Desert varnish and petroglyphs on sandstone – Geochemical composition and climate changes from Pleistocene to Holocene (Libya)

Desert varnish of pristine sandstone and petroglyph surfaces from Takabart Kabort (Naturalistic Bubaline Art School) and Alamas (Tanzina Art School) can be well classified by their (SiO₂+Al₂O₃):MnO₂, Al₂O₃:SiO₂, and P₂O₅:CaO ratios. Specific ratios are due to the occurrence of clay minerals like illite, kaolinite, smectite, and feldspar, quartz, carbonates like calcite and dolomite, manganese oxyhydroxides, and apatite. Their occurrence corresponds to the local origin and composition of the primary aeolian material.

In general, the analyzed desert varnish shows lamination patterns characterized by alternating MnO₂-rich and -poor layers (25 wt% MnO₂) at rather constant iron oxyhydroxide content (6 wt% Fe₂O₃). Varnish on non-engraved surfaces exhibits three MnO₂-rich layers, whereas varnish-coated petroglyphs reveal minor lamination patterns corresponding to the dating of petroglyphs by rock art. The older Naturalistic Bubaline Art School petroglyphs (about 6–4 ka BP) and the younger Tazina Art School petroglyphs (about 3.8–3 ka BP) contain only two and one MnO₂-rich layer, respectively. It is assumed that the occurrence of such microlaminations is caused by climate changes in North Africa. Three humid periods are discerned from the Terminal Pleistocene to Holocene in the literature. Such periods are suitable to induce manganese accumulation by biotic and abiotic processes. Accordingly, the distinct lamination patterns gained from this study verify the dating of petroglyphs by rock art. From another point of view, classification of the above petroglyphs may be provided by analyses of microlaminations independently on cultural historical aspects.     

江汉平原东北部地区高铁锰地下水成因与分布规律

肖港地区位于江汉平原东北部,属于大别山连片贫困区和贫水区,地下水资源较贫乏,且地下水水质不佳,水中铁锰离子含量普遍超过了国家饮用水标准。为查明高铁锰地下水成因及空间分布规律,服务区内地下水开发利用及安全供水问题,系统采集区内岩石、土壤和地下水样品,测试岩土与地下水中铁锰的含量,分析地下水中铁锰含量与含水层沉积物的铁锰含量、地下水的氧化还原条件和酸碱度之间的关系。结果表明:江汉平原东北部地区地下水中铁锰超标现象普遍存在,其中锰的超标率大于铁,第四系孔隙潜水超标最严重,铁锰最大浓度分别达到44.88 mg/L和19.21 mg/L。研究区岩土中铁锰氧化物为地下水中铁锰提供了物质来源,弱酸性、强还原环境为沉积物中铁锰的溶解释放提供了有利条件,总体上从研究区东西两侧（补给、径流区）向中部第四系孔隙潜水含水层（排泄区）,沿地下水流向Eh值、pH值逐渐减小,铁锰含量逐渐增大,形成北北东向带状分布的高铁锰地下水区。     

Direct dating indicates a Mid‐Holocene Age for archaic rock engravings in arid Central Australia

Archaic rock engravings are found widely across the arid interior of Australia and are thought to represent an early pan‐continental tradition. A late Pleistocene age is assumed because of extensive weathering, but attempts to test this by direct dating have been unsuccessful. We use AMS ¹⁴C dating of calcium oxalate skins covering archaic engravings at two rock shelter sites in Central Australia (Wanga East and Puritjarra), constrained by ¹⁴C dates of charcoal in sedimentary layers beneath the same engraved slabs, to show this rock art is mid‐Holocene in age. Despite a limited range of simple geometric designs and uniformity across the arid interior, this corpus of rock art is not associated with the initial peopling of the Australian desert, but is a later development reflecting the dynamics of established desert societies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

桃江锰矿锰帽形成的地球化学过程

桃江锰矿区发育有较完整的表生氧化剖面,根据不同深度矿石的结构构造,矿物组合及化学成分特征,将表生氧化剖面分成三个带：氧化矿石带,地渡矿石带和原生矿石带。桃江锰矿原生矿石矿物主要为含锰碳酸盐,表生富集作用包括两上地球化学过程;可溶杂质的溶解淋失作用和锰质的氧化残留作用。在过渡矿石带中,可溶性杂质发生大规模溶解迁移,锰质发生相对富集;氧化矿石带中,碳酸锰氧化成难溶的高价锰的氧化物,使锰质残留下来,形成     

东南亚中南半岛地区黑色金属矿床谱系

东南亚中南半岛地区位于特提斯-喜马拉雅成矿带与环太平洋成矿带的交汇部位,具有丰富的富铁、优质锰、铬铁矿、钛铁矿等黑色金属资源。在系统收集和整理该区矿产地数据的基础上,建立了中南半岛5国（越南、老挝、柬埔寨、缅甸和泰国）的矿产地数据库,初步厘定了黑色金属矿床谱系,并对其找矿潜力进行了简要分析。     

Development of the chemical characteristics of ground water at the delta of the Selenga River

This paper addresses some specific features of the formation of atmospheric precipitation and soil and ground waters in the Ust’-Selenga depression on the eastern coast of Lake Baikal, where the delta of the Selenga River supplying about 50% of water into the lake has been formed. It was shown that a reducing environment was formed within this region under near-surface conditions in the zone of active water exchange, where waters with high concentrations of organic matter, ammonium, iron, manganese, nitrate, zinc, and cadmium were observed. The high contents of these components in the ground waters of the depression are related to the occurrence of both natural and anthropogenic processes. It was found that the natural hydrogeologic systems of the Ust’-Selenga depression are affected by a negative impact related to the transboundary atmospheric transport of industrial wastes discharged tens to hundreds of kilometers from its boundaries.     

云南省镇康县小河边铁矿地质特征及成因分析

镇康县小河边铁矿位于镇康县以东,保山—镇康地块南端,受区域性的北东向南汀河断裂带和镇康复背斜控制,属三江成矿带中南段之保山—镇康铅锌铜铁金成矿带芦子园亚带。小河边铁矿含矿地层为寒武系沙河厂组二、三段,矿体产于矽卡岩带中,基本沿北东向断裂展布。矿体走向北东,倾向北西,倾角46°~83°,呈脉状、似层状产出,赋矿岩石为阳起石矽卡岩,局部为辉绿岩。通过对矿床的研究,认为该矿床的成因为矽卡岩型铁矿床,在矽卡岩带及磁异常带是良好的找矿标志。     

湖南桃江奥陶系磨刀溪组锰质岩的内碎屑结构和重力流沉积

湖南桃江一带的奥陶纪锰质碳酸盐岩,具有清晰的内碎屑结构和一些粒度递变沉积构造。锰质岩或锰矿层呈薄层或条带夹在含有笔石的黑色泥页岩中,表现出它们在成因或沉积环境方面的极不协调。以砂屑和藻屑为主组成的白色、灰白色锰质碳酸盐岩是清洁、浅水、碱性环境中的产物;以细粉砂级颗粒为主并含有硅质、碳质的泥页岩则是污浊、深水、酸性环境中的沉积。这种不协调的沉积组合是由于浅水锰质碳酸盐沉积物以重力流方式进入深水盆地与黑色泥质沉积物混合、交互沉积结果。     

浅论地质灾害危险性对城市扩展规划的影响--以济南市东部产业带地质灾害危险性评估为例

地质环境背景是城市规划的基础条件之一。而人类工程活动产生的各类地质灾害对城市的扩张规划具有重要影响。以往并未引起足够的重视。本文以济南东部产业带规划为例，分析了济南市东部地区地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造复杂程度、水文地质条件与岩土体工程地质性质等地质环境背景特征及其对产业带的规划建设的适宜性；同时，论述了区内铁矿开采、道路建设、房地产开发等人类工程活动诱发的诸如采空塌陷、地裂缝、崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害，对产业带的规划建设造成的危害与影响，并提出了防治对策与建议。     

Lead isotopes and ages of Galenas from the Pilbara region,Western Australia

One of six galena samples from the Pilbara of Western Australia, located in a ‘greenstone’ sequence, appears from its lead‐isotope ratios to be of great age. ‘Linear Model III’ ages of Cumming & Richards (1975) agree with available geological evidence for this, and for one other younger sample located in the Shaw Batholith. Two of the other samples, also from Archaean granitic host rock, appear to be significantly younger than the host; the other two, from within the Lower Proterozoic Fortescue Group, suggest that its age is not yet well known. Previously‐published age information has been adapted to the newly‐accepted values for the decay constants throughout this discussion.     

Criteria for the recognition of acid-precipitated halite

Modern acid and neutral saline lakes in Western Australia are an excellent natural laboratory for testing how pH affects halite, and for developing criteria for distinguishing past acid saline waters from past neutral saline waters in the rock record. This study characterizes and compares physical, chemical and biological features in halite precipitated from acid (pH 1·7 to 4·2) and neutral (pH 6·8 to 7·3) saline lakes in southern Western Australia. Supplemental data include synthetic halite grown from acid and neutral saline solutions, as well as halite deposited in Permian acid lakes. Although physical processes of halite growth are not affected by pH, there are differences in the colour, accessory minerals, fluid inclusions and microfossils between acid and neutral halites. Acid lake halite commonly is yellow or orange in colour; neutral lake halites examined in this study are always snow white. Acid halites tend to contain abundant sulphate and iron oxide minerals, both as solid inclusions and as solids within fluid inclusions; neutral halites contain little, if any, sulphates and no iron oxides. Acid fluid inclusion freezing/melting behaviours include characteristics that differ from neutral fluid inclusion behaviours, such as lower eutectic temperatures, higher and wider temperature range of hydrohalite rims with a definable fuzzy border and more complex metastable phases. Acid halite contains 'hairy blobs', clusters of bacterial/archaeal/fungal remains and sulphate crystals, which are not found in halite from neutral lakes. This distinct assemblage of features characteristic of modern acid lake halites may serve as informal criteria for the recognition of past acid lake evaporites in the rock record.     

Characterization of Banded Iron Formations by Two-Dimensional XRF Imaging and XANES Analyses

Abstract: Synchrotron radiation-induced X–ray fluorescence (SR–XRF) and conventional X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyses were applied to determine the distributions of iron, manganese, calcium, titanium, and silicon, and chemical forms of iron and trace manganese in three banded iron formation (BIF) samples. The XRF imagings on the weathered and altered BIF from the Cleaverville Formation (3. 3–3. 1 Gyr), Western Australia, showed redistributions of iron, calcium, and manganese with the disappearance of the primary bandings, while, in contrast, titanium preserved its primary depositional distribution. The XRF imagings on the BIF from the Hamersley Group (2. 5 Gyr), Western Australia, showed that manganese and titanium distribute originally at boundary region between the iron-rich mesoband and the silica-rich mesoband. The X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) analysis revealed that the chemical forms of manganese and iron well represent the rhythmic change of the bandings.     

华中地区几种土壤铁锰胶膜及其基质中某些元素的地球化学特点

通过对华北地区几种土壤和胶膜中某些性质及元素的相关分析和因子分析。比较了铁锰胶膜和基质土壤的性质及元素含量之间的关系。研究表明，（1）铁锰胶膜的pH值，粘粒含量，K2O,Na2O,MnO2，非晶质铁，铁的活化度，微量元素等的含量均比基质土壤的高，且差异显著；（2）铁锰胶膜富集重金属元素，Co,Ni,Cu和Zn等元素主要富集于胶膜的氧化锰矿物中，而Pb主要富集在氧化铁矿物中；（3）Mg在铁锰胶膜的形成过程中进一步淋溶，以致含量减少。     

广西下雷晚泥盆世锰矿床沉积学研究

本文着重研究和探讨下雷层状锰矿床喷气热液沉积的特征和成因。热液沉积锰矿层产于浅海深水台沟沉积相中,分布面积小,但规模大,矿层由一系列热液硅酸盐矿物、碳酸锰矿物、氧化矿物及硫化物等组成,碳同位素组成表明碳酸锰矿物中的碳来自岩浆,热液矿物形成层状、豆鲕状同生沉积构造,在剖面上呈韵律层,在平面上以热液沉积为中心,往外逐渐变为分布较广的冷水沉积碳酸锰矿,滑坡重力流使锰矿再沉积富集。     

Heavy metal retention in secondary precipitates from a mine rock dump and underlying soil, Dalarna, Sweden

This study investigates the retention of heavy metals in secondary precipitates from a sulfidic mine rock dump and underlying podzolic soils by means of mineralogical and chemical extraction methods. The rock dump, which is at least 50 years old, consists of a 5–10-cm-thick leached zone and an underlying 110–115-cm-thick accumulation zone. Optical microscopy and electron microprobe analyses confirm that pyrrhotite weathering has proceeded much further in the leached horizon relative to the accumulation horizon. The weathering of sulfides in the leached zone has resulted in the migration of most heavy metals to the accumulation zone or underlying soils, where they are retained in more stable phases such as secondary ferric minerals, including goethite and jarosite. Some metals are temporarily retained in hydrated ferrous sulfates (e.g., melanterite, rozenite). Received: 28 October 1996 · Accepted: 24 February 1997     

柱子淋洗模拟研究磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化效果

自然室温条件下用柱子淋洗模拟研究了接氧化亚铁硫杆菌（Ｔｈｉｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｆｅｒｒｏｏｘｉｄａｎｓ,简称Ｔ．Ｆ菌）时磷酸铁膜抑制黄铁矿氧化的效果。试验结果首次指出：用ＫＨ２ＰＯ４与Ｈ２Ｏ２淋洗黄铁矿,在其表面形成的磷酸铁膜不能抑制黄铁矿的生物氧化,反而在一定程度上加速其氧化进程。经包膜后的黄铁矿矿石柱子间歇循环淋洗一年后的收集液中ＳＯ４＾２－累积量高达３３７５６．１ｍｇ;为对照组的１．６倍,是     

广西金子岭地区锡铁矿床地质特征及找矿前景分析

金子岭锡铁矿位于花山岩体北东的金子岭小岩体接触带,紧邻NW向与NE向构造断裂带。矿体赋存于中泥盆统郁江组泥岩、砂岩与岩体接触带中。在该地区南部及北部矿床类型为沉积改造型锡铁矿床,中部有含锡酸性岩脉及含锡矽卡岩脉出露,并达工业矿体。矿化带长约6Km,锡矿点3处,砂锡矿点1处,铁矿床（点）2处,化探次生晕Sn异常区2处。取样分析显示,粗粒花岗岩及后期细粒花岗岩含Sn、W极高,为成矿提供了丰富的物质来源。同时,花岗岩与围岩的挤压碎裂带及细粒花岗岩脉是主要找矿标志。因此该区成矿背景好、成矿条件有利,具有找矿潜力。     

河南嵩县庙岭金矿地质特征与钾长石40Ar/39Ar定年

河南嵩县庙岭金矿位于华北陆块南缘熊耳山—外方山地区。矿床赋存于中元古界熊耳群火山岩中近南北向断裂带内,矿体呈似层状、透镜状产出,矿石具浸染状、细网脉状构造和微细粒它形粒状晶粒结构、交代结构,围岩热液蚀变有硅化、钾长石化、绢云母化、黄铁矿化等,矿化具有多阶段的特点,属破碎带蚀变岩型金矿。成矿热液蚀变矿物钾长石Ar-Ar法测年的结果：坪年龄为121.6Ma±1.2Ma,等时线年龄为117.0Ma±1.6Ma,表明矿床形成于早白垩世,与熊耳山地区祁雨沟、瑶沟等金矿床形成于同一时期,属与早白垩世构造-岩浆-流体活动有关的产物。     

新疆东戈壁钼矿床斑岩体特征及成因分析

新疆东戈壁钼矿位于北觉罗塔格晚古生代岛弧增生带内,是新疆探明的第一个特大斑岩型钼矿床.东戈壁斑岩型钼矿床斑岩体为隐伏斑状花岗岩体,属S型花岗岩,在斑状花岗岩体中可见辉钼矿化、黄铁矿化、黄铜矿化等金属矿物矿化,岩体侵位深度相对较深.觉罗塔格晚古生代岛弧增生带具良好成矿条件,区域上找矿潜力巨大.因此,研究东戈壁钼矿床斑岩体特征和成因,对该成矿带内寻找同类型钼矿床具一定指导意义     

Geochemistry and genetic model of the ore-bearing sediments of the Parnok ferromanganese deposit, Polar Urals

The Parnok ferromanganese deposit is confined to the black shales of the western slope of the Polar Urals. The deposit area is made up of weakly metamorphosed terrigenous-carbonate rocks formed in a marine basin at a passive continental margin. Ore-bearing sequence is composed of coaliferous clayey-siliceous-calcareous shales comprising beds and lenses of pelitomorphic limestones, and iron and manganese ores. The iron ores practically completely consist of micrograined massive magnetite. The manganese ores are represented by lenticular-bedded rocks consisting of hausmannite, rhodochrosite, and diverse manganese silicates. With respect to relations between indicator elements (Fe, Mn, Al, Ti), the shales are ascribed to pelagic sediments with normal concentrations of Fe and Mn, the limestones correspond to metalliferous sediments, ferruginous sediments are ore-bearing sediments, while manganese rocks occupy an intermediate position. It was found that the concentrations of trace elements typical of submarine hydrothermal solutions (As, Ge, Ni, Pb, Sb, Zn, etc.) in both the ore types are in excess of those in lithogenic component. At the same time, the indicator elements of terrigenous material (Al, Ti, Hf, Nb, Th, Zr, and others) in the ores are several times lower than those in the host shales (background sediments). REE distribution patterns in iron ores show the positive Eu anomaly, while those in manganese ores, the positive Ce anomaly. In general, the chemical composition of the ores indicates their formation in the hydrothermal discharge zone. The peculiar feature of the studied object is the manifestation of hydrothermal vents in sedimentary basin without evident signs of volcanic activity. Hydrothermal solutions were formed in terrigenous-carbonate sequence mainly at the expense of buried sedimentation waters. The hydrothermal system was likely activated by rejuvenation of tectonic and magmatic processes at the basement of sedimentary sequences. Solutions leached iron, manganese, and other elements from sedimentary rocks and transported them to the seafloor. Their discharge occurred in relatively closed marine basin under intermittent anaerobic conditions. Eh-pH variations led to the differentiation of Fe and Mn and accumulation of chemically contrasting ore-bearing sediments.