards and study of countermeasures in Shennan Mining Area

By analysing the hydrogeological conditions of this region and the coal mines hereof, together with the water hazards troubled Shennan mine area in recent years, this paper summarized six types of mine water hazards. As per the basic characteristics, geological distribution, threat degree and difficulty of prevention of various water hazards, along with the practice of water prevention in the mining area, this article proposed effective technical measures for the prevention and control of different water hazards and laid a solid foundation for the safe production in the mining area.     

北京西山侏罗纪煤田矿震与地质灾害的关系

北京西山侏罗纪煤田开采中常产生强烈的破坏性冲击地压，是各煤矿生产中严重的井下安全隐患，成为本市十大工业灾害之一。本文作者在多年的地质灾害调查和对京西煤炭开采历史进行分析的基础上，结合西山地质构造特点提出，冲击地压发生时常伴随明显的矿震，矿震的强度受煤质和煤层顶底板性质、地质构造和区域应力场、煤田开采技术和开采深度等因素制约。破坏性矿震除直接对矿山安全生产和矿工生命造成直接的危害外，还常与采矿有关的矿山塌陷等地质灾害相伴发生，对地面居民地建筑物和居民的生命财产安全构成威胁，认为各井田以保安煤柱（或煤带）为采掘对象的生产活动是促发矿震的主要人为扰动因素，建议在有计划的搬迁地表居民地后规划开采，否则应立即强令禁止。     

A brief account of the continuum from Karakoram and Himalayan ranges to foreland and ocean basins

Himalayan orogeny in relation to Global Tectonics is a hotly debated subject. Orogeny can result either from collision of continental plates or by an endogenic process of mantle upwelling along pre-existing fracture zones in the crust. This paper describes a new technique of frequency analysis of radiometric ages of crystalline rocks in the mountain ranges straddling the Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ), the supposed line of collision between India and Asia, and shows that all the ranges from Karakoram to Lesser Himalaya across the ITSZ got uplifted simultaneously in a particular sequence. This contradicts the concept of suturing, places the ITSZ in the category of one of the intracrustal thrusts of the Himalayan orogenic system and establishes the family affinity between the Karakoram and the Himalaya. Analysis of stratigraphic and structural data points out that this family affinity is not confined to the ranges only but extends beyond into the foreland and oceanic basins as well. This paper also explains a number of apparent contradictions in terrain geomorphology, ophiolites in suture zones, thickness anomaly of Himalaya-derived sediments in eastern and western wings of terrestrial and oceanic basins to the south of the ranges, the status of Mid-oceanic Ridges in global tectonics, convergence aspect between Himalaya and India, nature of Foothills Fault and metamorphism of early Tertiary sediments in the Himalayan foreland basin.     

东胜矿区哈拉沟井田地质灾害危险性评估

在详细调查研究区内地质灾害现状的情况下,对采煤引起的覆岩破坏、地表变形等进行了预测,并采用模糊综合评判二次评价模型对地质灾害危险性进行了综合预测。结果表明,研究区地质灾害现状不发育,但井下采矿工程对地面建筑物的危险性大,易引发崩塌、地裂缝、地面塌陷等灾害;预测地质灾害危险大区分布于井田北部、东部和南部,危险性中等区则位于井田中部。预测结果对于矿井的安全生产具有一定的指导意义。     

矿山地质灾害分析

中国是世界上矿山地质灾害多发的国家之一。矿山地质灾害关系到国计民生,关系到社会的可持续发展。常见的矿山地质灾害包括矿井突水、瓦斯爆炸、采空区塌陷、崩塌、滑坡、泥石流、水土流失、土地沙化和盐碱化、三废污染、煤层自燃、尾矿库溃坝、地方病、矿震等。灾害发生的原因有客观及主观两类。对矿山地质灾害必须予以高度关注。矿山地质灾害的防治是项综合的系统工程。矿山腐败现象和官商勾结敛财害民是矿山地质灾害发生的深层次原因,应予高度重视。     

河北省沙河市北掌勘探区地质灾害预评价

通过对北掌勘探区地质构造、水文地质条件、各煤层赋存情况及钻孔取样试验成果的分析研究,评价了本区在将来开采过程中出现地面塌陷与地裂缝、矿区荒漠化、地下工程地质灾害、瓦斯爆炸与煤层自然和矿井突水等主要地质灾害类型的可能性,以及对人们正常生产生活和矿井安全生产等环境方面的影响,并提出了预防和减轻各类地质灾害的措施建议。     

新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区遥感监测研究

苇湖梁煤矿已有50多年的开采历史, 长期的地下开采造成了严重的地面塌陷。本文将新疆苇湖梁煤矿塌陷区作为研究区, 以2013年的IKONOS高分遥感影像为主要数据源, 以ArcGIS为支撑平台, 采用人机交互的解译方法对塌陷区的相关信息进行提取, 结合实地调查验证的方法, 分析研究区内地质灾害的特征。通过遥感调查发现: 研究区内发育规模较大、位于塌陷区周围的拉伸区的地裂缝约有64条;塌陷坑(群)约有94个, 主要分布于南北塌陷槽及两侧;塌陷回填区总面积达0.92 km², 并在回填区发现了3个新塌陷坑。本文充分发挥了遥感技术宏观性强、速度快的特点, 调查结果反映了塌陷区灾害的实际情况。     

矿山水文地质结构及其采动响应

本文以谷德振先生创立的岩体工程地质力学理论为指导,在水文地质结构概念的基础上提出了矿山水文地质结构的概念,结合我国煤矿的宏观地质背景及矿山水害的研究基础,基于矿山水文地质结构对矿山水害类型进行了重新划分。从突水水源、导水通道以及采掘活动3个致灾危险源出发,结合矿山突水溃砂灾害、底板突水实例,对矿山水文地质结构的采动响应进行研究,为矿山水害防治和矿山安全地质工作提供了一种新的思路和途径,显示了岩体工程地质力学在煤矿水文地质工程地质研究中的重要指导作用和强大的生命力。     

矿井水灾害:原因·对策·出路

进入新世纪,煤炭行业经过十年黄金期高速发展,煤炭产量稳定在目前的45亿t左右。煤矿安全形势总体向好,事故由多发、频发甚至群发,重特大事故时有发生,到单发、偶发,特别重大事故得到有效遏制;矿井水灾害仍为我国煤矿的主要灾害类型,是仅次于瓦斯灾害的第二大杀手。分析表明,客观上开采环境复杂以及主观上重视不够,是事故发生的主要原因;井田水文地质条件勘查、隐患探查治理、突水征兆辨识等“三道关”失守,是事故发生的主要技术原因。相应提出了依规勘查查清条件、照章探放消除隐患、异常辨识及时撤人3项过“三道关”技术措施,规范了“查疑、设计、施工、评价”超前探放水工作流程,强调了勘查理论技术体系和防治水工作体系及其各环节的新进展以及智能精准感知辨识技术为“守关”的科技支撑作用。展望未来,深度学习、智能感知及升尺度方法等理论探索,“三维透明地质体”及其属性探测技术的突破,是解决地质体的随机性、流体的时变性和采矿的动态性的根本出路,可实现我国矿井水可防可控的终极目标。     

GEODYNAMICS OF SUPERLARGE DEPOSITS IN CHINSES YUNNAN-GUIZHOU-GUANGXI ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGZANG PLEAUTAN

GEODYNAMICS OF SUPERLARGE DEPOSITS IN CHINSES YUNNAN-GUIZHOU-GUANGXI ON THE EASTERN MARGIN OF THE QINGZANG PLEAUTANNNSFC (973Hi techProjects;;No 19990 432 10 )andFundsforDoctoralSupervisorsoftheStateEducation departmentofChina