滇中地区4级调制地震与中强地震的关系

利用1965年1月1日-2006年6月30日云南省地震遥测台网记录的地震正式目录,对正式目录的中强以上地震进行了余震删除.利用已删除余震的正式目录,研究滇中地区4级调制地震与中强地震的三要素关系,总结历史震例得到:滇中地区发生4级调制地震,其后发生中强以上地震的可能性为75%,平均间隔时间为4.7月;而且中强震发震地点与4级调制地震发震地点相关性较好,平均相隔距离为76 km;发生4级孤立型调制地震(无余震发生),其后发生6.5级以上强震的概率为67%;曲江断裂带上发生的4级孤立型调制地震对未来中强震的地点指示意义明确,震级大小与孕震时间相关.     

2003年大姚6.2级地震的短临预报回顾与思考

通过对云南1920年以来间隔时间大于500天的8组中强震的时-空-强特征分析,发现后一地震的发震 时间、地点和震级都有很强的规律性,610±20天为发震的优势时间,地点多集中在云南省的中北部,震级则可 用关联性公式计算。详细介绍了2003年大姚6.2级地震短临预报的主要依据和方法,并指出大姚地震短临预报 中值得思考的几个问题,讨论了地震"三要素"准确与偏差产生的可能原因。     

20世纪的十大灾难性地震

叙述了２０世纪全球１０次灾难性地震发生的时间,震级,地点,伤亡人数,建筑物遭破坏以及救灾的情况,记述了一些地震的前兆现象和经济损失。     

20世纪十大灾难性地震(续完)

叙述了２０世纪全球１０次灾难性地震发生的时间、震级、地点、伤亡人数、建筑物遭破坏以及救灾的情况,记述了一些地震的前兆现象和经济损失。     

20世纪的十大灾难性地震(待续)

叙述了 2 0世纪全球 10次灾难性地震发生的时间、震级、地点、伤亡人数、建筑物遭破坏以及救灾的情况 ,记述了一些地震的前兆现象和经济损失。     

实现地震预测的可能性和地震预测技术的探索方向

建议采用地震预测和地震预报两种含义不同的术语。严格的地震预测必须包括地点、时间、震级3个参数。用实例分析了在现代科学技术条件下预测这3个参数的可能性，认为总体上以一定准确度预测发震地点相对容易些，实现对发震时间和震级的准确预测的可能性较小，除有前震外，多数情况下对大地震作出完整的、精确的短、临预测还较困难。应对准震源和地壳内部过程，以发展观测技术和积累数据为重心，继续坚持地震预测技术的探索。     

新疆成组中强地震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征

用“震源触发-系统响应”孕震模式，分析讨论了新疆1996-1998年成组强震活动前后地震活动图像的时空演化特征，由此定义了“诱发信号震”，进而分析研究了诱发信号震与后续主震的关系，结果表明，强震发生后触发（或引起）的中等地震活动区及边缘很可能是未来强震发生的地点；强震或其强余震发生当天或稍后1天内发生的信号震具有预报意义，信号震发生后，其周围200km范围内3年发生强震的可能性较大，其震级可能比信号震的震级高0.5-2.0，最后对成组强震活动的机理进行了分析和讨论。     

四川宝兴河硗碛、中岗水电工程水库诱发地震可能性的初步评价

根据野外实地考察,对硗碛、中岗水电工程水库诱发地震的条件进行了综合分析,并与其它水库的发震条件进行对比,对该两水库诱发地震的可能性作出了初步评价,并对可能发震的地段,最高震级和烈度以及对工程的影响进行了估计。     

云南M≥7．6级地震伤亡因素的探讨

通过云南M≥7．6级地震震亡分布的统计,研究大地震的伤亡分布规律,寻找影响伤亡的主要原因。结果表明,震亡人数主要分布在Ⅷ度以上烈度区,这一区域的震亡人数占震亡总数的94％以上,其中极震区占到70％以上。调查分析认为：在震级相近的情况下,震区地质构造、地形地貌是影响地震烈度的因素;房屋、人口密度、发震时间是震亡人数的重要影响因素;在未来的大地震中,人口密度大的断裂带及其附近是应急救援和医疗救护的重点区域,在断裂带及其附近盆地内的震亡人数比非盆地震亡人数多,要投入更多的救援和医疗救护力量。     

全球大地震及中国4级以上地震目录

应广大读者要求,我们定期公布全球7级以上大地震和中国4级以上地震目录。地震参数取自中国地震局分析预报中心的“中国地震速报台网观测报告”和“中国地震月报目录”。其中:发震时间为北京时(BJT);震中位置除给出经纬度外还给出了参考地区名,以供查阅时参考;震源深度33N表示该地震为通常意义上的浅源地震;震级MS为面波震级、ML为近震震级、MW为矩震级(取自美国PDE报告)。表1　世界地震目录(2003年7～9月,M≥7.0)编号发震时间　月 日 时:分:秒　震中位置　φ/(°)　　　　λ/(°)　深度/km震　级　MS　　MW　地　　区107 16 04:…     

SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 57(2014)

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Distribution of throughfall and stemflow in multi‐strata agroforestry,perennial monoculture,fallow and primary forest in central Amazonia,Brazil

The partitioning of rain water into throughfall, stemflow and interception loss when passing through plant canopies depends on properties of the respective plant species, such as leaf area and branch angles. In heterogeneous vegetation, such as tropical forest or polycultural systems, the presence of different plant species may consequently result in a mosaic of situations with respect to quantity and quality of water inputs into the soil. As these processes influence not only the water availability for the plants, but also water infiltration and nutrient leaching, the understanding of plant effects on the repartitioning of rain water may help in the optimization of land use systems and management practices. We measured throughfall and stemflow in a perennial polyculture (multi‐strata agroforestry), monocultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) for fruit and for palmito, a monoculture of cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum), spontaneous fallow and primary forest during one year in central Amazonia, Brazil. The effect on rain water partitioning was measured separately for four useful tree species in the polyculture and for two tree species in the primary forest. Throughfall at two stem distances, and stemflow, differed significantly between tree species, resulting in pronounced spatial patterns of water input into the soil in the polyculture system. For two tree species, peach palm for fruit (Bactris gasipaes) and Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa), the water input into the soil near the stem was significantly higher than the open‐area rainfall. This could lead to increased nutrient leaching when fertilizer is applied close to the stem of these trees. In the primary forest, such spatial patterns could also be detected, with significantly higher water input near a palm (Oenocarpus bacaba) than near a dicotyledonous tree species (Eschweilera sp.). Interception losses were 6·4% in the polyculture, 13·9 and 12·3% in the peach palm monocultures for fruit and for palmito, respectively, 0·5% in the cupuaçu monoculture and 3·1% in the fallow. With more than 20% of the open‐area rainfall, the highest stemflow contributions to the water input into the soil were measured in the palm monocultures and in the fallow. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Anthropogenic Eutrophication and Red Tide Outbreak in Lacustrine Systems of the Kashmir Himalaya

Red tide, a recurrent phenomenon has become conspicuous in several Kashmir lake ecosystems since 1991. The responsible organism (Euglena pedunculata), a rare flagellate rediscovered in the Kashmir Himalaya (Khan 1993) caused first and unprecedented red tide outbreak, constituting a maximum of 96% of resident numerical phytoplankton density in Dal Lake. At present, conflicting hypotheses exist on the generation of causal assemblage(s) imparting redness to waters: Jeeji Bai (1991) linked its origin to acid precipitation – a fallout of burning oil‐fields during the Gulf War – whilst Khan (1993) holds local factor(s) responsible. Field/experimental studies support the latter contention that the influx of untreated sewage, in unison with warm temperatures, high levels of PhAR, iron and interruption to hydrological flow‐pattern together with absence/or reduction in grazing activity created conducive environmental milieu for red tide outbreak. Dal Lake “red tide” drifted the bloom‐inoculum to other waters, including Lake Wular, where additional ecological niches were carved out, threatening the aesthetic value and biological diversity of Kashmir lakes. Ecological monitoring indicates frequent seasonal red tide occurrence in Dal Lake (including summer‐autumn event of 1998) which testifies its unabated eutrophication status. Further studies are needed on ecological adaptability and biogeographic distribution of this rare and unique red tide‐causing flagellate.