Numerical Modeling of Pore Pressure Influence on Fracture Evolution in Brittle Heterogeneous Rocks

Rock is a heterogeneous geological material. When rock is subjected to internal hydraulic pressure and external mechanical loading, the fluid flow properties will be altered by closing, opening, or other interaction of pre-existing weaknesses or by induced new fractures. Meanwhile, the pore pressure can influence the fracture behavior on both a local and global scale. A finite element model that can consider the coupled effects of seepage, damage and stress field in heterogeneous rock is described. First, two series of numerical tests in relatively homogeneous and heterogeneous rocks were performed to investigate the influence of pore pressure magnitude and gradient on initiation and propagation of tensile fractures. Second, to examine the initiation of hydraulic fractures and their subsequent propagation, a series of numerical simulations of the behavior of two injection holes inside a saturated rock mass are carried out. The rock is subjected to different initial in situ stress ratios and to an internal injection (pore) pressure at the two injection holes. Numerically, simulated results indicate that tensile fracture is strongly influenced by both pore pressure magnitude and pore pressure gradient. In addition, the heterogeneity of rock, the initial in situ stress ratio (K), the distance between two injection holes, and the difference of the pore pressure in the two injection holes all play important roles in the initiation and propagation of hydraulic fractures. At relatively close spacing and when the two principal stresses are of similar magnitude, the proximity of adjacent injection holes can cause fracturing to occur in a direction perpendicular to the maximum principal stress.     

利用气体吸附法和压汞法研究烃源岩孔隙分布特征

烃源岩中微观孔隙空间是油气初次运移的重要通道,同时也是残留烃主要的储集空间。本文对烃源岩中不同尺度的孔隙分别使用气体吸附法和压汞法进行测定,进而对孔隙分布进行系统分析。实验结果表明,青山口组一段烃源岩孔隙度较低,分布于12%～387%之间,平均为217%,主要以微孔和介孔为主,孔容分布于18～30 mL/mg之间,平均为949 mL/mg;比表面积分布于091～3102m2/g之间,平均为702 m2/g。同时本文探讨了不同岩石组成对烃源岩内孔隙发育与分布的影响,发现有机质、伊利石及黄铁矿含量与孔容之间具有较好的正相关关系,孔隙的大小及数量随其含量的增高而增加,而粘土矿物中的绿泥石以及非粘土矿物中石英、方解石、斜长石含量与孔容之间呈负相关关系,烃源岩中的孔隙可能会随其含量的增高而减少,高岭石含量与孔容之间相关性较差,表明烃源岩孔隙可能不受其影响。此外,烃源岩中孔隙发育及分布还受有机质类型、丰度、热演化程度、粘土矿物排列形式、非粘土矿物的次生变化等因素的影响     

Heterogeneity of Parent Rocks and Its Constraints on Geochemical Criteria in Weathering Crusts of Carbonate Rocks

Owing to the low contents of their acid-insoluble components, carbonate rocks tend to decrease sharply in volume in association with the formation of weathering crust. The formation of a 1 m-thick weathering crust would usually consume more than ten meters to several tens of meters of thickness of parent rocks. The knowledge of how to identify the homogeneity of parent rocks is essential to understand the formation mechanism of weathering crust in karst regions, especially that of thick-layered red weathering crust. In this work the grain-size analyses have demonstrated that the three profiles studied are the residual weathering crust of carbonate rocks and further showed that there objectively exists the heterogeneity of parent rocks in the three studied weathering crusts. The heterogeneity of parent rocks can also be reflected m geochemical parameters of major elements, just as the characteristics of frequency plot of grain-size distribution. Conservative trace element ratios Zr/Hf and Nb/Ta are proven     

13X沸石分子筛的比表面积和孔分布

对利用钾长石粉水热合成的13X沸石分子筛分别进行了比表面积和孔分布测定。结果表明:13X沸石分子筛比表面积约为621.50~747.40 m²/g,总孔体积约为0.344 70~0.393 70 cm³/g;具有高比例且孔径小于2.50 nm的微孔,中-小型实验样品(SXZ-10g和SXZ-1kg)的微孔体积比例相近,为81.33%~84.70%,而扩大实验样品(SXZ-10kg)的微孔体积比例为67.90%~67.98%。13X沸石分子筛微孔的含量是决定13X沸石分子筛具有高比表面积和高效吸附性能的前提。     

酸不溶物对碳酸盐岩风化壳发育程度的影响

通过对贵州岩溶区（包括湘西）不同地层系统碳酸盐岩发育的红色风化壳、以及结合本区和处于同一气候带的邻区不同岩类红色风化壳的对比研究,结果表明：（1）碳酸盐岩红色风化壳的发育程度明显受基岩酸不溶物成分的控制,酸不溶物的风化成熟度越高,红色风化壳的发育程度一般也越强。由于不同地层系统碳酸盐岩的酸不溶物组成不同,在此基础上发育的红色风化壳的风化强度自然存在着差异;（2）风化壳相对于母岩的进一步风化潜力或空间,随着基岩酸不溶物风化成熟度的增大而降低,从而更容易达到风化平衡;（3）在碳酸盐岩风化壳突变的岩-土界面,伴随碳酸盐的充分淋失、酸不溶物的地球化学指标发生了突变。因此,碳酸盐的溶解不但未阻滞和延缓了硅酸盐组分的分解,而且促进其快速风化。（4）在达到高岭石化甚至弱红土化阶段的酸不溶物基础上,发育的风化壳比结晶岩类风化壳具有更高的风化起点,也就表现出更高的风化强度。因此,笼统地把碳酸盐岩风化壳看作是弱于玄武岩及花岗岩等结晶岩类风化壳发育程度的弱风化类型是不妥的。     

大陆硅酸盐岩石风化过程中镁同位素地球化学研究进展

Mg同位素体系被证明在示踪硅酸盐矿物风化方面颇具优势.通过总结近年来大陆硅酸盐风化过程中Mg同位素地球化学的研究,归纳出以下认识:①化学风化方面,原生矿物溶解使得液相的Mg同位素组成变轻,而固相残留的Mg同位素组成变重;次生矿物中含有两种形态的Mg(交换态Mg和结构态Mg),二者δ26Mg不同,次生矿物形成过程中Mg同位素分馏方向与矿物种类、结构和形成机制等因素有关;黏土矿物吸附和解吸Mg2+引起Mg同位素分馏,但方向尚不确定;土壤可交换复合物倾向于优先吸附和解吸26Mg.②物理风化方面,水流、风等造成的矿物分选会引起风化产物Mg同位素组成发生变化.③植物—土壤体系Mg同位素的分馏很小.目前,大陆硅酸盐风化中一些重要过程的Mg同位素地球化学行为还存在争议,亟待通过室内试验、模拟计算,以及与其他同位素联用等途径完善理论基础,推动Mg同位素在示踪大陆风化中的广泛应用.     

渝东南地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩孔径分布测试方法研究

低温氮气吸附法已普遍用于评价页岩的孔隙结构,但是文献中报道的脱气温度和脱气时间等测试条件不尽相同,此外测试结果中经常出现滞后环不闭合的情况,严重影响了孔径分布等结构参数测试的准确性。为了评价和探索有效的页岩孔径分布测试方法,本文选取渝科1井下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩,重点研究应用低温氮气吸附法分析其孔径分布的测试条件,系统探讨了样品质量、脱气温度、升温速率和脱气时间对测试结果的影响,通过进一步优化参数建立了可靠的孔径分布测试方法,并成功用于测定其他页岩样品。结果表明:吸附-脱附等温线呈反C型,属于Brunauer等提出的BDDT等温吸附曲线分类中的V型,滞后环完全闭合,属于IUPAC分类中的H4型,对应狭窄的狭缝型孔隙,说明此类页岩中除了含有峰值孔径主要集中在3.5~4.5 nm的中孔和一定数量的大孔外,还存在大量微孔。研究认为脱气温度是影响测试结果的主要因素。该研究是页岩孔径分布测试方法的一项补充,为我国页岩气的深入研究提供了关键参数支持。     

A Fully Coupled Chemo-Poroelastic Analysis of Pore Pressure and Stress Distribution around a Wellbore in Water Active Rocks

Water active rocks consist of minerals that hold water in their crystalline structure and in pore spaces. Free water from drilling fluid can be attracted by the formation depending on the potential differences between pore space and drilling fluid. The fluid movement into the formation or out of the formation can lead to a change in effective stress, thus causing wellbore failures. In all previous studies it is found that the solute transport from or to the formation is primarily controlled by diffusion process and the effect of advection on solute transfer is negligible for a range of very low permeable shale formations (>10⁻⁵ mD). In this study a range of permeable shale formations (10⁻⁵ to 10⁻³ mD) commonly encountered in drilling oil and gas wells are considered to investigate the solute transfer between drilling fluid and formation due to advection. For this purpose a finite element model of fully coupled chemo-hydro-mechanical processes was developed. Results of this study revealed that the solute transfer between the drilling fluid and the shale formation is controlled primarily by permeability of the shale formations. For the range of shale formations studied here, there exists a threshold permeability below which the solute transfer is dominated by diffusion process and above which by fluid in motion (fluid flow). Results from the numerical experiments have shown that when the permeability of shales is greater than this threshold permeability, the chemical potential gradient between the pore fluid and drilling fluid reaches equilibrium faster than that when the permeability of shales is below this threshold value. Also it has been found that when advection is taken into account, effective radial and tangential stresses decrease around the wellbore, particularly near the wellbore wall where the solute concentration has reached near equilibrium.     

Modelling Compositional Change: The Example of Chemical Weathering of Granitoid Rocks

Perturbation on the simplex is an operation which can be used to numerically describe changes in the composition of, for example, soils, sediments, or rocks. The combination of perturbation and power transformation provides a strong tool for analyzing compositional linear processes in the simplex. When the process is constrained in the sense of a well-known starting (or final) composition, noncentred principal component analysis can be used to estimate the leading perturbation vector of the process. Applying these mathematical tools to chemical major element data from a weathering profile developed on granitoid rocks allows us to model the compositional changes associated with the process of chemical weathering. The comparison of these results with the compositional linear trend defined by erosional products of several of the world's major drainage systems yields close similarities. The latter observation allows for a mathematical formulation of a global mean weathering trend within the system Al₂O₃–CaO– Na₂O– K₂O. We further demonstrate the usefulness of the approach for validating processes behind individual trends and for combining the effects of different processes which modify the composition of soils, sediments, and rocks. Alternatives to the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) are discussed to obtain a translation-invariant scale for the process of chemical weathering.     

Estimation of Pore Volume Compressibility in Carbonate Reservoir Rocks Based on a Classification

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This study examined the petrographically classification, petrological and petrophysical characteristics by taking a vast range of carbonate reservoir rock...     

The Influence of Weathering on the Engineering Properties of Dunites

Weathering processes cause important changes in the engineering properties of rocks. In this study, dunites in the Bursa region in western Turkey were investigated and the changes in engineering properties due to weathering were evaluated. The studies were initiated with field observations including measurement of the characteristics of discontinuities such as spacing, aperture, fill material, roughness, and Schmidt hammer rebound value. Subsequently, laboratory studies were conducted in two stages. The first stage comprised mineralogical, petrographic, and chemical analyses. The second stage included physicomechanical tests to determine specific gravity, unit weights, water absorption, effective porosity, uniaxial compressive strength, P-wave velocity, and slake-durability index. According to these evaluations, the changes in engineering properties were determined to be mostly related to serpentinization at every stage of weathering. The most suitable parameters for characterizing the degree of weathering of the studied dunites are loss-on-ignition values, specific gravity, unit weight, water absorption, and effective porosity.     

Application of NMR on Quantificational Characterization of Tight Glutenite Reservoirs Pore Size

<正>Quantificational characterization of the microscopic pore structure is the key to evaluating tight reservoirs.Since tight reservoirs mainly develop nano-pores which are difficult to fully characterize pore throats’distribution by single conventional experimental method,there’s an urgent need to establish a characterization method by jointing several conventional experimental methods.The tight gas of Shahezi Formation in Xujiaweizi Fault     

济阳坳陷古近系—新近系泥岩孔隙结构特征

对济阳坳陷东营凹陷和沾化凹陷古近系—新近系泥岩的岩心样品,进行了X衍射全岩物相测试,有机碳测定,孔隙度、渗透率测定及扫描电镜和显微镜下观察,发现泥岩中普遍含碎屑矿物,其中长石含量较高,粘土矿物以碎屑粘土为主,泥岩中碳酸盐矿物含量较高.泥岩中各种面状孔隙是主体孔隙,由微孔隙构成,孔隙含量较高,分布较均匀.泥岩孔隙结构基本可归纳为细孔喉型、粗孔喉型及混合过渡型等三种类型.最后分析探讨了影响泥岩孔隙结构主要因素为:①碳酸盐含量使孔隙基本面貌产生差异;②压实作用使孔隙度减小,欠压实对孔隙结构有保护作用;③有机质丰度、成熟度及赋存状态与溶蚀孔隙发育关系密切相关;④有机质富集有利于异常压力发育,对孔隙起保护作用.     

内蒙古砒砂岩的模糊聚类分析

由于不同种类砒砂岩的风化与侵蚀程度不同,对其抗侵蚀性的研究需要对岩样进行科学的分类.采用模糊聚类多元统计分析方法,通过Matlab语言实现该方法并将其应用于内蒙古砒砂岩的分类,将研究区的砒砂岩大致划分为9大类,分别为紫红色砂岩夹灰绿色泥岩、紫红色砂岩、紫红色砂岩与灰白色砂岩互层、紫红色砂岩为主夹紫红色泥岩、灰白色砂岩为主夹紫红色砂岩、灰白色砂岩、紫红色泥岩为主、灰白色砂岩夹灰绿色砂岩和粉红色砂岩.     

碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面风化作用机制——淋溶模拟实验的初步研究

碳酸盐岩风化壳通常呈现出清晰突变的岩-土界面,成为直接利用野外地质剖面的发育特征探索碳酸盐岩风化作用过程的障碍。本文选择贵州中部及湘西的4条典型碳酸盐岩原位风化壳的岩-土界面作为研究对象,模拟干热风化条件(即气候温暖或炎热、排水条件良好的风化状态),在24～29.5℃的环境温度下,利用饱和CO2水对各剖面岩粉层样柱开展了系统的淋溶实验研究(淋溶终点以碳酸盐完全溶蚀为标志)。通过对淋出液中主要造岩元素和淋溶残余物的动态取样分析,初步揭示了碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面的风化作用机制。结果表明:①碳酸盐岩风化壳岩-土界面风化过程中,碳酸盐的溶蚀和酸不溶物的分解是同步进行的,在碳酸盐淋溶伊始,酸不溶物已表现出明显的风化倾向;②排水条件良好的风化环境下,由硅酸盐等酸不溶物组分分解溶出的盐基离子及Si等元素更易随风化溶液淋失,使得在风化残余物中难以形成蒙脱石、伊利石、高岭石等自生粘土矿物。酸不溶物相的其他造岩元素中,Ti和Al为惰性元素,Fe为弱迁移元素,Mn和P表现出明显的活性;③碳酸盐岩岩粉层的水-岩作用过程中,当碳酸盐含量对水-岩反应而言过量时,碳酸盐的溶蚀强度主要受岩粉层质地的制约。粒度粗,渗透性强,水-岩作用时间短,碳酸盐的溶蚀量低,反之亦然。而酸不溶物组分对于水-岩反应而言,在整个淋溶周期内都是不足的,其含量成为制约水-岩反应强度的主要因素。     

极软质岩石中嵌岩桩的单桩承载力探讨

通过对极软质岩石地基进行现场原位测试，以及对极软质岩石地层中嵌岩桩的承载力计算，就如何根据现场原位静载试验确定极软质岩层的极限端阻力标准值的问题进行了研究，进而确定了桩端总极限端阻力标准值的计算方法，并提出了极软质岩石地基中基桩的设计方法及承载力的取定意见。     

渤海湾盆地盖层对天然气富集的影响初探

根据渤海湾盆地部分天然气藏的统计资料,分析了盖层的空间展布,厚度和类型对其封闭能力和天然气分布的影响,提出了盖层临界厚度的概念,研究认为,不同地区或同一地区不同层系天然气富集程度的差异主要是由于盖层的效应造成的。气藏直接盖层厚度与天然气富集程度有一定关系,对于成藏条件相似的众多天然气藏,直接盖层厚度与气柱高度及储量之间不同简单的直线关系,而是存在一个变化范围。     

Mechanical Properties and Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Surrounding Rocks of Tunnels Excavated in Soft Rocks

As soft rocks are likely to soften, slime and swell while contacting water, the existence of soft rocks is harmful for stability of surrounding rocks and supporting structures of tunnels. Through uniaxial and triaxial tests under dry condition and triaxial test with different moisture contents, the mechanical properties and failure modes of soft rocks were studied under conditions that the schistosity plane of the rock samples was vertical to, presented an oblique angle with, and paralleled to the loading direction. The results showed that peak strengths in natural and water-bearing states increased with increasing confining pressures, while those in water-bearing state were 40% lower than those in natural state. The samples were mainly subjected to ductile failure in both natural and water-bearing states while the samples in natural state exhibited a certain brittle failure characteristic in post-peak phase. With the increase of confining pressures, the post-peak curve gradually became gentle after certain brittle failure while the post-peak stresses had an insignificant change. In comparison, the samples in water-bearing state showed significant post-peak disparity, that is, exhibited strong ductile failure characteristic. Moreover, the fitting relationship between triaxial compressive strength and moisture of soft rocks can be expresses as σ ₁ = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0) while that between elasticity modulus and moisture can be expresses as E = Aω + B (A < 0, B > 0).     

苏里格气田苏54区块储层孔隙结构特征研究

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田是我国最大的气田,但是储层岩性较为致密,已成为制约天然气勘探开发的主要因素,因此,开展储层孔隙结构特征研究对于该区天然气生产具有重要意义。通过扫描电镜、薄片鉴定、压汞、铸体薄片等分析测试方法对苏里格气田苏54区块储层微观孔隙结构进行了深入分析。结果表明：该区储层由北到南主要发育岩屑砂岩、岩屑质石英砂岩和石英砂岩;喉道半径普遍较小,孔喉分选较差,且以细孔径为主,孔喉连通性中等;孔渗普遍偏低,属低孔低渗,孔渗明显受沉积相带的控制,高孔渗区呈贯穿南北的条带状分布,与河道展布特征近似。研究表明物性高值区连片分布,东部好于西部,盒8下物性最好。     

软硬互层状岩体渗透特性研究

叙述软硬互层状岩体中的裂隙发育规律,并由此建立了互层状岩体渗流的离散裂隙网络模型.根据裂隙网络水均衡原理,介绍了裂隙岩体网络渗流数学模型以及模型的求解方法;通过一个数值算例验证了模型的合理性,并且讨论了软岩中的切层裂隙以及软岩层面裂隙开度对渗流场分布和通过软岩流量的影响.