The computation of deformations

The mathematics of irrotational deformation are simplified by presentation in matrix form. Matrix equations are easily programmed and are easily interpreted in geometrical terms. Graphical operations commonly carried out on orientation nets such as rotation of data can be translated into simple matrix equations for use with a computer. If the shape and orientation of the deformation ellipsoid for a pure shear are known, a matrix can be constructed for use as a deformation matrix. This can be used to deform other deformation ellipsoids to obtain a resultant ellipsoid. It can also be used to deform geological structures such as lineations and planes. The matrix equations for these operations are very simple, but their numerical solution often requires a computer.     

The sectional strain ellipse during progressive coaxial deformations

The two-dimensional strain history on a sheet which is inclined to the principal axes of the strain ellipsoid is considered. Even if the strain history in three dimensions is coaxial, the two-dimensional progressive deformation on the surface of the sheet is in general of a non-coaxial type. It is shown in this paper that the degree and sense of two-dimensional non-coaxiality is governed by the strain path followed during three-dimensional coaxial deformation. The general relationship is defined between the gradient of the strain path on the Flinn strain ellipsoid diagram and the nature of the two-dimensional strain increments. For most strain paths an asymmetrical arrangement of structures in the oblique sheet is to be expected. Hence, en échelon folds, transected folds and extension veins with curved fibres could be produced during three-dimensional coaxial deformation. Only if the strain path is of a rather special type will the deformation be coaxial in a two-dimensional as well as a three-dimensional sense.     

地下工程洞体突然涌水量的理论计算

本文通过对基岩水运动的平均流速分析，提出了不同流条件突水的涌水量理论计算方法，也为现场突然涌水量计算提供了新的理论依据。     

Localization of deformations in elastic-plastic solids

Localization of deformation in elastic-plastic solids subject to plane strain deformation are investigated numerically. It is shown that the localization may be captured accurately in finite element models by employing (1) the elastic-plastic material stiffness to form the global stiffness, (2) in the case of symmetrical configurations, an imperfection in the form of a weak element, and (3) in the case of incompressible materials, a reduced selective integration scheme which alleviates mesh ‘locking’. Accuracy of the technique is demonstrated by applying it to analyse the classical punch and slope stability problems. Its versatility is illustrated by applying it to analyse finite deformation problems and shear bands formations in associative and non-associative elastic-plastic solids.     

Constitutive model with time-dependent deformations

In many geological and engineering problems it is necessary to transform information from one scale to another. Data collected at laboratory scale are often used to evaluate field problems on a much larger scale. This is certainly true for geological problems where extreme scale differences are common in time as well as size. This problem is addressed by means of a new constitutive model for soils. It is able to describe the behavior of soils at different deformation rates. The model defines time-dependent and stress-related deformations separately. They are related to each other and they occur simultaneously. The model is based on concepts from elasticity and viscoplasticity theories. In addition to Hooke's law for the elastic behavior, the framework for the viscoplastic behavior consists, in the general case (two-dimensional or three-dimensional), of a yield surface, an associated flow rule and a hardening law. The model is formulated in incremental terms and is therefore suitable for computational modeling and it has been implemented in a computer program used for analyzing the depositional history of an oil field in the Danish part of the North Sea. An important part of the problem in this case was the difference in time scale between the geological process of deposition (millions of years) and the laboratory measurements of mechanical properties (minutes or hours). In addition, the time scale relevant to the production history of the oil field was interesting (days or years).     

Surface deformations in Central Asia

Measurement of surface deformations caused by drift of the Indian tectonic plate against the Eurasian plate has been performed with short-range EDM-instruments in U.S.S.R. Central Asia. A relative motion of 1.5 cm/yr has been found. It has been shown that uncertainty in the refraction model used in derivation of the motion vectors plays a great role in determination of the short-period motion results.     

地震和非地震引发的软沉积物变形*

地震事件沉积(震积岩)是现代沉积学的一个热点问题。地震可引发各种软沉积物变形,容易造成地震成因的和非地震成因的软沉积物变形的混淆。论文重点讨论了地震成因和非地震成因(冰融作用,天然气水合物泄漏,水力破裂,滑坡、滑塌、泥石流,液化等)的软沉积物变形,并对地震同生、准同生软沉积物变形及其与相关的软沉积物变形关系进行了讨论。     

Crustal deformations associated with volcanic activities

Two models of pressure source to interpret the crustal deformations associated with volcanic activities are discussed by example. It is pointed that the magma pressure causing the crust to be deformed may sometimes trigger remarkable tectonic earthquakes around volcanoes.     

Analysis of pavement response to subsurface deformations

The paper deals with modeling the response of pavement systems to subsurface deformations. An analytic formulation is developed in the context of layered elastic theory wherein the bottom boundary is distorted in a prescribed manner – forcing the medium to deform. In the basic case considered, an axisymmetric displacement field is imposed, consisting of vertical and radial components. A version of the model, dealing with a single elastic layer deformed only in the vertical direction (with frictionless bottom), is parametrically interrogated to study the influence of layer thickness and modulus on the resulting surface profile and vertical contact stresses. Furthermore, it is shown that by spatially superposing several axisymmetric solutions, general displacement shapes can be reproduced and analyzed. Such a scheme is demonstrated in an inverse type of analysis to a case study dealing with a sagging runway; using measured surface elevations, an attempt is made to backcalculate subsurface deformations and stress changes at the bottom interface of the structure.     

Vorticity and non-coaxiality in progressive deformations

A measure of the non-coaxiality involved in progressive deformation histories is proposed in the form of the kinematical vorticity number, W_k. This number is a measure of the relative effects of rotation of material lines (relative to the instantaneous stretching axes) and of stretching of these material lines. As such, W_k, is a measure of the instantaneous degree of non-coaxiality. A detailed example is first presented in the form of a progressive simple shearing in which the shear plane rotates relative to an external coodinate system. This is followed by examples of more complicated deformation histories. Three specific types of progressive, isochoric (constant volume) deformation histories are recognized. Those for which 0 ≤ W_k < 1 correspond to deformation histories where no line that has been extended is shortened in future increments; W_k > 0 is a special case of these corresponding to a coaxial history. Histories with W_k > 0 are non-coaxial. Those histories with W_k = 1 correspond to progressive simple shearing. Those histories with 1 < W_k < ∞ are pulsating and lines that have been extended may be shortened in future increments.     

The effect of seismic events on sliding deformations of the Bratsk water reservoir shores

Research has shown that the creation of the Bratsk water reservoir considerably changed the seismic conditions in this area of the Siberian Platform. Seismic records revealed a significant increase in the energy classes of earthquakes with epicenters in the north of the reservoir, in trap intrusion zone. The change in engineering-geologic conditions and frequent seismic events affected the rate of development of gravitational deformations on the shore slopes.     

大地电磁Occam反演中拉格朗日乘子搜索的并行计算

Occam反演以其稳定收敛和不依赖初始模型的特性,在大地电磁数据处理中得到了广泛应用。但拉格朗日乘子的求取,导致了大量的正演计算,使反演速度较低。在讨论拉格朗日乘子计算方法的基础上,提出用基于机群的并行计算来解决这一问题,并采用主-从编程模式,实现了拉格朗日乘子扫描和一维搜索的并行计算。将扫描任务编组分派到不同的节点完成,减少了通信量,也较好地实现了负载均衡。算例表明,并行计算可以比较显著地提高处理速度。     

The analysis of deformations caused by loading applied to the walls of a circular tunnel

An analytical solution to the problem of a load applied to a portion of the wall of a circular tunnel installed deep in a homogeneous isotropic material has been found. The solution is obtained by taking a Fourier transform, in the axial direction, of the field quantities and then representing these as a Fourier series in the polar angle. The integration which is necessary for the inversion of Fourier transforms has to be performed numerically using Gaussian quadrature. The solution has been used to analyse the problem of uniform normal loading applied over rectangular patches of the tunnel wall. An indication of how the solution can be applied to the tunnel jacking problem is given.     

Les deformations plio-quaternaires de l'afrique du Nord

Résumé L'Afrique du Nord franÇaise et notamment sa bordure littorale ont subi d'importantes déformations plio-quaternaires; l'auteur en précise les phases et les caractéristiques tectoniques.Les zones de plissement de cet âge doivent Être séparées des déformations à grand rayon de courbure. Les phénomènes géophysiques (tremblements de terre, isostasie) en relation avec ces déformations sont passés en revue. L'auteur place ces phénomènes à l'échelle de temps et d'espace dans l'évolution d'ensemble de l'Afrique du Nord, et discute le problème de la flexure continentale.     

The modern topography of the Scythian Plate as evidence for deformations in the crystalline basement

This work presents the results of tectonophysical modeling of tectonic deformations in the crystalline basement of the Scythian Plate, including estimated deformation values and stress-field orientations. The morphostructural parameters of the Earth’s surface, which were calculated using the LESSA program, were compared. In addition, some parameters of modern geodynamic processes that occur in the Scythian Plate, such as the level of seismicity and heat flow value, were calculated. The similarity between ancient and modern geodynamic processes allows us to propose that deformational processes in the crystalline basement of the Scythian Plate play a significant role in the formation of the modern topography and makes it possible to use morphostructural parameters of the relief for studying the deep structure of platform covers.     

Energy of seismotectonic deformations in the lithosphere of Mongolia

The information about strong earthquakes of Mongolia for the instrumental period of observations has been generalized in a sketch of the energy of seismotectonic deformations in the lithosphere. This sketch has been correlated with the map of general seismic zoning of Mongolia. The derived results characterize the energy of seismotectonic deformations in the lithosphere in terms of absolute units, which is favorable for projecting and building activities. The approach to energy estimation being developed is recommended for further development of modern engineering and building technologies in the framework of the regional seismic safety problem.     

Prediction of earthquake-induced permanent deformations for concrete-faced rockfill dams

Natural Hazards - Prior studies highlight the importance of earthquake-induced permanent displacement for the safety assessment of the embankment dams. Concrete-faced rockfill dams (CFRDs) have...     

深基坑边坡超载计算方法探讨及其工程应用

本文提出了深基坑边坡超载计算方法的建议,并将该方法应用于工程实例,获得了较好的经济效益