福建三明万寿岩层状洞穴发育过程及其工程地质意义

万寿岩位于三明市西17 km的岩前盆地,是一座圆锥状灰岩孤峰,地理坐标26°16'13″N,117°29'37″E。孤峰上发育两层水平洞穴,上层洞穴以灵峰洞为代表,下层洞穴以船帆洞为代表,其中灵峰洞是在福建及东南沿海地区发现的第一个旧石器时代早期洞穴文化遗址,船帆洞内遗存的距今3万年左右的人工石铺地面对研究末次冰期古代人类生存环境和文化演进有重大意义。两级层状洞穴和区内的两级河流阶地显示万寿岩地区从中更新世晚期以来至少经历了4次隆升,262 ka前为第1隆升期,185~37 ka为第2隆升期,37.0~17.4 ka为第3隆升期,10.4 ka以来为第4隆升期;前两个间歇期内分别形成了灵峰洞和船帆洞。262~185 ka,灵峰洞从岩溶管道逐渐扩大增宽形成洞厅,期间灰岩的溶蚀速率为0.19 mm/a;37.0~17.5 ka,船帆洞逐步从岩溶管道形成洞厅及现状规模,期间灰岩的溶蚀速率为0.36 mm/a。区内新构造运动的特征和船帆洞以下未被探明的溶洞以及层状洞穴的发育过程表明,船帆洞存在底板坍塌的可能性。因此,对船帆洞的保护措施除现有的防止洞顶坍塌及防渗处理外,更应考虑对船帆洞现有底板保护,避免下层洞穴的岩溶作用引起底板坍塌。

     

云南多乐原溶洞异位石花的发育特征与机理研究

石花（方解石花、文石花和石膏花）是一种常见的岩溶洞穴次生化学沉积物,广泛分布于洞道周壁,以及石钟乳、石笋、崩塌堆积体表面,其成因不同,形态千差万别。云南多乐原溶洞中若干高悬的次生化学沉积物表面的石花,通过实地考察,发现是一种异位石花。其成因是石柱形成过程中,由滴水和溅水的协同作用所形成,而后石柱底座的古河流堆积体遭到侵蚀搬运,石柱悬空而成新的石钟乳或类石钟乳,附着其底部的石花相对抬高因而显露出来。此类异位石花为云南首次发现,可以作为指示溶洞内微地貌演化的重要依据。     

川北诺水河景区溶洞分布特征及影响因素探析

选取诺水河景区48个典型溶洞为研究对象,参阅本地区区域地质图和水文地质图,在对洞穴发育高度、层位、构造位置、发育方向、节理走向,以及地下水和地表水系部分特征进行详细调查前提下,利用最邻近距离法、节理分析法、GIS缓冲区法等方法,对溶洞群的洞口高程分布、洞穴发育方向、空间分布格局、洞穴与构造及地表水系关系等分布特征进行了分析,并对溶洞群分布特征的影响因素进行了探析。结果表明,① 洞口高程分布在空间上具有层级性,在时间上具有阶段性,研究区洞穴主要沿北西西、北东东向发育,并且越接近地表河流洞穴出口分布越多,洞穴群呈凝聚态分布,越接近构造转折端洞穴分布越密集;② 影响洞穴分布的主要因素包括：地层和碳酸盐岩岩性差异,构造派生节理发育状况以及多期次构造变形和构造隆升,地下水的类型和作用,地表水系对地下水系的影响,以及北亚热带季风气候条件下地形的影响等。     

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区中下奥陶统古岩溶洞穴发育模式*

塔里木盆地塔河油田TH12402井区位于志留系覆盖区,发育典型的古岩溶缝洞型储集层,是塔河油田西北部奥陶系主要的产建阵地之一。基于三维地震数据、测井和钻井资料,并结合地震属性提取技术,对该区下奥陶统岩溶发育条件和储集层发育特征进行了研究,探讨了岩溶洞穴的控制因素和发育模式。结果表明: TH12402井区处于北西向次级鼻状构造的南翼,该区发育加里东中期Ⅲ幕古岩溶作用,岩溶地形以低幅度的溶丘和洼地为主,地表水系呈南北向汇流且分支水系相对欠发育;岩溶储集空间以大型迷宫状岩溶管道和分散的孤立状洞穴为主,主要分布在不整合面以下40~100m,且以未充填为主;近东西向的走向断层、次级鼻状构造以及上奥陶统地层尖灭线联合控制了古岩溶洞穴的发育,形成了平缓岩溶地貌区走向断裂汇流型岩溶洞穴模式。上述成果为相似井区的古岩溶储集层预测和井位部署提供了理论依据。     

South Australian geology and the State Heritage Register: an example of geoconservation of the Naracoorte Caves complex and karst environment

South Australia’s State Heritage Register contains 2294 listed places, the majority of which are from the ‘Built’ environment, ranging from settlers’ huts, community buildings, historical industrial sites to magnificent stone mansions. Only 96 places are linked to the ‘Natural’ environment. The Register listings protect heritage places from alteration, damage or removal without formal prior consultation, compulsory under the South Australian Development Act. ‘Natural’ environments are landscape-based and oriented towards Geological, Archaeological, Palaeontological and Speleological heritage (‘GAPS heritage’). A process to provide a greater balance between ‘Natural’ and ‘Built’ listings has initiated a series of State Heritage ‘Natural’ environment assessments, mostly of single sites. Two individual caves in the Naracoorte Caves National Park are already entered in the State Heritage Register as single sites. However, an innovative broader multiple-site nomination has focused on the many different but significant GAPS features contained within the 25 caves of the Naracoorte Caves National Park, providing a further level of protection for the land and the caves’ exteriors and interiors. The example of the Naracoorte Caves draws attention to the number of important land and coastal karst (limestone) features across South Australia that were generated by steady geological uplift of three large sections of Oligocene–Miocene limestone—the Nullarbor Plain, the Murray Basin and the Gambier Karstfield (which includes Naracoorte and Mount Gambier), resulting in specific karst forms worthy of a broader coordinating management approach across South Australian karst parks.     

Origin,geomorphology and geoheritage potential of Australia’s longest coastal cliff lines

Abstract

Two spectacular cliff lines occur along Australia’s south and west coasts: the Great Southern Scarp (new name) and the Zuytdorp Cliffs. Detailed measurements of their length show that they are exceptionally long and unusually continuous. The Great Southern Scarp is the southern edge of the Nullarbor Plain’s Bunda Plateau; it is cut into shallow marine sediments and extends for 820?km. Once a continuous sea-cliff, local uplift has isolated two sections from the ocean, so it now comprises the Bunda Cliffs (210?km of coastal cliff, 180?km of which is uninterrupted cliff line), Hampton Range (inland; 300?km), Baxter Cliffs (160?km of coastal cliff) and Wylie Scarp (inland; 160?km). The Zuytdorp Cliffs are coastal cliffs cut into eolianite, and extend for 210?km with an uninterrupted section of 120?km. The length of the Great Southern Scarp and the Zuytdorp Cliffs results from an unusual combination of circumstances. They are both composed of poorly jointed, relatively homogenous biogenic calcarenites, presented to high-energy ocean waves by regional uplift. The carbonates are sufficiently well cemented to maintain a steep vertical cliff face, but susceptible to disintegration under direct wave attack. Cliff retreat has been fairly uniform because of the broad spatial scale of both lithology and erosion. The arid climate, absence of nearby non-karstic catchments and karstic nature of the cliffs’ hinterlands has discouraged integrated drainage development, so no significant fluvial systems dissect the cliffs; this is a key factor in cliff edge preservation. In the case of the Great Southern Scarp, these processes have formed the longest continuous cliff line in Australia and probably the world. Referenced against criteria from Australia’s National Heritage List, the cliffs have potentially international/national levels of significance for the rarity of their scale, their demonstration of landscape evolution, and their spectacular beauty.

1. KEY POINTS

2. Australia’s longest coastal cliffs, the Bunda (SA) and Zuytdorp (WA) cliffs, are equal in length (210?km, within defined confidence levels).

3. The Bunda Cliffs are part of the Great Southern Scarp (new name), an 820 km-long feature of the Nullarbor Plain that also includes the coastal Baxter Cliffs (160?km in length) and two paleocoastal scarps.

4. The unusual continuity of the cliff lines results from a landscape history specific to the Australian continent, and the Great Southern Scarp is likely to be unusual on a global scale.

5. The Great Southern Scarp and the Zuytdorp Cliffs have potentially national and/or international levels significance for geoheritage values in the criteria of events and processes, rarity and aesthetics.

     

微动HVSR法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性研究

微动HVSR（Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio）法是一种简单有效的被动源地震勘探方法,当测点下方介质存在明显的速度变化时,HVSR曲线会呈现相应的异常形态。为探索该方法在岩溶区探测地下河管道和溶洞的有效性,选择桂林毛村地下河流域内的大岩前村作为研究区,并在此开展野外试验。研究区发育有一条地下河管道,通过精准的洞穴测量,获得了此地下河管道的平面位置和洞高等信息。在研究区的地下河管道上方地面布设3条物探测线,均进行微动HVSR法测量,并用探地雷达法测量作对比。结果表明,两种物探方法的异常位置与测线下方地下河管道的实际平面位置基本一致,证明微动HVSR法可作为一种有效的地下河管道和溶洞探测方法。     

Geoheritage values of consanguineous wetland suites on the Swan Coastal Plain,Western Australia

A wide range of wetland types occur on the Swan Coastal Plain of Western Australia. They vary from basins, and flats, to slopes and channels, and vary in size, shape, water characteristics, sediment types, stratigraphy, vegetation, origin, and maintenance processes. The wetlands range from large linear lakes to small round or irregular seasonally damp wetland basins to seasonally flooded flats, to seasonally flooded or permanently flowing channels. Salinity ranges from fresh to saline to hyposaline; and recharge mechanisms from perching of surface-water to wetting and inundation by groundwater, as determined by regional features such as geology, geomorphology, soils, climate and hydrology, and local physical/chemical processes. The Swan Coastal Plain presents a bewildering array, diversity, and complexity of wetlands, but patterns and ordering can be recognised if the wetlands are aggregated into natural groups. The wetlands, in fact, have been aggregated into natural groupings termed ‘consanguineous suites’, resulting in some 30 different formally named wetland suites related to geomorphic setting varying, for instance, from interdune depressions on a beach-ridge plain (the Becher Suite), to karst-formed linear lakes in limestone-ridge country (the Yanchep Suite), to irregular to round, semi-interconnected basins on a quartz sand subdued dune system (the Jandakot Suite), to linear and round basins formed along the hydrological contact between limestone and quartz sand (the Bibra Suite), among others. The variety of wetland types on the Swan Coastal Plain represents geodiversity that needs to be addressed in geoheritage assessments of the State of Western Australia. Further, as repositories of Holocene to Pleistocene sedimentary sequences, the wetlands present significant reservoirs of information on wetland history, climate changes, and hydrochemical history, and are templates on wetland maintenance and functioning, diagnostic for their geologic/geomorphic setting useful for management of wetlands in Western Australia, nationally, and globally. From a global perspective, the diversity and array of consanguineous suites of the Swan Coastal Plain is unique. An understated aspect of the approach in identifying consanguineous suites of wetlands of the Swan Coastal Plain is that in their geological, geomorphological, and hydrological/hydrochemical setting they provide profound insights into gradual and uninterrupted wetland development, sedimentary filling and ecological functioning because, for a given east–west transect, they are located in the same climate setting but in different geologic/geomorphic and hydrochemical settings. They appear to be unrepresented globally, and therefore, in terms of geoheritage, are internationally significant.     

基于IPA方法的喀斯特洞穴旅游解说系统满意度评价的实证研究——以重庆市芙蓉洞为例

采用IPA(Importance - Performance Analysis)方法,以重庆市武隆县芙蓉洞为例,从游客角度,对其旅游解说系统的满意度进行研究。通过研究得出以下结论:(1)喀斯特洞穴拥有丰富的科学内涵,游客对导游解说的期望最高,希望导游在解说过程中以洞穴科学为主,将科学性与趣味性结合,以增强吸引力;(2)喀斯特洞穴中的解说牌示是游客自主游览的重要解说媒介,游客的关注度极高,希望其布局在恰当的位置,内容简明、准确、科学,图标符合国际惯例和国家标准,并注意外形与溶洞环境相协调;(3)喀斯特洞穴游客中心的使用频率较高,所处位置、外形、功能、特色服务等均会对游客的第一印象产生较大影响,是增强其整体满意度的重要因素。      

Geological risk assessment of the area surrounding Altamira Cave: A proposed Natural Risk Index and Safety Factor for protection of prehistoric caves

Altamira Cave occurs in a carbonate sequence-dated as middle to upper Cenomanian, being characterized by tabular bedding. This sequence has been studied in detail and mapped in an attempt to delimit the beds in which the cave was formed. The cave forms part of a karstic complex developed in the Altamira Formation, which consists of eight stratigraphic units characterized by karstic forms and landslides as the main geomorphologic elements. The strong relationship between sinkholes and faults within the area was also revealed, with sinkholes of oval morphology aligned along the faults. Inside the cave, the subhorizontal bedding is intersected by subvertical joints, generating geometrical blocks prone to falling down. This is the main process of the present evolution of the cave in addition to the dissolution and precipitation of carbonates in local zones. We used this geological characterization as the basis for the definition of protection areas around prehistoric caves, applied in this article to the Altamira Cave. Landslides, water flow towards the cave, rock falls within cave and karstic features are the main geological risks affecting the karstic complex. Two semi-quantitative indexes were proposed, the Natural Risk Index (NRI) and Safety Factor (SF), with the main aim of determining the risk level in different zones of the study area. The information provided by geological studies as well as the results obtained using the proposed indexes allowed definition suitable protection areas around the cave.     

喀斯特洞穴空间分布与河网密度关系研究——以贵州省为例

通过叠加分析探究贵州省喀斯特洞穴位置与河网密度的空间关系,从岩性、构造、气候、地形方面解释两者关系的成因。针对洞穴点位河网密度的统计显示：洞穴点集中分布在河网密度中及偏小的区域,正态QQ图显示洞穴点河网密度大体呈正态分布。分析岩性、构造、气候和坡度等影响因素的结果显示：洞穴主要发育在碳酸盐岩区域,并在纯碳酸盐岩、碳酸盐岩夹非碳酸盐岩、非碳酸盐岩分区上表现出负相关性;断层、褶皱中心缓冲区域洞穴最多,并随距离增大洞穴数量减少;温润气候条件为洞穴及河网发育提供了充足水源,溶蚀强度加大,表现在洞穴密度随降雨量和气温的增长而增加;地形条件限制了水力路径和洞穴发育。多因素促使贵州省发育了成熟的地表、地下两套水循环系统,地表水促进溶洞发育,洞穴反过来限制地表径流发育,两者相互影响,使得洞穴与河网密度呈现集中分布的趋势。     

福建三明万寿岩地区中更新世晚期以来地壳多期隆升特征及地质意义

为研究福建三明万寿岩地区的新构造运动特征,本次研究以区内两级层状洞穴和两级河流阶地为研究对象,通过对洞穴和阶地的详细剖面测量,结合洞穴和阶地的年龄,认为万寿岩地区从中更新世晚期以来至少经历了四次隆升:262 ka前为第一隆升期,185~37 ka为第二隆升期,37~17.4 ka为第三隆升期,10.4 ka以来为第四隆升期。其中前两次间歇期分别形成灵峰洞和船帆洞,后两次隆升期分别形成鱼塘溪的二级阶地和一级阶地。262 ka以来隆升速率的计算结果显示,万寿岩地区各时期隆升速率相差较大,但总体活动强度较弱。万寿岩地区间歇性隆升与福建东部沿海地区地壳沉降形成鲜明反差,表明福建境内的新构造运动具有差异性升降特征。     

短时间尺度下旅游洞穴空气环境自净能力研究——以绥阳大风洞为例

在2017年9月30日-10月9日对贵州绥阳大风洞洞内的温度、湿度、CO2浓度和洞外的温度、湿度、降雨量等指标进行为期10天的连续自动监测,并结合监测期内游客量和当地降雨情况,利用数理统计方法进行分析,结果发现:洞穴空气环境的自净能力主要取决于洞内气流交换的强弱程度,尤其是在极端天气(主要指夏秋季降雨)下,洞外温度降低,促使通风模式发生转变,进而增强了洞内外气流的交换,提高了洞穴环境的自净能力。但洞穴空气环境的自净能力是有限度的,除温度、湿度外,当游客产生的CO2浓度超过洞穴空气环境的自净能力阈值时,洞内CO2会出现累积效应;反之,洞内CO2浓度又回归至洞穴环境背景值。同时,洞穴空气环境的自净能力反应时间也会因洞腔体积、洞道结构等的不同而有所差异,大风洞1#、2#、3#监测点的自净能力反应时间分别为15 h、18 h、20 h。      

Geochemical character and tectonic significance of Early Devonian keratophyres in the New England Fold Belt,eastern Australia

Extrusive and high level intrusive Early Devonian keratophyres are the oldest in situ igneous rocks in the Tamworth Block of the New England Fold Belt of eastern Australia. They show extensive evidence of degradation, including the destruction of magmatic phases, the growth of low grade metamorphic minerals, and changes in composition involving the dilution of elemental abundances in response to silica addition. Relations between the less mobile minor and trace elements, and limited data on clinopyroxene compositions, lead to the conclusion that these Early Devonian volcanic rocks are mostly calc‐alkaline volcanic arc andesites with minor dacite. These rocks unconformably overlie a sequence of Early Palaeozoic forearc basin deposits, indicating that the Early Devonian marks a period of readjustment of tectonic elements within the New England Fold Belt, associated with a marked east‐directed stepping out of the magmatic arc. Generation of the keratophyres in a subduction zone environment limits the position of the trench to 100 km east of the Peel Fault System.     

Late Neogene rift valley fill sediments preserved in caves of the Dead Sea Fault Escarpment (Israel): palaeogeographic and morphotectonic implications

Evaporitic‐lagoonal marl and dolomite laminar fill sediments are preserved in relict dry caves of the Dead Sea Fault Escarpment (Israel) which has been tectonically active since the Late Neogene. The hosting caves are located within Turonian massive carbonate bedrock and at higher altitudes than previously documented fill sediments of the Dead Sea depression. Based on the relative altitudes of the cave sediments, the ‘reversed stratigraphy’ of the Dead Sea depression fill sediments, possible partial correlation of the cave sediments with other fill sedimentary units of the depression, and sedimentary, geochemical and mineralogical characteristics, it is concluded that: (i) the cave sediments are among the oldest of the depression fill; and (ii) the deposition of the cave sediments took place in hypersaline dolomite‐precipitating water bodies of Late Neogene age, during the initial morphotectonic stages of the depression formation. Variable and relatively low Sr/Ca and δ³⁴S ratios of the cave sediments (assuming precipitation from sea water) suggest variable fresh water input into the depositional brine. The present altitudes of the cave sediments reflect Late Neogene levels of water bodies in the depression, modified by vertical post‐Late Neogene tectonic movements within the still active fault escarpment. According to these altitudes, a 50 to 250 m uplift of the western margins of the depression since the Late Miocene to Early Pliocene is inferred.     

The geochemistry, mineralogy and maturity of gossans derived from volcanogenic Zn–Pb–Cu deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, NSW, Australia

The Eastern Highlands of Australia have probably been in existence since the Late Cretaceous or earlier and so there has been ample time for mature gossan profiles to form over outcropping volcanogenic Zn–Pb–Cu mineralisation in the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt. The mature gossan profiles are characterised by the upward progression from supergene sulfides to secondary sulfates, carbonates and phosphates into a Fe-oxide dominated surficial capping which may contain boxwork textures after the original sulfides (as at the Woodlawn massive sulfide deposit). However, the region has locally been subjected to severe erosion and the weathering profile over many deposits is incomplete (immature) with carbonate and phosphate minerals, especially malachite, being found in surficial material. These immature gossans contain more Cu, Pb and Zn but lower As, Sn (and probably Au) than the mature gossans. Although Pb is probably the best single pathfinder for Zn–Pb–Cu VHMS deposits of the eastern Lachlan Fold Belt, Ag, As, Au, Bi, Mo, Sb and Sn are also useful, with most of these elements able to be concentrated in substantial amounts in Fe oxides and alunite–jarosite minerals.     

四川盆地东部涪陵地区上二叠统长兴组顶部风化壳特征及地质意义

四川盆地东部(文中简称“川东”)上二叠统长兴组近顶部非礁相地层尚未见暴露剥蚀现象的报道。文中以川东涪陵地区二龙口长兴组顶部非礁相地层剖面为例,综合宏微观特征、矿物学特征及地球化学特征等分析发现,在长兴组顶部存在厚3～7cm、垂向分带特征清晰的风化壳,自下而上可分为4层:泥晶生屑灰岩构成的基岩、微风化层、以富硅脱钙为特征的半风化层(由下至上分为3个微层:致密的半风化层、具晕圈的铁质夹层和疏松多孔的半风化层)和以富铁为特征的全风化层(由下至上分为3个微层:橙红色富铁质层、杂色纹层状黏土层、红色富铁质表层)。风化壳中黏土矿物几乎全是伊利石,未见到强风化阶段的次生矿物如高岭石、三水铝石,氧化铁矿物富集,总体体现出中等风化的特征,对应于风化壳演化的富铁锰阶段。进一步分析发现,该风化壳之上的飞仙关组底部存在厚约80cm的泥页岩与灰岩韵律地层,并富含珊瑚、腕足类(欧姆贝)、苔藓虫及三叶虫等原位埋藏的典型二叠系宏体生物化石,反映了研究区在二叠纪末期曾发生抬升暴露;同时研究区长兴组野外露头和钻井岩心均发育较多垂直溶沟、溶洞等岩溶组构,并为离解的碳酸盐岩砂、角砾和碳质泥等混合充填,说明川东地区长兴组非礁相地层受到了表生岩溶的改造。川东地区二叠纪末期的海退事件不仅使台地区海水变浅,甚至长时间的大面积暴露,而且使长兴组碳酸盐岩普遍受到表生岩溶改造,甚至非礁相地层也可能被改造成为岩溶型储集层。这一结果不仅对二叠纪晚期海平面升降事件研究具有借鉴意义,而且指出了台地内受到表生岩溶改造的非礁相地层也可作为勘探有利区带,因而具有重要的勘探实践意义。     

Early Mesoproterozoic metamorphism in the Barossa Complex,South Australia: links with the eastern margin of Proterozoic Australia

LA-ICP-MS U–Pb geochronological data from metamorphic monazite in granulite-facies metapelites in the Barossa Complex, southern Australia, yield ages in the range 1580–1550 Ma. Metapelitic rocks from the Myponga and Houghton Inliers contain early biotite–sillimanite-bearing assemblages that underwent partial melting to produce peak metamorphic garnet–sillimanite-bearing anatectic assemblages. Phase equilibrium modelling suggests a clockwise P–T evolution with peak temperatures between 800 and 870°C and peak pressures of 8–9 kbar, followed by decompression to pressures of ～6 kbar. In combination with existing age data, the monazite U–Pb ages indicate that the early Mesoproterozoic evolution of the Barossa Complex is contemporaneous with other high geothermal gradient metamorphic terranes in eastern Proterozoic Australia. The areal extent of early Mesoproterozoic metamorphism in eastern Australia suggests that any proposed continental reconstructions involving eastern Proterozoic Australia should share a similar tectonothermal history.     

Mineralogy, Textures and P-T Relationships of a Suite of Xenoliths from the Monaro Volcanic Province, New South Wales, Australia

Intraplate basalts of the Eocene–Oligocene Monaro VolcanicProvince (MVP), in southeastern New South Wales, include lower-crustaland refractory to weakly metasomatized upper-mantle xenoliths.Lower-crustal-derived xenoliths appear to be all two-pyroxeneplagioclase granulites (Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·17–0·56:0·63–0·77:0·28–0·89}Opx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·39–0·52:1·37–1·47:0·02}An_72–86 and An_48–50) but may also include garnetpyroxenites at depth. Mantle-derived xenoliths are principallyspinel-bearing lherzolites (Fo_{89·8–90·6}Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·07–0·45:0·70–1·70:0·01–0·94}Opx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·16–0·19:1·62–1·75:0·01–0·10})but also include amphibole ± spinel-bearing lherzolite(Fo_{88·7–89·1} Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·09–0·21:0·61–0·91:0·73–0·93}Opx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·09–0·31:0·70–1·54:0·03–0·91}),spinel-bearing harzburgite (Fo_{90·5–90·7}Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·08:0·91–0·93:0·74–0·84}Opx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·16–0·18:1·73–1·79:0·00–0·02}),wehrlite, pyroxenite (Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·08–0·10:0·84–0·90:0·80–0·85}Opx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·16–0·33:1·51–1·73:0·02–0·03})and rare garnet pyroxenite (Gt_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·83–0·95:1·60–1·70:0·45–0·48}Cpx_{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·14–0·21:0·69–0·77:0·78–0·86}Opx _{Fe:Mg:Ca 0·31–0·42:1·43–1·56:0·02–0·03})and amphibole–apatite composites. Xenolith textures aregenerally weakly to moderately foliated, a few are mosaic-porphyroblasticand rare samples are veined or highly strained. MVP xenolithsappear to have equilibrated under similar pressure–temperature(P–T) conditions to other southeastern Australian xenolithsequivalent to the South Eastern Australia (SEA) palaeogeotherm.P–T estimates for the MVP suite of xenoliths reveal aheterogeneous lower crust and upper mantle that is thickly underplatedto c. 1·8 GPa or c. 50 km depth. MVP xenolith P–Tdata are compared with those used to derive the SEA palaeogeotherm,which is shown to be in need of revision using more modern geothermometersand geobarometers and new xenolith coexisting mineral data. KEY WORDS: xenolith; petrography; texture; geotherm; Monaro; eastern Australia     

Climatic and environmental variability during the termination of the Last Glacial Stage in coastal eastern Australia: a review

By comparison with the Northern Hemisphere, there is a paucity of high-resolution, continuous records extending into the Last Glacial Maximum from the Southern Hemisphere. With specific reference to coastal eastern Australia, there are long records of paleoclimatic and paleoenvironmental variability available from the tropical north and temperate south. However, there are significant spatial gaps between such records: in particular, until relatively recently, little attention had been paid to the subtropics. This review paper summarises understanding of regional paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic variability in coastal eastern Australia during the termination of the Last Glacial Stage, with the aim of highlighting gaps in the current state of knowledge. Recommendations for future research are prioritised to answer knowledge gaps in understanding climate variability in eastern Australia between ca 33–18 kyr BP.