北极深海沉积物中细菌和古菌群落结构研究

在北极深海沉积物生态系统中,微生物的群落结构由有机质输入、能量的可用性及其他环境因素决定.然而,全球气候变暖及其导致的冰盖提前融化正在影响微生物的多样性.为描述北极深海沉积物中的微生物群落结构及其与环境因素的相关性,我们利用罗氏454对北极深海沉积物样品的16S rDNA扩增子进行了测序,对细菌和古菌群落的丰富度、成分、结构及其系统发育分类地位进行了描述.硫还原和化能有机营养类是细菌群落中的主要类群;而古细菌群落主要是由微生物的关系最为密切的氨氧化奇古菌门(96.66%)和产甲烷古生菌界(3.21%).这项研究描述了北极极点附近深海沉积物(> 3500米)中的微生物多样性,将为以后研究类似环境中微生物代谢过程和途径等功能分析奠定基础.     

南海北部水层间及沉积表层细菌群落的比较分析

细菌群落在海洋生物地球化学过程中起着至关重要的作用。分析判别地理距离和环境条件等因素对细菌群落的影响,有助于理解环境变化如何驱动微生物多样性和功能的机制。通过细菌16SrDNA高通量测序的方法,对南海北部水层及沉积表层细菌群落多样性及空间分布进行比较分析,并检验环境因素、地理限制及海底深度等因素对微生物群落的影响。结果表明,约95%的细菌16SrDNA序列归属于γ-变形菌纲、厚壁菌门、蓝细菌门、α-变形菌纲等优势类群。沉积样本中的优势细菌类群主要与粒度、氮(N)等环境参数相关,而水体样本的优势细菌类群与取样深度密切相关。相关性检验结果显示,沉积样本的α-多样性指数与C有着显著的相关关系,而水体样本的α-多样性指数和β-多样性矩阵则显示与取样深度的显著相关;此外,地理距离和海底深度对β-多样性的影响并不显著,这可能与取样空间尺度有关。     

山东省渤海海洋保护区典型海域表层海水微生物群落多样性分析

海洋微生物在生态系统循环中发挥重要作用。为系统了解山东省渤海海洋保护区表层海水微生物群落多样性,作者利用Illumina高通量测序及生物信息学分析技术研究了12个水体样本的菌群构成和多样性特征。实验结果表明,山东渤海海洋保护区典型海域表层海水微生物群落丰富,12个水体样品OTU分属于25门、56纲、103目、163科、227属;门、纲、目、科、属分类等级上的优势类群分别为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)(57.95%)、α-变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)(21.88%)、黄杆菌目(Flavobacteriales)(4.31%)、红细菌科(Rhodobacteraceae)(10.68%)、Candidatus portiera(7.94%);保护区内表层海水微生物具有其独特的菌群特征和多样性。本研究结果为进一步认识海洋微生物多样性与海洋生态环境保护的关系奠定了基础。     

九龙江河口区微生物多样性及群落结构的时空分布

河口区由于其独特的地理环境和理化条件,拥有丰富的微生物资源,在生物地球化学循环中起着重要作用.然而,由于人类活动带来的河口区环境因素改变,引起的微生物群落结构的时空变化目前还知之甚少.本研究选取九龙江河口区7个近年来遭受较为严重人类活动干扰的采样点,分别在丰水期和枯水期采集表层水体,采用流动注射法测定了水体的三氮、电导率、pH值和溶解性磷酸盐等环境参数,采用海水和淡水培养基,基于纯培养技术分析了可培养细菌的总数和分布特征,并通过构建16S rRNA基因克隆文库的方法研究细菌的多样性和群落结构变化.研究表明,变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)是各克隆文库中最优势的类群.在河口下游海水区,变形菌门微生物与放线菌门微生物的比例约为2∶1~3∶1,而在河口上游淡水区,变形菌门和放线菌门的比例约为1∶1.在河口下游海水区,α变形菌纲(Alphaproteobacteria)为变形菌门中的优势类群,而在河口上游淡水区,β变形菌纲(Betaproteobacteria)为优势类群.厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)是克隆文库中丰度占第四的类群,说明水体可能遭受畜牧养殖粪便污染.本研究表明,九龙江河口区微生物群落结构受水体盐度、温度、水文情况等时空因子及人类活动造成的营养物浓度上升、动物粪便污染等共同影响,呈现出独特的时空分布特点.     

冲绳海槽南部热液区附近柱状沉积物中微生物的垂直分布多样性及其对环境因子的响应

近年来,海底热液环境中的微生物及其环境适应机制已经成为海洋科学研究的热点。目前,相关的研究主要集中在表层沉积物及微生物的水平分布多样性方面,而对柱状沉积物中微生物垂直分布多样性研究却很少。本文基于西太平洋冲绳海槽南部热液区附近S2站位的柱状沉积物样品,通过对其不同层位的样品进行分离培养和16S rRNA基因高通量测序,揭示了样品中可培养微生物和总体微生物的垂直群落分布特征,同时结合对样品主量元素、微量元素、碳氮含量等指标的评估和冗余分析等统计学方法,讨论了微生物群落结构及其对环境因子的响应。研究发现该位点的柱状沉积物有机质含量较为贫乏,存在两个富含Cu-Zn-Pb的层;各个层位的沉积物中微生物类群均以变形菌为主要类群,同时表层沉积物表现出更高的微生物多样性。此外研究还表明柱状沉积物中有机碳含量与其微生物的群落组成有着更为密切的关系。总之,本研究的结果和获得的菌种资源为进一步深入研究海底热液环境中微生物参与元素地球化学循环的过程提供了一定的基础。     

青岛潮间带沉积物可培养厌氧细菌多样性的研究

为了验证设计的简易厌氧培养方法,作者以青岛潮间带沉积物为研究对象,采用5种培养基,从青岛潮间带沉积物共分离获得138株厌氧细菌。16S r DNA序列分析表明,这些细菌分属3个门15个属32个种,其中γ-变形菌纲64株18个种,在种类上处于优势地位;此外还包括δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)16株2个种,ε-变形菌纲4株1个种,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)29株8个种,梭杆菌门(Fusobacteria)25株3个种。在属水平上,弧菌属(Vibrio)、Marinifilum属、泥杆菌属(Ilyobacter)、脱硫弧菌属(Desulfovibrio)、希瓦氏菌属(Shewanella)在数量上占优势。此外,有26株8种细菌(占总菌株数的18.84%)与已知菌的同源性介于89.38%~94.22%,为潜在的海洋细菌新科或新属,表明此简易厌氧菌培养方法在获得新菌方面具有较大优势。另外,研究结果还表明,不同培养基对特定的类群具有选择性:2216E培养基对γ-变形菌纲分离培养效率较高;SPG培养基在获得新菌方面具有优势(占新菌数62.5%),且这些新菌大多属于拟杆菌门和梭杆菌门,其中SPG-1培养基对于分离硫酸盐还原菌和难培养的ε-变形菌纲细菌具有优势,SPG-4培养基对分离硝酸盐还原菌具有优势。     

东太平洋中国多金属结核区锰结核样品中微生物群落结构的研究

通过非培养手段研究了东太平洋中国多金属结核区ES0303站点锰结核样品中的微生物群落结构.细菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库的研究结果表明：结核内细菌种群结构复杂,微生物种类丰富且各种群丰度不一（61个OTUs）,其中变形杆菌类群为优势种群,占所有细菌克隆子比例的64%,且主要分布于β/γ-、α-和δ-等3类变形杆菌（Proteobacteria）亚群之中,占比分别为34%、18%和12%.此外还存在包括酸杆菌（Acidobacteria）,放线菌纲（Actinobacteria）,绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）,厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）,浮霉菌门（Planctomycetes）等在内的细菌类群的分布,克隆子比例依次为9%、7%、8%、2%和5%.古菌16S rRNA基因克隆文库的研究结果表明：古菌的群落结构单一（仅12个OTUs）,全部是由泉古菌海洋类群I（crenarchaeote marine group I,MGI）组成;其中MGI-η类群最为丰富,达到44%,而MGI-α、MGI-ζ和MGI-ε类群的克隆子比例分别为25%、18%和9%,另外还发现2个新的MGI分类类群.相关克隆子的数据库比对和系统发育树分析表明,并未发现已报道的直接参与铁锰氧化还原相关类群的存在,但它们大多数与来自多金属结核来源或深海来源的不可培养微生物具有较高的同源性.进一步的分析表明,锰结核内存在相当数量的氨氧化菌、硫酸盐还原菌、酸杆菌等能够改变pH值的细菌和古菌类群的存在,意味着它们可能在锰结核的形成过程中起到重要的作用.     

泰国海域儒艮发声分类及特征

为研究近海扇贝养殖水域水质、细菌种群分布规律以及微生物群落多样性对环境因子的响应,2019年5月至10月采集了青岛市崂山湾青山村近海栉孔扇贝养殖水域不同站位的海水样本,通过高通量测序方法分析了不同月份海水样本微生物群落结构和多样性的差异,探讨了环境因子与微生物群落结构的相关性。结果表明:①检测到变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)、蓝细菌门(Cyanobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和厚壁菌门 (Firmicutes)等 52 个 细 菌 门,115 个 纲,其 中 变 形 菌 门 为 优 势 菌 门,主 要 包 括 γ-Proteobacteria 和α-Proteobacteria纲;②2019年9月,养殖区水样中细菌多样性升高,弧菌多样性下降,且细菌细胞数量达到最高点,说明该 养 殖 区 存 在 爆 发 弧 菌 病 的 可 能 性;③RDA 冗 余 分 析 表 明,浊 度 (P =0.027)对 养 殖 密 区 细 菌 OUT(OperationalTaxonomicUnits)水平的物种组成和群落结构具有显著的影响,硝酸盐(P=0.017)、浊度(P=0.033)对养殖疏区 OTU 水平的物种组成和群落结构具有显著的影响;④不同区域细菌门水平环境因子相关性 Heatmap图分析表明,养殖活动会影响近海细菌群落结构与环境因子的作用程度,从而增加病害发生的可能性。本研究可为贝类疾病的防治及近海海域生态系统的健康发展提供一定的理论基础。     

南海深海生物多样性国际研究态势与热点分析

南海是西太平洋边缘海,有陆架、陆坡、岛礁、深海平原、海山、冷泉等多种生境,近10年来南海逐渐成为世界深海研究的热点。南海是中国海洋生物多样性最高的区域,与作为海洋生物多样性中心的印太珊瑚大三角区具有一定的环境与生物连通性,对南海的深海生物探测研究可丰富对西太平洋及印太交汇区生物多样性及地理分布格局的认知。目前有关南海的生物多样性研究主要集中在北部陆架浅海及岛礁,对于深海生物多样性认知明显不足。本研究梳理了全球深海生物多样性的主要国际战略布局,并对南海深海生物多样性SCIE论文发表情况进行了综合分析,探讨了南海深海生物多样性研究态势,对未来南海深海生物多样性调查与研究提出了研究展望和建议。     

添加糖蜜对虾蟹混养系统水体细菌群落结构的影响

为探讨养殖水体中细菌群落结构与不同环境因子的关系。本文通过添加糖蜜将外源添加物的(饵料和糖蜜)C/N调整为10、15、20和25四个不同水平(分别为C1、C2、C3和C4组),以投喂基础饲料作为对照组(C0)。利用PCRDGGE技术和冗余分析方法(RDA),分析了添加糖蜜对虾蟹混养系统水体中细菌群落结构的影响。研究表明:虾蟹混养池塘水体中细菌菌群主要由放线菌纲、蓝藻纲、α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲、δ-变形菌纲、ε-变形菌纲、拟杆菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲组成。C1、C2、C3和C4四个处理组的细菌群落结构相似,与C0组差异显著。各处理组的优势菌群相似,其相对含量存在一定差异,放线菌纲在整个养殖过程中占据优势地位。与对照组相比,实验组细菌群落的多样性随养殖时间的延长明显增加,于8月检测到γ-变形菌纲,于9月检测到ε-变形菌纲和芽孢杆菌纲。各处理组相比较,Pielou均匀度指数变化不明显,Shannon-Winener指数随C/N水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,在养殖后期,C2处理组的Shannon-Winener指数明显高于其它处理组,C4处理组最低。RDA分析表明,虾蟹混养系统水体中菌群结构的变化是多种环境因子综合作用的结果。影响细菌群落多样性的主要环境因子的重要性在7月为TOCTNNO_3~--NTPPO_4~-PNH_4~+-N,在8月为TPNH_4~+-NNO_2~--NPO_4~-P,在9月为NO_2~--NNO_3~--NPO_4~-PNH_4~+-NpHTNTOC。综合水质指标、菌群结构和多样性分析结果表明:调控外源添加物C/N为15时,水体细菌群落多样性高、组成差异小、结构稳定,有利于虾蟹混养系统的水质条件优化。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.