氯化钠和碱度对罗氏沼虾仔虾的毒性研究

实验研究氯化钠、碱度对罗氏沼虾仔虾的急性毒性作用。用概率单位法求出了其氯化钠2 4、4 8、72、96 h的半致死浓度分别为 8.58、 5.32、 3.4 7、 2 .19g/ L;碱度的 2 4、4 8、72、96 h半致死浓度分别为 51.0 2、 37.0 7、 2 7.19、 2 1.54mmol/ L。对氯化钠和碱度混合作用的结果进行的方差分析表明 ,氯化钠和碱度对仔虾的死亡率影响显著 ,而两者的交互作用不显著。碱度 (AL K)与罗氏沼虾仔虾氯化钠 2 4、4 8h L C50 (S)关系式分别为 S=- 0 .12 78AL K+ 9.2 346 ,S=- 0 .0 715AL K +5.530 1。     

铜和锌对刺参幼参的联合毒性作用

采用等毒性配比法,研究了金属离子 Cu2+ 和 Zn2+ 对刺参幼参的联合毒性,并以 Marking 相加指数 ( AI ) 评价联合毒性效应.实验结果表明,当 Cu2+ 和 Zn2+ 以等毒性混合共存时,Cu2+ 对刺参幼参在24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h 的半致死质量浓度 ( LC50 ) 分别为0.351 7、0.283 3、0.249 5和0.234 8 mg/L;Zn2+ 对刺参幼参在24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的 LC50 分别为 5.061 0、3.223 4、2.469 6和2.163 5 mg/L.由此可见,Cu2+ 对幼参的毒性大于 Zn2+.二者以等毒性混合对刺参幼参在 24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的相加指数 AI值分别为 -0.931 5、-1.499 0、-1.834 2和-2.065 2,其对幼参24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h的联合毒性均为拮抗作用;并且随着暴露时间的延长,拮抗作用增强.     

凡纳滨对虾对东北碳酸盐型半咸水的适应性

采用急性毒性实验法，研究了碱度和pH对凡蚋滨对虾幼虾的毒性效应，观察了幼虾在东北地区碳酸盐型半咸水水域的生存能力。结果表明，pH为8．03～8．37时，碱度对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的24，48和96h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为12．92，11．16和10．67mmol／L，生存的安全浓度(SC)为2．50mmol／L。碱度为5．37～42．06mmol／L时，pH对凡纳滨对虾幼虾的24，48，72和96h半致死值(LpH50)分别为9．26～8．64，9．14～8．62，9．10～8．80和9．00～8．80。幼虾在碱度为38．78mmol／L、pH为9．41、盐度为3．29的天然半咸水水域存活5～9h。认为高碱度、高pH是东北地区碳酸盐型半咸水水域移植凡纳滨对虾的主要障碍。     

凡纳滨对虾对东北碳酸盐型盐碱水域的适应能力

通过急性毒性实验,研究碳酸盐碱度对淡化凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾的毒性效应及其在碳酸盐型盐碱水域的生存能力。结果表明,在pH为7.12~8.14时,碳酸盐碱度对幼虾的24 h半有效浓度(EC50)为2.73 mmol/L。在pH为8.11~8.72时,碳酸盐碱度对幼虾的24,48和96 h的半致死浓度(LC50)分别为12.40,11.24和10.49 mmol/L,安全浓度(CS)为2.77 mmol/L。幼虾在碳酸盐型盐碱水域存活时间近9 h。高碱度K 的质量浓度低、Na 与K 的质量浓度比较高是碳酸盐型盐碱水域养殖凡纳滨对虾的主要障碍。     

亚硝态氮（NO2--N）对吉富罗非鱼的毒性及相关因子

通过NO2--N对吉富罗非鱼的急性毒性试验,研究了NO2--N胁迫过程中的应激反应,pH和NaCl浓度对毒性的影响,以及不同生态环境下吉富罗非鱼对亚硝态氮毒性的耐受性差异等,结果表明:在受试鱼急性中毒96h全致死条件下(NO2--N最小浓度192.49mg/L、PH7.37),当水体pH为6.21±0.19、7.09±0.20、8.40±0.22时,全致死时间96h分别变为62、88、102h,当NaCl浓度达到400.00mg/L时,其解毒作用极其显著(P<0.01)。在受试鱼急性中毒48h不死亡条件下(NO2--N最大浓度60.87mg/L,29.7±1.2℃),温度剧降10±0.8℃时,应激反应发生在持续中毒32h后,中毒40h后受试鱼全部应激致死。生活在温室内水泥池、室外水泥池、土池池塘的吉富罗非鱼对NO2--N耐受性存在很大差异。     

2种多溴联苯醚(BDE-47、BDE-209)对褶皱臂尾轮虫单一和联合毒性效应研究

为丰富海洋环境中多溴联苯醚污染对浮游动物毒性效应的研究,本文采用不同浓度的2种多溴联苯醚BDE-47和BDE-209作为胁迫因子,以褶皱臂尾轮虫(Brachionus plicatilis)为受试生物,研究其单一及联合急性毒性效应。研究显示:单一急性毒性作用时,BDE-47胁迫对轮虫的48、72和96hLC50分别为2.113、0.376、0.163mg/L,均小于BDE-209各相应的LC50值,分别为11.162、1.237、0.295mg/L,说明BDE-47对褶皱臂尾轮虫的急性毒性大于BDE-209;二者联合作用时,分别采用浓度1∶1和毒性1∶1进行试验,应用Marking相加指数法计算AI(Additive index),评价二者对轮虫的联合毒性,2种试验配比方式得到的结果类似,暴露时间分别为24、48h时AI0,联合作用结果均为协同作用;72、96h时AI0,均表现为拮抗作用。结果表明,96h内随着暴露时间的增加,BDE-47和BDE-209对其联合毒性作用从协同作用转变为轻微的拮抗作用。     

庙岛群岛海域理化环境及水质状况研究

文章于2018年8月和10月,2019年3月和6月对庙岛群岛海域展开4个航次的表层海水水质调查,布设100个监测站位,分析了水温、pH、溶解氧、化学需氧量、溶解无机氮、活性磷酸盐、总氮、总磷、石油类等理化参数的平面分布,并对该海域的营养状况和有机污染状况进行评价。调查结果显示,水温均值为（16.8±5.69）℃,pH均值为8.13±0.074,溶解氧浓度均值为（8.62±1.46）mg/L,化学需氧量浓度均值为（0.85±0.29）mg/L,溶解无机氮浓度均值为（0.070 6±0.054 5）mg/L,活性磷酸盐浓度均值为（0.070 6±0.054 5）mg/L,总氮浓度均值为（0.255±0.148）mg/L,总磷浓度均值为（0.013 3±0.006 39）mg/L,石油类浓度均值为（0.013 5±0.007 55）mg/L。庙岛群岛海域的理化参数基本符合第二类海水水质标准。海域监测站位水质富营养化指数基本小于1,营养状况为贫营养。有机污染评价指数法评价结果显示,该海域4个月份中96%监测站位的等级为较好。     

Cd2+和Pb2+单一与复合污染对脊尾白虾的急性毒性效应研究

近年来,中国近岸重金属污染问题日趋严重。作者通过研究重金属Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾(Palaemon carincauda)的单一及复合急性毒性效应,为其养殖水质管理提供科学依据。本研究采用半静态急性毒性测定方法,开展了不同浓度Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾96 h内的急性毒性试验。研究结果表明:在单一污染物暴露下,Cd~(2+)对脊尾白虾24、48、72、96 h的半数致死质量浓度(LC50)分别为138.699、33.110、9.719、3.650 mg/L,Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾48、72、96 h的LC50分别为254.541、62.750、29.074 mg/L;Cd~(2+)、Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾96 h的安全质量浓度分别为0.365和2.907 mg/L;在等浓度配比(1︰1)暴露下,Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)复合污染对目标生物在48、72、96 h暴露期间的毒性相加指数(additive index,AI)分别为0.155、0.068、0.258。综上所述,Cd~(2+)对脊尾白虾的毒性较Pb~(2+)更强,Cd~(2+)和Pb~(2+)对脊尾白虾的复合污染均表现出较明显的协同作用。     

Se(IV)和Te(IV)对钝顶螺旋藻的急性毒性和联合毒性

用化学品对藻类毒性测试的标准试验方法,分别研究了硫属元素Se(IV)和Te(IV)单组分对钝顶螺旋藻(Spirulina platensis)的毒性效应,用相加指数法评价了Se(IV)和Te(IV)双组分对螺旋藻的联合毒性效应。结果表明,Te(IV)对螺旋藻的毒性大于Se(IV),其EC50,96h分别为125.2mg/L和36.1mg/L;Se(IV)和Te(IV)的联合毒性效应为拮抗作用,其EC50,96h为103.1mg/L。     

氨氮和亚硝酸盐对斜带石斑鱼苗的急性毒性效应

研究了水温(25±0.5)℃,盐度30~31,pH值7.9~8.1,溶解氧4.5~5.5 mg/L条件下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对不同规格斜带石斑鱼(Epinephelus coioides)苗的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,氨氮对平均全长4.4cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为5.62、3.50、2.93、2.68及0.27 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为0.23、0.14、0.12、0.11及0.011 mg/L;氨氮对平均全长10.5 cm斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为58.6、56.2、53.3、51.4及5.13 mg/L,对应的非离子氨及安全质量浓度分别为2.41、2.32、2.20、2.12及0.21 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长4.4 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为288.4、281.8、270.4、267.3及26.7 mg/L;亚硝酸盐对全长10.5 cm的斜带石斑鱼苗的24、48、72、96 h LC50及安全质量浓度分别为354.8、346.7、280.5、208.4及20.8 mg/L。     

Microbial Biomass and Organic Nutrients in the Deep-Sea Sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin

In order to assess the impact of deep-sea mining on the in situ benthic life, we measured the microbial standing stock and concentration of organic nutrients in the deep-sea sediments of the Central Indian Ocean Basin in the Indian pioneer area. Sediments were collected using box core and grab samples during September 1996. The total bacterial numbers ranged from 10 10 -10 11 cells per g -1 dry weight sediment. There was a marginal decrease in the number of bacteria from surface to 30 cm depth, though the subsurface section registered a higher number than did the surface. The highest numbers were encountered at depths of 4-8 cm. The retrievable number of bacteria were two orders less in comparison with the direct total counts of bacteria. An almost homogeneous distribution of bacteria, total organic carbon, living biomass, and lipids throughout the depth of cores indicates active microbial and benthic processes in the deep sea sediments. On the other hand, a uniform distribution of total counts of bacteria, carbohydrates, and total organic carbon in all the cores indicates their stable nature and suggests that they can serve as useful parameters for long-term monitoring of the area after the benthic disturbance. Further studies on temporal variability in this region would not only verify the observed norms of distribution of these variables but would also help to understand restabilization processes after the simulated benthic disturbance.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Geoacoustic Inversion via Genetic Algorithm and Its Application to Manganese Sediment Identification

An acoustic inversion method using a wide-band signal and two near field receivers is proposed and applied to multiple layered seabed models including a manganese sediment. The inversion problem can be formulated into a probabilistic model comprised of signals, a forward model, and additive noise. The forward model simulates wide-band signals, such as chirp signals, and is chosen to be the source-waveletconvolution plane wave modeling method. The wavelet matching technique, using weighted least-squares fitting, estimates the sediment sound-speed and thickness on which determination of the possible numerical ranges for a priori uniform distribution is based. The genetic algorithm is applied to a global optimization problem to find a maximum a posteriori solution for determined a priori search space. Here the object function is defined by an L 2 norm of the difference between measured and modeled signals. Not only the marginal pdf but also its statistics are calculated by numerical evaluation of integrals using the samples selected during importance sampling process of the genetic algorithm.     

Phylogenetic diversity and phenotypic characterization of cultivable bacterioplankton isolated from polar oceans

A set of 27 marine planktonic bacteria isolated from the polar regions was characterized by 16S rDNA sequencing and physiological and biochemical testing. More than half of these bacteria were positive for caseinase, gelatinase and 13-glucosidase, and could utilize glucose, maltose or malic acid as carbon source for cell growth. Twelve isolates expressed nitrate reduction activities. Except for one antarctic isolate BSwlO175 belonging to Actinobacteria phylum, these isolates were classified as γ-Proteobacteria, suggesting that γ-Proteobacteria dominated in cultivable marine bacterioplankton at both poles. Genus Pseudoalteromonas was the predominant group in the Chukchi Sea and the Bering Sea, and genus ShewaneUa dominated in cultivable bacterioplankton in the Prydz Bay. With sequence similarities above 97%, genus Psychrobacter was found at both poles. These 27 isolates were psychrotolerant, and significant 16S rDNA sequence similarities were found not only between arctic and antarctic marine bacteria （ 〉 99% ）, but also between polar marine bacteria and bacteria from other aquatic environments （ ≥ 98.8% ）, including temperate ocean, deep sea, pond and lake, suggesting that in the polar oceans less temperature-sensitive bacteria may be cosmopolitan and have a bipolar, even global, distribution at the species level.     

Deep-Sea Sediment Compression Curves: Some Controlling Factors, Spurious Overconsolidation, Predictions, and Geophysical Reproduction

Oedometer tests have been carried out on 70 undisturbed surficial clays (at approximately 250 mm below the mudline), mostly collected by free-fall corers from sites widely scattered throughout the deep-sea North Atlantic. Acoustic measurements were also made, initially on contiguous samples and ultimately on the same sample using a geophysically instrumented oedometer which also collected electrical resistivity data. Apart from those quiescent areas below the carbonate compensation depth, such as north of the West Indies where very fine clays exist, most of the samples are silty clays whose geotechnical-geophysical properties are dependent on the type of clay minerals present (and their ability to take in moisture), the sand-size fraction, and the quantity of carbonate present. Thus the pure clays have high compressibilities which decrease on the addition of coarse particles, while the converse is true for the acoustic parameters, these increasing with the sand fraction. Using the notion of the intrinsic compression line for all samples, and comparison to it of the measured compression curves, it is clear that, contrary to some previously held ideas, most deep-sea clays are normally consolidated; the addition of carbonate has the effect of creating an open, stronger sediment skeleton. Interestingly, where information is available, the variation with depth of a sample's acoustic velocity follows the void ratio pressure relationship of the compression curve. This allows the construction of an in-situ sediment compression curve using the in-situ geophysical observations.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,     

Estimation of Sediment Properties during Benthic Impact Experiments

Sediment properties, such as water content and density, have been used to estimate the dry and wet weights, as well as the volume of sediment recovered and discharged, during benthic impact experiments conducted in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. The estimates show that the weights of dry (355-1332 t) and wet sediment (1651-4888 t) recovered during the experiments, are not only a function of the total duration and distance covered during the experiment, but also depend on water content and density of the sediment. Estimation of dry sediment and its volumetric ratio in the discharge, are key parameters for calculating the discharged volume. The estimated volume of wet sediment recovered (1427-4049 m 3 ) as well as discharged (2693-6951 m 3 ) during the experiments, provide important inputs to evaluate the sediment resettlement and migration. Using these estimates, the average depth of excavation on the seafloor, can also been calculated. However, the stages of sediment recovery and discharge are expressed differently in some of the experiments. In order to standardize these, different stages have been identified, and definitions of certain terms have been suggested, for use in the future. The methods of calculating different properties, as well as weight and volume of discharged sediment are described in the paper for use in other applications concerning deep-sea discharges.