薄互储层地震反演方法在尼日尔Fana地区的应用

波阻抗反演是储层预测的主要方法之一.然而,当声波曲线和其计算出来的波阻抗不能很好地区分砂泥岩时,尤其是在研究区发育砂泥岩薄互储层的情况下,就会给储层预测带来困难.针对这一问题,本文以尼日尔Fana地区为例,采用声波测井曲线重构的方法进行测井约束反演,使储层的波阻抗特征更加明显.然后,对得到的波阻抗体作为输入进行神经网络岩性反演,结果精细刻画了研究区内砂体的空间分布和几何形态,提高了地震方法识别薄储集层的精度,指导了该区下一步勘探.     

对称型隔夹层与单砂层时频特征对比分析

隔夹层作为单砂层与薄互层、薄互层与薄互层之间的过渡型地层,对不同薄互层单元具有重要的分隔作用.厘清单砂层与隔夹层之间时频特征的区别与联系,对后续的薄互层单元划分与预测具有重要意义.本文基于波动理论,利用深度域相移法对不同厚度的单砂层、对称型隔夹层进行正演模拟.采用广义S变换分析零偏移距地震道反射复合波的瞬时频谱,提取单砂层与对称型隔夹层时域、频域属性参数进行对比分析.研究发现:当对称型隔夹层顶部砂岩与中部泥岩厚度之和与顶底反射系数同号的单砂层厚度相同时,二者频谱特征极为相似,时域波形存在镜像关系.当对称型隔夹层顶部砂岩与中部泥岩厚度之和与顶底反射系数异号的单砂层厚度相同时,二者频谱特征存在明显差异,这为砂泥岩剖面中单砂层与对称型隔夹层的定性区分奠定了理论基础.此外,对称型隔夹层的第一陷频频率与顶部砂岩和中部泥岩厚度之和具有近似的反比关系,这为对称型隔夹层厚度预测提供了重要技术手段.     

一种波阻抗去压实校正反演方法在储层预测中的应用

研究区目的层埋深差异大,受差异压实影响,同一时期沉积的地层,深层砂岩波阻抗大于浅层波阻抗,导致反演结果难以识别砂泥岩,储层预测结果不可靠.针对这一问题,统计分析原始测井波阻抗数据,对波阻抗进行去压实校正,去除数据中代表地层压实趋势的低频能量,然后将去压实校正后的波阻抗数据应用于稀疏脉冲约束反演.通过处理前后波阻抗数据对比分析,去压实校正方法不仅去除了地层压实趋势,而且保留了波阻抗数据相对变化幅度的真实性.处理后波阻抗数据得到的反演结果更易于区分砂泥岩,与实钻井结果吻合度高,预测储层展布特征与研究区地质沉积认识相一致.实际数据处理结果表明:这种去压实校正方法简捷有效,提高了反演预测储层的精度,在埋深差异大地区具有很好的实用价值.     

地震波形反演技术在砂泥岩薄互层结构表征中的应用

基于传播矩阵理论开发砂泥岩薄互层地震合成记录算法,与褶积算法、基于界面模型的Zoeppritz方法以及波动方程等方法相比,该方法更适用于具有复杂结构的薄互层模型,能够在充分考虑地震反射波动力学因素的同时不受网格间距的限制.基于正演算法开发了基于波形对比的砂泥岩薄互层地震反演技术,由地震反射波形特征的变化反演薄地层单元中砂体含量与空间位置等参数,进而确定薄互层段砂泥岩组合结构以及砂体的空间展布.理论模型验证了反演方法的有效性.通过测井分析建立薄互层地震地质模型,并将该技术应用于研究区实际地震数据,反演的砂体空间分布与测井资料进行对比分析,验证了反演方法的实用性.     

辽河油田薄层砂体的预测与追踪

辽河盆地及其外围盆地在漫长的地质历史时期形成了浊积扇、河流相、扇三角洲等多种类型的砂体,单层砂体较薄.为了准确地部署井位,应用井约束反演,地震属性分析和分频分析等技术,对不同类型的薄层砂体及含气砂层进行了预测,较准确地刻画了薄砂层的分布及形态,为部署井位提供了依据.经钻探,预测比较准确,效果良好.     

测井约束与神经网络联合反演储层预测技术

目前地震反演方法广泛应用于储层预测,并已取得重要进展.常规反演技术以测井数据为约束,有效结合测井资料与地震资料的优势频段信息,根据反演结果波阻抗的差异区分储层.但在复杂地质条件下薄储层砂泥岩波阻抗信息较为接近,反演结果难以满足储层精细刻画要求,为此在已有波阻抗信息的基础上进行神经网络岩性反演,将波阻抗等地震属性转化为与岩性更密切的伽玛数据体,使地震反演的地质属性与测井标定的地质属性达到最大程度的相关,从而提高对簿储层的识别能力.实际资料的应用效果表明,该方法较为准确地实现了对簿储层的精细刻画,为非构造油气藏的勘探提供了重要依据.     

辽河坳陷大民屯凹陷三台子地区下第三系碎屑岩储层预测研究

针对目标区下第三系储层横向变化快,沉积特征不明显等特点,为提高滚动探井、开发井的钻探成功率,本文研制形成一套具有针对性的油气藏勘探预测研究方法.即运用多井约束波阻抗地震反演方法来预测砂体展布,同时对生成的地震波阻抗反演数据体中的振幅、厚度等暗含的有效信息进行提取,对砂体的分布范围及厚度变化进行准确而精细的描述和预测,最终依据此法优选有利相带,部署井位,取得了很好的勘探开发效果.     

叠前同时反演在灰质发育区识别储层及流体的应用研究

东营凹陷的前期研究成果表明,该区储层存在着厚度薄、变化大且灰质含量高的特点,仅从常规地震剖面上,砂体与灰质泥岩的地震反射特征难以区分,给预测有效砂体及流体造成了严重影响,且叠后波阻抗反演无法识别灰质发育区的有效储层.针对以上问题,对测井资料进行了岩石物理参数敏感性分析,明确了灰质发育区浊积岩有效储层岩石物理特征,即横波阻抗可区分高阻储层与非储层,纵波阻抗可剔除高阻储层中的灰质,在前两参数优选出的有效储层基础上,纵横波速度比可区分流体类型.实际工区叠前同时反演结果与岩石物理分析及完钻开发结果吻合较好,说明利用叠前同时反演方法能有效剔除灰质对浊积岩有效储层预测的影响,亦能识别有效储层中的流体类型.     

砂泥岩薄互层波阻抗模拟退火反演方法研究

砂泥岩薄互层地层反射是一个非线性系统,若采用线性方法来反演则很难得到其真解.对于精度和计算效率要求较高的薄互层地震反演来说,非线性反演方法可以提高反演精度、分辨率和可靠性.本文基于改进的快速模拟退火方法,提出了砂泥岩薄互层波阻抗非线性反演方法.由于叠后地震资料的反演,会不同程度地受到噪音的影响,本文提出了一种新的反演目...     

薄层VTI介质中地震反射系数及相位响应

本文从波动方程出发,推导了平面波在砂泥岩薄互层VTI介质中界面上的反射系数和相位特征;结果表明反射系数与反射系数的相位有关,以及反射系数会发生接近-90°相位旋转,理论上证明了Zeng[6,7]的结论.模型数值试验及实际资料处理结果均表明,地震反射波的薄层与厚层的响应特征存在明显的差异.因此当前广泛应用的AVO及波阻抗反演等储层预测和油气检测技术等,均需要充分考虑并完善薄层的影响效应.     

Changes in sediment transport in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China

In this paper, the changes in sediment transport over 51 years from 1955 to 2006 in the Kuye River in the Loess Plateau in China are assessed. Key factors affecting sediment yield and sediment transport, such as precipitation depth, discharge, and human activities are studied. To investigate the changes in sediment yield in this watershed, a trend analysis on sediment concentration, precipitation depth, and discharge is conducted. Precipitation depths at 2 Climate Stations （CSs）, as well as discharge and sediment transport at 3 Gauging Stations （GSs） are used to assess the features of sediment transport in the Kuye River. The rtmoff modulus （defined as the annual average discharge per unit area, L/（s·km^2）） and the sediment transport modulus （defined as the annual suspended sediment transport per unit area, t/（yr km^2）） are introduced in this study to assess the changes in runoff and sediment yield for this watershed. The results show that the highest average monthly discharge during the study period in the Kuye River is 66.23 m^3/s in August with an average monthly sediment concentration of 88.9 kg/m^3. However, the highest average monthly sediment concentration during the study period in the Kuye River is 125.34 kg/m^3 and occurs in July, which has an average discharge of 42.6 m^3/s that is much less than the average monthly discharge in August. It is found that both the runoff modulus and sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS on the Kuye River has a clear downward trend. During the summer season from July to August, the sediment transport modulus at Wenjiachuan GS is much higher than those at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs on the Yellow River. The easily erodible loess in the Kuye River watershed and the sparse vegetation are responsible for the extremely high sediment yield from the Kuye River watershed. The analyses of the grain size distribution of suspended load in the Kuye River are presented. The average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Kuye River is largest in February and then decreases until June. In July, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load approaches another peak and decreases until September. Then, the median grain size of suspended load starts to increase until February of the following year. However, the average monthly median grain size of suspended load in the Yellow River at Toudaoguai and Longmen GSs is the smallest between early summer and late fall The median grain size in the Yellow River starts to increase in November and approaches the largest size in January.     

TritiogenicHe in groundwater in Takaoka

³He/⁴He ratios up to 3.5 times the ratio of atmospheric He were found in groundwater samples. The³He enrichment can be attributed to radiogenic³He produced by in-situ beta-decay of³H. This shows that tritiogenic³He is accumulating in confined waters. From tritiogenic³He and³H concentrations, ages of groundwaters can be calculated. Detection of tritiogenic³He gives a tool to trace a tritium contamination which occurred in the past and cannot be assessed only by the³H counting method.     

Variations in trace gas concentrations in different environments in India

Observations of trace gases (SO₂, NH₃, NO₂ and O₃) were made during the period 1981 to 1984 at 6 different locations representative of urban industrial, urban, nonurban, thermal power plant and marine environment. Diurnal variations of the trace gases were studied in an urban environment. Except in the urban industrial environment, the concentration of NH₃ was found in the range of background values. Also, the average concentrations of NO₂ and O₃ at the different environments were in the order of background values. However, the concentrations of SO₂ were substantially higher by about 7 times, in urban industrial and thermal power plant environments. The diurnal variations of SO₂, NH₃ and NO₂ showed anitphase relationship with surface temperature at the urban environment station which is relatively free of industrial pollution. Discussion is centred on trace gas variations in different environments in India together with the values reported for various countries in the world.     

Projected changes in flood indices in selected catchments in Poland in the 21st century

The aim of this study is to estimate likely changes in flood indices under a future climate and to assess the uncertainty in these estimates for selected catchments in Poland. Precipitation and temperature time series from climate simulations from the EURO-CORDEX initiative for the periods 1971–2000, 2021–2050 and 2071–2100 following the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 emission scenarios have been used to produce hydrological simulations based on the HBV hydrological model. As the climate model outputs for Poland are highly biased, post processing in the form of bias correction was first performed so that the climate time series could be applied in hydrological simulations at a catchment-scale. The results indicate that bias correction significantly improves flow simulations and estimated flood indices based on comparisons with simulations from observed climate data for the control period. The estimated changes in the mean annual flood and in flood quantiles under a future climate indicate a large spread in the estimates both within and between the catchments. An ANOVA analysis was used to assess the relative contributions of the 2 emission scenarios, the 7 climate models and the 4 bias correction methods to the total spread in the projected changes in extreme river flow indices for each catchment. The analysis indicates that the differences between climate models generally make the largest contribution to the spread in the ensemble of the three factors considered. The results for bias corrected data show small differences between the four bias correction methods considered, and, in contrast with the results for uncorrected simulations, project increases in flood indices for most catchments under a future climate.     

Copper in natural waters in Transbaikalia

Cu concentrations in surface (river and lake) and subsurface waters are determined. The geographic pattern of Cu distribution in natural water is identified. This pattern is controlled by the difference between its concentrations in drained rocks and soils and the geochemical redox conditions of its migration. Territories with low, medium, and elevated Cu concentrations in natural waters are identified. The concentrations of Cu in natural waters of the region are found to be generally lower than the Clarke values.     

Changes in thermal extremes in Poland

Changes in thermal extremes of the climate of Poland in 1951–2010 are examined. Warm extremes have become more frequent, while cold extremes have become less frequent. In the warming climate of Poland, the increase in the number of extremely warm days in a year and the decrease in the number of extremely cold days in a year have been observed. Also the increase of the maximum number of consecutive hot days in a year and the decrease of the maximum number of consecutive very cold and extremely cold days in a year have been observed. However, the trends are not of ubiquitous statistic significance, as the natural variability is strong.     

Hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period

Abstract

The basin area of the Ganges River in Bangladesh is extremely dependent on a regular water supply from upstream to meet requirements for agriculture, fisheries, navigation, salinity control, and domestic and industrial sectors. In 1975, India commissioned a barrage on the Ganges River at Farakka to divert a significant portion of the dry season flow in order to make the Calcutta Port navigable. Statistical analyses of discharge and water level data have been carried out to determine if significant changes have occurred in the hydrology of the Ganges system in Bangladesh in the post-Farakka period. Siltation of the Gorai River (an offtake of the Ganges River) has also been examined using the stage-discharge relationship and regression analysis. The analyses show that the diversion has caused considerable hydrological changes in the Ganges system in Bangladesh. The water supply in the dry season has been reduced substantially, while siltation of the Gorai River has increased significantly.