From Land Cover to Land Use: A Methodology for Efficient Land Use Mapping over Large Areas

Land use information over large areas is increasingly important for many studies related to environment in general and global change in particular. Yet there is a dearth of methodological knowledge in this area, especially regarding the practical task of producing land use maps. In this article, a systematic land use mapping approach is developed, based on land cover maps that in turn are produced through remote sensing. The concept is based on the recognition of varying strengths of land cover (LC) – land use (LU) relationships, from the thematic and spatial points of view. Several categories of relationships are identified, ranging from direct (case 1) to multiple/complex (case 4), and appropriate mapping strategies are discussed for these cases. Using a mapping study in Lebanon, it is shown that the principles embodied in this approach correspond to issues and conditions in real mapping situations. Finally, the concepts are translated into a series of steps through which the method can be applied to large areas, taking into consideration the specific requirements and constraints of each case. The final land use map represents an acceptable compromise between accuracy, level of detail, and cost.     

多智能体区域土地利用优化配置模型及其应用

土地利用优化配置对促进区域可持续土地利用具有重要意义,然而现有的土地利用优化配置模型引导可持续土地利用的能力有待提高。本文从整体考量区域土地利用优化配置数量、空间、时间三维特征的角度,定义了区域土地利用优化配置多智能体系统及其决策行为规则,构建了基于多智能体系统的区域土地利用优化配置RLUOA (Regional Land Use OptimizationAllocation) 模型,并以中部地区典型城市--长沙市为例开展了实证应用研究。研究结果表明：该模型能够将规划时间段内多目标约束的区域土地利用规模的数量结构合理配置到不同的空间单元,实现土地利用数量结构、空间布局、效益的协同优化,构建整体上经济可行、社会可接受、生态环境友好的土地利用格局,并明显提高区域整体土地利用经济、生态和社会效益,从而能够为促进区域土地资源可持续利用和制定土地利用总体规划提供参考借鉴。     

区域土地利用转型与土地整理

目前,我国城市土地利用结构远未达到优化的水平,农业土地利用的规模不经济等土地利用问题都可通过土地整理加以解决,我国未来土地管理的任务会更多的在"土地整理"方面。我国土地整理的根本任务是形成合理、高效、集约的土地利用结构,增加有效耕地面积,提高土地利用效率,适应社会经济发展对土地的需求。我国地域辽阔,社会经济发展程度存在明显的区域差异,正是因为社会经济发展程度的这种区域差异,它将导致在同一时段内含有不同的土地利用转型阶段。大多数区域的土地利用形态都要经历一些发展阶段,即经过一段时期的持续变化后,直至与其它类型之间达到一个新的平衡。因此,有关部门在制定有关土地整理的目标、模式及政策的过程中,也要充分考虑待整理区所处的土地利用转型阶段,因为在通常情况下这些阶段是区域发展进程中必须要经历的。然而,通过实施土地整理,调整用地结构,可加快社会经济的发展,促使区域土地利用转型阶段的转变,同时它也会向土地整理提出新的更高层次的要求,以实现土地资源的可持续利用。     

Land tenure and forest cover change. The case of southwestern Beni,Bolivian Amazon, 1986–2009

As land use change continues to increase throughout the Amazon basin, there is a pressing need to accurately map, quantify and assess the effects of different factors on forest cover change (FCC). Land tenure may sometimes have important effects on forest cover, yet such effects remain poorly understood in Amazonia, particularly outside Brazil. In this paper we assess whether significant differences in trends of FCC can be partially explained by different land tenure arrangements, using a case study in southwestern Beni (Bolivian Amazon). We examine spatio-temporal dynamics of FCC across four land tenure systems (indigenous titled territory, protected area, logging concession, and private land) by classifying forests using a time-series of Landsat satellite imagery consisting of four dates (1986, 1996, 2001, 2009). Specifically, we unravel (1) trends in early growth and old-growth forest extent, including changes in total cover area, annual change rates, and spatial change dynamics, and (2) trends in old-growth forest fragmentation. To better understand the association between land tenure and FCC, we qualitatively assess the potential role that other underlying and proximate drivers may have had in FCC over the study period. We found that private lands underwent, by far, the largest FCC, that indigenous territories and the protected area had little FCC, and that logging concessions were responsible for the lowest FCC. Our findings suggest that land tenure played a key role in FCC except in private areas, where many other drivers had operated. Our study sheds light into the potential role of land tenure in FCC and has important implications for public policies aimed at socioeconomic development and environmental conservation in the Amazon. We give some policy recommendations drawn from a biocultural conservation perspective that could contribute to implement more inclusive conservation policies in the region.     

基于区域制定土地可持续利用指标体系的分区方案

制定土地资源可持续性指标体系是“21世纪议程”中对各国提出的科学技术优先研究领域，为此国土资源都启动了中国土地资源可持续利用指标体系和评价方法研究。本文主要探讨制定区域性土地可持续利用指标体系的土地利用分区问题，服务于建立区域性指标体系，反映出不同区域土地可持续利用程度的不同评价标准和指标体系中指标类别的差异。根据分区基本依据，包括以自然特征和利用状况的相对一致性。注重使所划分的区域之间在重要指标或相同指标的阈值方面具有显著差异性，并行政区域的完整性，在全面分析不同区域的土地利用特征、生态环境条件、经济社会状况以及利用管理措施等基础上，进行全国土地利用分区。最终全国共划分出10个土地利用区域，作为制定区域性土地可持续利用指标体系的分区范围。     

轨道交通沿线土地溢价归公的政策与实践——以东莞市为例

轨道交通周边土地开发和溢价归公有助于缓解城市财政压力,推动公交都市建设。结合国外实施溢价归公的政策和实践模式,以东莞市为例,在资料收集、政策分析、文本和案例解读的基础上,探讨了中国城市政府在规划和建设轨道交通中,以土地溢价归公反哺轨道交通融资的政策安排和实施效果。结果表明:1)溢价归公的本质是以特定方式实现正外部效应的内部化,由于土地制度和税收体系的差异,欧美地区溢价归公主要依赖多样化的土地税收体系,而中国城市的实践主要借鉴了“轨道+物业”的联合开发模式;2)东莞市溢价归公策略的形成是综合开发规划编制和审批、沿线土地控制和储备、土地发展权转移、土地增值分配等核心环节有效协调的结果;3)东莞轨道交通沿线土地开发能形成可观的财政收益,潜在土地收益占轨道资金总需求的比例超过20%,但在实施过程中仍面临较大困难。东莞市案例能为其他城市轨道交通融资、土地开发和溢价归公的政策体系编制和有效实施提供一定的参考。     

典型区域土地沙漠化综合管理系统动力学模型分析

土地沙漠化过程是一个由自然和社会因素共同驱动的复杂过程,因此,沙漠化防治策略的制订必须综合考虑沙漠化区域的自然条件和经济社会发展状况。以科尔沁沙地为典型研究区,利用系统动力学的原理和方法,初步构建了这一地区土地沙漠化综合管理的系统动力学模型,探讨了该模型的主要子系统以及各子系统之间的相互作用关系,分析和绘制了人口、种植业、畜牧业、水资源和土地沙漠化5个子系统的系统动力学流图,阐明了各子系统内部不同变量之间的反馈关系,为进一步通过计算机模拟方法确定该区域土地沙漠化综合管理的优化策略和模式奠定了基础。     

LUCC研究的最新进展评述

土地利用/土地覆被变化(LUCC)是全球环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一,进入新世纪以来,LUCC研究一直是地理学研究的前沿与热点。本文综述了2002年8月在南非德班国际地理学联合会(IGU)"2002年区域地理大会"上有关LUCC的主要研究成果,认为国际上LUCC研究在应用RS、GIS技术开展土地利用/土地覆被变化监测、评价与制图;农村与农业土地利用/土地覆被变化分析;城市土地利用/土地覆被变化分析;土地利用/土地覆被变化动力学;土地利用/土地覆被变化与生态环境等五个方面取得最新进展,反映出LUCC研究范围在进一步拓展,研究内容在进一步深化。     

Land change in the central Albertine rift: Insights from analysis and mapping of land use-land cover change in north-western Rwanda

Land change was assessed in the Albertine rift region (ARR) using its central section of north-western Rwanda as case study. This region is one of Africa's most ecologically sensitive environments under severe pressure from human activities. The study maps and quantifies the spatial extent of land use-land cover (LULC) changes between 1987 and 2016 from Landsat images. Transitions between five major land classes were identified in order to understand the trajectory of observed changes. In terms of gains, the forest class, the urban built-up and bare land class increased by 9% and 4% respectively over the study period. The gains of forest were mainly derived from the afforestation of some agricultural lands in the southern part, whereas the gains of built-up and bare lands were mostly from cultivated land which was a net losing class. Forest increase is in line with government's policy to increase the national forest cover to 30% by 2020. Forest losses occurred mostly outside protected areas due to land conversion for settlement and agricultural purposes. Much needed information about changes in LULC over the last three decades is provided. This study demonstrates in a timely manner how to analyse and monitor LULC change and the drivers in an environment where field based research is a challenge due to the mountainous terrain. The ecological richness of the region, which coincides with heightened human population pressure, necessitates the monitoring of land change as input for improving land use planning with focus on conserving biodiversity.     

The Fundamental Challenge in Measuring Sprawl: Which Land Should Be Considered?*

Lack of agreement on how to define and measure sprawl has hampered development of policy related to its causes and consequences. We question previous work for two reasons: the use of study areas that overbound or underbound sprawl landscapes, and the failure to account for land unavailable for development. We formulate “extended urban areas,” based on housing density and commuting patterns and argue that they represent a preferable geographic basis for measuring sprawl. We operationalize with satellite imagery a way for measuring land unavailable for development in these areas. We then compute five measures of urban development using the National Land Cover Data Base and decennial census data to assess the extent of sprawl in the extended urban areas of Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Los Angeles, and Washington. Our sensitivity analyses reveal that the measurement of sprawl critically depends on which land area forms the basis of the analysis, and, to a lesser degree, how one accounts for land unavailable for development.     

科尔沁沙地沙漠化正逆过程的地面判别方法

在实地调查和多年定位研究的基础上, 根据目前沙漠化过程研究的需要,介绍了沙地、沙丘、沙漠化土地等相关概念及其主要区别,阐述了沙地、沙丘、沙漠化土地类型的划分标准以及类型互换使用中应该注意的问题;通过分析影响沙漠化发展方向和过程的关键因素,建立了沙漠化正\,逆发展过程的地面判别指标体系,并讨论了不同类型沙丘的主要来源、发展方向及转换过程的判别方法。所建立的沙漠化正\,逆过程的地面判别方法,具有较强的实用性、可操作性和准确性, 可用于科尔沁沙地以及类似环境条件同类型沙地的野外调查和定位研究。     

江浙沪地区土地利用变化模拟和景观格局分析

土地利用／覆被变化对于生态系统多样性和区域生态经济系统可持续性具有深远的影响。本文基于地理信息技术,以江浙沪地区土地利用遥感解译数据为基础,采用景观格局分析法分析了江浙沪地区的景观格局特征;运用CA—Markov模型对江浙沪地区土地利用时空变化进行了模拟。1980-2005年期间,江浙沪地区景观格局变化特征是建设用地增加迅速,耕地集聚减少,建设用地增加主要来自耕地转移,其贡献率达到93．11％。各类斑块类型的破碎度提高;林地和建设用地斑块平均分维数增加,斑块形状趋于复杂,斑块空间分布趋于集中。总体景观破碎度不断提高,景观多样性和景观异质性增加,景观均匀度有所提升：2005年CA—Markov模型模拟结果和遥感解译数据具有高度一致性,Kappa指数达到91％,2010年和2015年模拟结果显示,耕地减少和建设用地增加趋势显著,耕地和林地的减少呈加速状态,建设用地增加的速度降低。未来发展需提高土地利用效率和注重生态格局安全,在提高城市化水平的同时又能兼顾生态保护,以提高区域可持续发展能力。     

Crops,trees, and birds: Biodiversity change under agricultural intensification in Uganda's farmed landscapes

Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 106(2): 115–130, 2006

This paper examines the relationship between the intensity of agricultural land use and the abundance and richness of trees and birds in a humid tropical developing region where natural vegetation is being rapidly converted into farmland under market and population pressures. We analysed survey data on land use, birds and woody plants collected in 14 study sites situated within smallholder cropland and commercial plantations in southern Uganda. Commercial plantations had very few trees and only 10% of the original bird species. Land use intensification in smallholder systems also showed losses in bird abundance and species richness, but not nearly as much as in plantations. In both systems the impact of intensification was much bigger on the specialised and threatened birds compared to the less specialised species. This argues strongly for ‘species-sensitive’ conservation policies combining protected areas with land use regulation in areas undergoing intensification. We also found a much higher loss in bird biodiversity during the first phases of land use intensification (when larger tracts of forest are cleared) than in later phases characterised by clearing of smaller patches of vegetation and improved management of farm trees. This suggests high pay-offs to geographical targeting of conservation efforts in farmed landscapes.     

A spatial genetic algorithm for automating land partitioning

Land fragmentation is a widespread situation which may often hinder agricultural development. Land consolidation is considered to be the most effective land management planning approach for controlling land fragmentation and hence improving agricultural efficiency. Land partitioning is a basic process of land consolidation that involves the subdivision of land into smaller sub-spaces subject to a number of constraints. This paper explains the development of a module called LandParcelS (Land Parcelling System) that is a part of an integrated planning and decision support system called LACONISS (LAndCONsolidation Integrated Support System) which has been developed to assist land consolidation planning in Cyprus. LandParcelS automates the land partitioning process by designing and optimising land parcels in terms of their shape, size and value. The methodology integrates geographical information systems and a genetic algorithm that has been applied to two land blocks that are part of a larger case study area in Cyprus. Partitioning is treated as either a single or multi-objective problem for various optimisation cases. The results suggest that a step forward has been made in solving this complex spatial problem, although further research is needed to improve the algorithm. This approach may have relevance to other spatial planning tasks that involve single or multi-objective optimisation problems, especially those dealing with space partitioning.     

科尔沁沙地荒漠化土地初析

应用1996年TM卫星影像资料得出,科尔沁沙地中心地区荒漠化土地占总土地面积的34.02%,以风蚀荒漠化土地为主。各种荒漠化土地在14个旗(县)的分布不同,按严重程度划分为重度荒漠化地区、中度荒漠化地区和轻度荒漠化地区。对历史时期和近期的分析表明,科尔沁沙地荒漠化土地产生和扩展的根本原因是过度开垦。     

Public‐private discord in the land acquisition law: Insights from Rajarhat in India

The Indian state is empowered to acquire land on behalf of private companies by virtue of ‘eminent domain’ outlined in the Land Acquisition Act 1894. Several amendments to the 1894 Land Acquisition Act have broadened the purview of the ‘public purpose’ clause and have facilitated more state intervention in land acquisition on behalf of private capital. Rather than questioning the legitimacy of the prevailing practice of state intervention to resolve the glitches of access to land by private corporations, the New Act of 2013 has expanded the ambit of ‘public purpose’ to include public‐private‐partnership projects. This paper seeks to look into the political economy of why the neoliberal state must continue to acquire land on behalf of the capitalists in the liberalized economy. This paper also attempts to bring out the implications of divergent livelihood outcome under state acquisition and direct corporate land purchase for the land acquisition framework in India through the case study of Rajarhat New Town in West Bengal.     

河西地区土地利用/覆盖变化驱动力研究

河西地区的土地利用／覆盖格局2000多年来发生了很大的变化。参考大量的数据与资料分析了河西地区土地利用覆盖变化的驱动力,结果表明,自然机制与人为机制同时改变着该地区的土地利用／覆盖状况,自然机制的驱动是缓慢的,长期的,而人为机制的驱动,尤其到了近现代,则是剧烈的,集中的,人口变化是驱动土地利用／覆盖变化的非常活跃的因素。     

利用BP算法进行新疆MODIS数据土地利用分类研究

土地利用信息获取已经成为遥感技术的重要应用领域之一。本研究以MODIS数据产品为信息源,用神经网络分类中的反向传播网络(BP)算法对新疆进行了土地利用分类研究。以新疆石河子为实验区,比较了BP算法与最大似然法的分类精度,前者的精度提高近10％。用BP算法对新疆全省进行了土地利用分类,统计分类结果各类别的面积和百分比,所得数据与相关部门公布数据非常接近。研究结果表明,250mMODIS数据对新疆地区的土地利用的类别信息获取比较实用：BP算法对中分辨率的MODIS数据能取得较高的分类精度。     

中国山区农村土地利用转型解析

山区土地开发及其导致的资源环境问题是农业社会人地关系紧张的体现,工业化、城镇化进程中劳动力转移减轻了山区农村土地的人为扰动,由此驱动土地利用发生转型,引发一系列自然和社会经济效应。按照“土地利用转型—驱动力—效应—响应”的分析框架,剖析中国山区农村土地利用转型的特征和规律,提出山区农村土地整治的响应措施。研究表明：① 山区农村土地利用转型体现出土地利用形态在长期变化过程中的趋势性转折,显性形态转型即由农业社会的耕地扩张和林地收缩演变为城镇化进程中的耕地收缩和林地恢复性增长,隐性形态转型即伴随上述过程发生的土地边际化及生态功能恢复;② 社会经济因素主导山区农村土地利用转型过程,劳动力转移引发土地人为扰动减轻是直接驱动力,务农机会成本上升、恶劣的生存环境等引发劳动力转移的因素是更为根本的驱动力;③ 山区农村土地利用转型降低了土地生态系统脆弱性并提高了其生态安全屏障功能,其社会经济效应应聚焦山区农村发展与农户生计安全层面,并亟需实证研究的支撑;④ 当前山区农村土地利用转型是自然恢复和生态优化的良性过程,有着经济社会发展的必然规律,山区农村土地整治要顺应其土地利用转型规律,目标导向从耕地数量增加转向生态环境保护与社会经济福祉协同提升。     

The Swedish Land Data Bank

Abstract

The Swedish Land Data Bank System has been developed in order to rationalize handling of data on real properties and land. The system replaces earlier manual systems for property and land registration. It interacts regularly with other EDP-based information systems and serves as a land information system (LIS) in a broad sense. The system is being steadily extended to cover all parts of the country. The costs for design, implementation and maintenance of the system are covered by reductions of costs for property and land registration.