川东南志留系石牛栏组生物礁沉积特征

本文通过露头、钻井及地震剖面等,对川东南志留系石牛栏组沉积相进行了详细解剖.石牛栏组生物礁在地震剖面上呈丘状体,杂乱反射特征明显.石牛栏组两期礁滩旋回在平面上的展布特征为:早期台地边缘礁滩相以沉积生屑滩为主,有少量点礁分布其中;晚期台地边缘礁滩相以沉积大量点礁为主.川东南石牛栏组生物礁的沉积模式为碳酸盐岩缓坡模式,生物礁为发育在碳酸盐岩缓坡上的点礁群.     

大地构造对上扬子区志留纪生物礁分布及发育的控制

根据上扬子板块的基底特征，及板块边缘特征等不同大地构造单元演化特征入手，分别对上扬子板块基底地貌、板块边缘构造及板内不同构造单元控制志留纪古沉积环境及生物礁发育演化进行了论述。在上扬子板块的北缘（南秦岭构造带），为被动大陆边缘，沉积环境适于生物礁发育，类型较多。而板块西缘（金沙江构造带）为主动大陆边缘，在岛弧区发育部分点礁以及生物层；板块内部受古隆起影响的地区（川西北、川东南、黔北），形成缓坡沉积环境，在浅缓坡区生物礁十分发育，类型众多；但是板内深断裂（龙门山，二郎山-攀西裂谷带）边缘生物礁不甚发育，仅见生物层-小型点礁组合。志留纪时，上扬子板块受全球海平面变化的影响明显，至Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后，大部分地区因海平面下降而无沉积。但是在板块边缘凹陷区，因区域构造的影响，全球海平面波动对其影响不大，Ｗｅｎｌｏｃｋ期后继续接受沉积且发育生物礁。     

渝东南地区石牛栏组稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

渝东南地区的下志留统石牛栏组作为重要的油气储集层,研究其古环境变化、物质来源及物源区构造背景具有重要意义。本文采用稀土元素总量w(ΣREE)、REE配分模式、以及w(ΣLREE)/w(ΣHREE)、w(La)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(Ce)_N/w(Yb)_N、w(La)_N/w(Sm)_N、w(Gd)_N/w(Yb)_N、δEu、δCe、Ce_(anom)等特征值研究方法,对渝东南下志留统石牛栏组典型剖面的稀土元素特征及古海洋环境和物源进行深入研究。结果表明:石牛栏组灰岩稀土元素总量略低于大陆地壳平均值,轻稀土较为富集,重稀土亏损,铕明显负异常,铈负异常较微弱。w(ΣREE)证实了石牛栏组的沉积水体由浅缓慢变深再急剧变浅的变化过程。Eu负异常、Ce负异常和C_(eanom)值均揭示石牛栏组沉积时期海水具有弱还原性。REE的分异程度反映了石牛栏组从沉积早期到沉积晚期,沉积速率总体降低。稀土元素的比值特征及w(ΣREE)—w(La)/w(Yb)图解表明其物源源自雪峰山隆起,源岩主要为沉积岩。     

Sedimentary lithofacies characteristics and sweet-spot interval characterization of the Sinian Doushantuo Formation in Upper Yangtze Platform,South China

The Sinian Doushantuo Formation is the oldest shale gas reservoir discovered in the world, which contains good shale gas shows as the Eyangye-1 and Zidi-1 wells in the Yichang Region of western Hubei province, China. The shales in the Doushantuo Formation feature considerable thickness (135 m), high gas content (4.83 m³/t) and high fragile mineral content (up to 75%). Due to the influences of the sedimentary environment, the shale reservoirs here have high dolomitic content (54%) and abruptly changes in vertical lithofacies. Moreover, the characteristics of the shale sweet-spot differ significantly from that in the Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation in southeast Sichuan Basin. A high-resolution sequence stratigraphic correlation was performed on the shales of the Doushantuo Formation at the Eyangye-1 well, Zidi-1 well, Zidi-2 well and some outcrop profiles in Yichang area for the identification of their sedimentary microfacies characteristics. A comprehensive comparative analysis was made by incorporating the elemental geochemistry, wireline and mud logging data of the well to further identify the sweet-spot interval therein. With the analysis of Eyangye-1 well, the sweet-spot interval of the Doushantuo Formation is 3360−3408 m, of which sedimentary microfacies is deepwater reduced environment with many pyrite laminaes, and the TOC is high to 3.42%, the Ro is 3.3%, the organic and matrix pore are well developed and the aperture more than 50 nm, the porosity is 2.7%, the desorption gas content average is 2.16%, and the main mineral is dolomitic (54%) and siliceous quartz (21%). Additionally, these parameters combined with previous studies will shed light on evaluating and characterizing the layers therein, also provide referential geological data for the following exploration and development activities of this shale system.     

川南柏香田地区早志留世石牛栏组风暴沉积的发现及意义

通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,于通过野外实测剖面和镜下薄片观察,在川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,具有侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世处于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料。通过总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,可提供油气勘探新途径。川南柏香田剖面早志留世石牛栏组下部发现一套风暴沉积,发育侵蚀底面、砾屑层、粒序层理、丘-洼状交错层理、沙纹层理以及风暴与平静天气形成的沉积物互层等风暴沉积特征。理想风暴沉积序列由6个沉积单元组成,根据剖面不同沉积单元间的排列组合,将其划分为4种风暴沉积序列,各序列间存在一定继承性,由下向上表现为远源型风暴向近源型风暴的转变、风暴强度逐渐增强的过程。结合更靠扬子东南缘的深水剖面中重力流沉积的缺乏,可以推断早志留世石牛栏期研究区的沉积模式为碳酸盐缓坡。结合风暴的形成机制以及石牛栏组风暴沉积的发育特征可知（尤其是正粒序层理和典型丘状交错层理）：研究区早志留世存于中低纬度的古地理位置,可为上扬子区古气候及古扬子海盆演化提供依据;上扬子区早志留世同期异相地层存有争议,风暴沉积特征为石牛栏组、小河坝组、罗惹坪组等地层提供等时性对比标尺;川南早志留世石牛栏组沉积环境意见不一,风暴沉积为其碳酸盐岩缓坡环境提供证据资料;总结前人对风暴岩物性认识,结合上扬子区同期地层油气地质条件,提供油气勘探新途径。     

扬子板块北缘下志留统龙马溪组重晶石结核特征及其成因机制分析

在扬子板块北缘城口明中剖面及巫溪徐家坝剖面下志留统龙马溪组底部的硅质岩、泥岩中发现椭球状重晶石结核。其矿物组成主要为重晶石颗粒与作为"基质"的黄铁矿、粘土矿物和石英。通过重晶石岩石学、矿物学及锶同位素分析表明,重晶石结核形成于早期成岩阶段松软沉积物的孔隙水中。上升洋流带来丰富的营养及富钡物质,表层海水的高初始生产力促使生物繁盛,海水中的钡通过生物作用富集形成生物钡,生物钡(bio-barite)在埋藏过程中的硫酸盐耗竭区(sulfate depleted zones)通过硫酸盐细菌作用(BSR)溶解被激活提供了钡的来源。围岩岩性(黑色泥岩和硅质泥岩)表明重晶石结核形成于缺氧的环境中。上述研究对深入理解早志留世时期扬子板块北缘古海洋环境有一定的启示作用。     

扬子及周缘地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩发育环境及其控制因素

扬子地区下古生界发育了上奥陶统五峰组和下志留统龙马溪组两套有效烃源岩,查清其发育环境及其控制因素具有重要的科学理论和油气勘探意义.晚奥陶世开始,扬子地区进入碎屑岩陆棚演化阶段;五峰期-龙马溪期,扬子地区主体为局限的深水陆棚环境,总体呈现出浅水陆棚、深水陆棚、次深海共存的古地理格局.沉积体系展布和沉积演化主要受扬子陆块与华夏陆块的汇聚作用控制.扬子地区上奥陶统-下志留统烃源岩的形成与生烃母质生物的高生产力和高埋藏率、冰期-冰后期之交的气温快速转暖、海平面快速上升以及粘土矿物在有机质富集保存过程中的赋存驻留作用等密切相关.     

A Combination of N2 and CO2 Adsorption to Characterize Nanopore Structure of Organic-Rich Lower Silurian Shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China: Implications for Shale Gas Sorption Capacity

The pores in shales are mainly of nanometer-scale, and their pore size distribution is very important for the preservation and exploitation of shale gas. This study focused on the organic-rich Lower Silurian black shale from four wells in the Upper Yangtze Platform, and their TOC, mineralogical composition and pore characterization were investigated. Low pressure N2 and CO2 adsorption were conducted at 77.35 K and 273.15 K, respectively, and the pore structures were characterized by modified Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), t-plot, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) and density functional theory (DFT) methods and then the relationship between pore structure and shale gas sorption capacity was discussed. The results indicate that (1) The Lower Silurian shale has high TOC content of 0.92%–4.96%, high quartz content of 30.6%–69.5%, and high clays content of 24.1%–51.2%. The total specific surface area varies from 7.56 m2/g to 25.86 m2/g. Both the total specific surface area and quartz content are positively associated with the TOC content. (2) Shale samples with higher TOC content have more micropores, which results in more complex nanopore structure. Micropore volumes/surface areas and non-micropore surface areas all increase with the increasing TOC content. (3) A combination of N2 and CO2 adsorption provides the most suitable detection range (~0.3–60 nm) and has high reliability and accuracy for nanopore structure characterization. (4) The TOC content is the key factor to control the gas sorption capacity of the Lower Silurian shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform.     

下扬子地区早寒武系成气地质条件分析

下扬子地区的早寒武系荷塘组,以发育厚层的黑色页岩为特征,其沉积中心位于安徽石台-宁国一带,总体属于深海盆地相沉积,少量属于浅水陆棚一陆棚边缘相沉积,岩性岩相稳定。干酪根显微组分中以腐泥组为主,荷塘组黑色页岩有机碳含量较高,TOC值约为0.15%~14.2%,Ro值在1.27~5.2之间,认为荷塘组的泥页岩是优质烃源岩。     

Application of low-pressure gas adsorption to nanopore structure characterisation of organic-rich lower Cambrian shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform,South China

The pores in shales are mainly on a nanometer scale, and the pore-size distribution is vital with regard to the preservation and exploitation of shale gas. This study focuses on the organic-rich lower Cambrian black shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China and investigates their TOC, mineralogical composition and nanopore structure. Low-pressure N₂ and CO₂ adsorption experiments were conducted at 77.35 K and 273.15 K, respectively, and the nanopore structures were characterised by the modified Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Dubinin–Radushkevich, t-plot, Barrett–Joyner–Halenda and density functional theory (DFT) methods. The results indicate the following. (1) The lower Cambrian shale has a high TOC content (1.77–7.23 wt%) and a high quartz content (27.7–51.6 vol%). The total specific surface area varies from 12.02 to 28.87 m²/g. Both the total specific surface area and quartz content are positively associated with the TOC content. (2) Shale samples with a higher TOC content have a greater number of micropores, resulting in more complicated nanopore structures. Micropore volumes/surface areas and non-micropore surface areas all increase with increasing TOC content, indicating that TOC is the key factor determining the nanopore structure of the lower Cambrian shale. (3) A combination of N₂ and CO₂ adsorption provides the most suitable detection range (～0.3–60 nm) and is both highly reliable and accurate with regard to nanopore structure characterisation.     

重庆开县上二叠统长兴组红花生物礁成礁模式

通过对红花生物礁露头的精细解剖和微相分析,研究了礁的内部构成和成礁模式。红花生物礁发育3期礁体旋回：礁A、礁B和礁C。礁A由生屑泥晶灰岩和骨架岩构成;礁B由生屑泥晶灰岩、粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成;礁C由粘结岩、骨架岩和生屑灰岩构成。红花生物礁造礁生物有钙质海绵、钙藻类、苔藓虫和水螅类,附礁生物为有孔虫、腕足类、双壳类、腹足类和棘皮动物等。单个礁体内,由下往上的生物演化为：腕足类+双壳类+有孔虫组合→钙藻类→钙质海绵+水螅类+钙藻类+苔藓虫组合→生物碎屑;岩性演化为：生屑泥晶灰岩→粘结岩→骨架岩→生屑灰岩。礁B的生屑滩内生屑间为泥晶充填,生屑分选、磨圆较好,是由相邻的高能生屑滩侵蚀搬运到礁B侧翼低能区沉积形成。3期礁都发育在碎屑滩上,礁A为低能环境下形成的礁,礁B和礁C在礁A形成的高地上成礁,为高能环境礁;单个礁体的完整成礁模式为：在浅滩之上,钙藻类大量生长、粘结吸附颗粒固结基底,钙质海绵和钙藻类在硬质基底上繁茂生长,形成具有抗浪格架的生物礁,礁体暴露水面死亡后遭波浪、水流改造形成生屑滩。     

塔里木盆地S1井区志留系柯坪塔格组下沥青砂岩段沉积相新认识

在岩心观察的基础上,通过对岩石学特征、粒度、沉积构造、微量元素、测井和地震等资料的综合分析,对塔里木盆地S1井区志留系柯坪塔格组下沥青砂岩段沉积相进行了研究。认为本区该套地层主要发育受潮汐影响的辫状河三角洲前缘亚相。进一步可识别出水下分流河道、支流间湾、河口砂坝等沉积微相。结合地震属性资料,分析了研究区沉积相平面分布特征。水下分流河道微相砂体储集物性最好,河道的多期迁移、纵横向叠置形成了大面积分布的良好储集体。     

上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩岩石学特征及沉积环境

上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期发育的碳酸盐岩,近期揭示具有较好的油气勘探前景,但有关该套岩层的岩石学特征及其沉积环境研究需要进一步深入。论文以野外地质剖面和室内薄片鉴定为基础,对上扬子地台南缘早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩开展系统的岩石颗粒组分、岩石类型和沉积环境分析。发现早志留世埃隆期碳酸盐岩颗粒类型主要为生物碎屑,含少量内碎屑与鲕粒;根据曾允孚先生等的碳酸盐岩结构成因分类方案,该地区碳酸盐岩主要有7种类型:包括亮晶鲕粒灰岩、亮晶生物屑灰岩、珊瑚礁灰岩、亮晶砂屑灰岩、砂屑-生物屑微晶灰岩、微晶砂屑灰岩和微晶灰岩。根据岩石学特征和野外露头分析,认为在早志留世埃隆期研究区从早期到晚期沉积环境经历了碳酸盐缓坡到碳酸盐台地的转变,并发育了外缓坡、内缓坡、台地边缘斜坡、台地边缘滩、台地边缘生物礁、开阔台地等亚相。以三级层序为编图单元,揭示了礁滩沉积区域展布特征,生物礁滩体主要发育于SQ2层序,具有环带状展布的特征。     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。本研究采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246.9±1.1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

扬子地台北缘寒武纪同沉积断裂控制的斜坡沉积特征*

通过对扬子地台北缘寒武系剖面实测以及前人资料的综合分析,研究了同沉积断裂控制的斜坡沉积特征。斜坡区岩石类型丰富,包括砾屑石灰岩、灰泥石灰岩、硅岩和页岩等,沉积构造丰富,沉积厚度远大于台地区以及深海盆地区。断裂带在宏观上控制了扬子地台北缘寒武纪古地理分区,台地区、斜坡-深海盆地区的古地理位置在寒武纪的不同地质时期基本保持不变。寒武纪持续拉伸的构造环境造成斜坡区持续下降拗陷,从而为沉积物的堆积提供了足够大的可容空间,同时来自台地区的沉积物补给充足,导致了斜坡区相对于台地区以及深海盆地区而言具有巨厚的沉积层。     

Natural gas potential of Neoproterozoic and lower Palaeozoic marine shales in the Upper Yangtze Platform,South China: geological and organic geochemical characterization

In this article, we describe the geological features of the Ediacaran (upper Sinian), lower Cambrian and lower Silurian shale intervals in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China, and report on the gas potential of 53 samples from these major marine shale formations. Reflected light microscopy, total organic carbon (TOC) measurement, Rock-Eval, carbon isotope ratio analysis, thermovaporization gas chromatography (Tvap-GC), and open pyrolysis gas chromatography (open py-GC) were used to characterize the organic matter. Measured TOC in this research is normally >2% and averages 5%. TOC contents are roughly positively correlated with increasing geological age, i.e. lower Silurian shales exhibit generally lower TOC contents than lower Cambrian shales, which in turn commonly have lower TOC contents than Ediacaran shales. Kerogen has evolved to the metagenesis stage, which was demonstrated by the abundant pyrobitumen on microphotographs, the high calculated vitrinite reflectance (R_o = 3%) via bitumen reflectance (R_b), as well as δ¹³ C of gas (methane) inclusions. Pyrolysates from Tvap-GC and open py-GC are quantitatively low and only light hydrocarbons were detected. The lower Silurian shale generally exhibits higher generation of hydrocarbon than the lower Cambrian and Ediacaran shale. Cooles’ method and Claypool’s equations were used to reconstruct the original TOC and Rock-Eval parameters of these overmature samples. Excellent original hydrocarbon generation was revealed in that the original TOC (TOC_o) is between 5% and 23%, and original S1+S2 (S1_o+S2_o) is ranging from 29 to 215 mg HC/g rock.     

贵州新民石门坎三叠系关岭组底部火山凝灰岩锆石U-Pb年龄及意义

华南地区三叠系地层发育,安尼阶底界（即下—中三叠统界线）附近广泛发育浅绿色火山凝灰岩或凝灰质碎屑岩,俗称 “绿豆岩”。国际安尼阶底界界线层型候选剖面——位于南盘江盆地内的贵州关刀剖面和广西湾头剖面,已获得可对比的“绿豆岩”锆石U-Pb年龄,但在相邻的上扬子台地上尚缺少对安尼阶底界测年的可对比数据。笔者采集了贵州省盘州市新民镇石门坎剖面三叠系关岭组底部的多层“绿豆岩”,利用LA-ICP-MS获得锆石的U-Pb年龄。结果显示,石门坎剖面关岭组底部的锆石结晶年龄为246. 9±1. 1 Ma,可与南盘江盆地内及上扬子台地区出露安尼阶底界的剖面相对比。其绝对年龄为上扬子台地区内的安尼阶底界年龄对比提供了参照,有助于限定中三叠世海生爬行动物群所代表的海洋生态系统的复苏时间。石门坎剖面地层沉积连续,未来有望继续开展综合地层学的研究。     

扬子板块北缘镇巴地区吴家坪组富Li-REE-Nb-V黏土岩地球化学特征及其地质找矿意义

沉积型锂矿主要产于黏土岩中,黏土岩的主微量元素可有效识别沉积物源及沉积环境。本文首次报道扬子板块北缘镇巴地区二叠系吴家坪组黏土岩锂、稀土、铌、钒等元素超异常富集的特征,基于详细的地球化学研究和区域地质资料,分析吴家坪组黏土岩的形成环境及沉积物源,并探讨扬子板块北缘锂、稀土找矿方向。研究表明,镇巴地区吴家坪组黏土岩产于晚二叠世,发育于吴家坪组与阳新组的平行不整合界面之上,代表了古风化壳沉积,黏土岩的Li2O最高品位0.39%,ΣREO（稀土氧化物总量）最高品位0.142%,V2O5最高品位0.26%,Nb2O5最高品位0.022%。主、微量元素地球化学特征指示黏土岩形成于咸化-半咸化海水相,氧化-还原过渡、碱性的沉积环境,对应于黏土岩化阶段。综合矿物学、地球化学、区域地质资料,认为研究区吴家坪组黏土岩来源于峨眉山大火成岩省的玄武岩,锂元素的富集与火山岩受流体交代-淋滤有关。扬子板块北缘广泛发育吴家坪组黏土岩,规模较大,锂、稀土、铌、钒综合成矿效果较好,找矿潜力巨大,应重点关注与沉积间断面有关的关键金属矿产,助力新一轮找矿突破。     

四川盆地上三叠统小塘子组沉积特征及地质意义*

利用四川盆地内750口单井资料和26条露头剖面资料,采用单因素编图、多因素综合分析的方法,重现了四川盆地小塘子组的岩相古地理,为正确评价其天然气资源状况和龙门山的演化过程奠定了基础。研究认为,川中和川南地区小塘子组发育障壁砂坝—潟湖沉积,川西坳陷北部和南部发育三角洲沉积,中部发育浅海陆棚沉积。晚三叠世早期,龙门山北段开始隆升,并为盆地提供物源,从而形成川西北部的三角洲沉积;川中和川南地区由于地势平缓,波浪和潮汐改造强烈,从而形成障壁砂坝—潟湖沉积;川西南部物源来自于康滇古陆。小塘子组烃源岩大面积分布,厚度较大,有机碳含量和成熟度均较高,以Ⅱ型至Ⅲ型干酪根为主,泥质烃源岩具有较高的成熟度且有机碳含量范围较宽,为小塘子组的大面积生烃提供了物质保障。     

四川盆地东缘上三叠统须家河组沉积特征

根据露头剖面实测、观察资料,分析和总结了四川盆地东缘上三叠统须家河组(T3x)的地层、岩性特征及沉积相标志.研究区内须家河组岩性为成分成熟度低的砂岩夹泥岩(局部有薄煤层及煤线),结合沉积相标志的研究结果认为其主要为三角洲-湖泊、辫状河、曲流河沉积,且以辫状河沉积为主.三角洲-湖泊沉积在须家河组下部相对发育,包括了沼泽、分流河道、水下分流河道、分流间湾、浅湖等微相类型,辫状河则在该组中部发育,包括了心滩、废弃河道等微相类型,曲流河沉积发育于该组近顶部,包括了边滩、泛滥平原(沼泽)等沉积微相,其中辫状河心滩是区内主要储集体,而三角洲-湖泊泥岩是良好的烃源岩,提出了区内须家河组的沉积相模式.