中国西南深切峡谷岸坡地应力场基本特征

基于西南地区10个大型水电工程95点空间应力测试数据与50点硐壁应力恢复法测试数据,统计分析了边坡地应力场随垂向、水平向深度变化规律,根据主应力量级、倾角变化规律分析边坡浅表部地应力场特征,探讨了西南深切峡谷地区边坡地应力场分布规律。研究表明,（1）边坡应力场在宏观上可划分为浅表部区(0～300 m)与深部区(>300 m);（2）浅表部区主应力量级、倾角波动较为剧烈,而深部区主应力量级、倾角较为稳定,其最大主应力介于15～30 MPa,中间主应力介于10～20 MPa,最小主应力介于5～12 MPa,最大、最小主应力倾角介于0°～30°,最大主应力约为最小主应力的1.5～3.5倍;（3）浅表部区地应力场具有由主应力较小、最大主应力倾角与坡角近平行转变为主应力急剧增高、最大主应力倾角变化不明显,继而转变为主应力量级、最大主应力倾角剧烈波动,最后逐渐转变与深部应力场近于一致的特征。     

黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分空间变异性研究

以神木生态观测站为例,利用经典统计学方法对黄土高原退耕坡地土壤水分在空间三维不同方向和不同位置的空间变异性进行了研究,并对空间变异的尺度和时间依赖性等问题进行了探讨,以便为坡地水分管理和植被恢复提供参考。研究结果表明土壤水分在垂直方向和水平方向(垂直于坡长方向)的平均变异程度为弱变异;而在东西方向(坡长方向)、二维平面和三维空间上为中等变异性;土壤水分沿坡长方向从坡顶到坡脚表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各坡位变异程度不一,呈现出变异程度为坡上>坡中>坡下的趋势;土壤水分沿南北方向表现为阴坡>山脊>阳坡的明显趋势,其变异程度为阳坡>阴坡;在40~200 cm土层深度内,土壤水分在垂直方向表现出先减小后增大的趋势,且在各土层的变异程度与各层平均土壤水分成明显的正相关。     

基于设计安全系数及破坏模式的边坡开挖过程动态变形监测预警方法研究

由于地质和结构特征的不同造成的边坡变形破坏机制存在差异以及同一边坡在不同施工开挖阶段的变形规律和量值也存在差别,采用工程类比方法获得的单一的静态的边坡监测预警指标无法表达某一边坡在施工开挖过程中动态的变形规律和特征,针对该问题提出了基于设计安全系数和破坏模式的边坡开挖过程中动态变形监测预警指标的研究思路和方法,并将其应用于糯扎渡水电站溢洪道消力塘边坡755～740 m开挖过程变形监测预警指标的确定,通过与现场监测结果的对比分析表明,该边坡开挖过程中是稳定的,分析与工程实际是相符的。研究表明,基于设计安全系数和破坏模式的边坡开挖过程动态监测预警指标的研究思路和方法用于边坡在开挖过程中动态变形监测预警是可行和有效的。     

Temporal changes in the cumulative piecewise gradient of a variant of the Gutenberg–Richter relationship,and the imminence of extreme events

It is generally found that the relative frequencies of occurrence of earthquakes of different magnitudes in seismogenic zones have a power law distribution. For a long-term dataset, the overall slope of this logarithmically transformed distribution is usually indicated by a best-fit straight line and expressed as a b-value. This slope is stable and normally lies between 0.8 and 1.2, the actual value depending on the region examined, and the threshold selected for data completeness. The linearity of the distribution can be used to make statistical inferences about the potential for larger events over the long run, and with appropriate reservations, may even be extrapolated to magnitudes that are beyond recent experience. We suggest the same information can also be viewed over shorter intervals in terms of an empirical piecewise distribution, with relative frequencies of occurrence at adjacent magnitude steps controlling the local slope of the distribution. An emergence, through time, of an excess number of lower magnitude earthquakes causes temporal changes to appear in the low-end piecewise gradients of this distribution. A marked excursion away from an overall uniform trend for the particular zone may be indicative of an imminent, larger event. On two separate occasions, in 1982 and 1997, such temporal variations were seen in the magnitude distributions of sequences of events near Tobago, West Indies, and used to anticipate subsequent damaging mainshocks. The recognition of temporal departures from overall linearity of the magnitude–frequency relation, in a suitable dataset, may thus provide an evidential element that can contribute to earthquake forecasting. This phenomenological approach was used in the analysis of the NEIC global dataset of earthquakes of magnitude 6.1 and bigger, for the period 1973–2003, to explore its wider applicability. Trends in the piecewise gradients of the global data were interpreted as pointing to an imminent great earthquake, perhaps exceeding magnitude 8.5; such an event did occur shortly afterwards in the form of the great Sumatran earthquake of 2004/12/26. Following that event, global magnitude production continued to exhibit sharp imbalances in the lower magnitude bins, indicating that another similar event was likely. The second Sumatran earthquake on 2005/03/28 satisfied that projection. Since that time, a magnitude production imbalance persists in the global dataset suggesting the system could be poised to output an earthquake (or earthquakes) in the magnitude range 8.6–9.0 or even greater. This contribution describes the piecewise gradient approach and examines its application to global earthquake data.     

Landslide detection using visualization techniques for deep convolutional neural network models

Natural Hazards - Landslides occur when masses of rock, earth, and other debris move down a slope. The slope of an area is directly responsible for the magnitude of the landslide. Being...     

Parametric Monte Carlo studies of rock slopes based on the Hoek–Brown failure criterion

Probabilistic evaluation of slope failures is increasingly seen as the most appropriate framework for accounting for uncertainties in design. This paper performs reliability assessments for rock slopes based on the latest version of the Hoek–Brown failure criterion. The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the use of a new form of stability number for rock slope designs that has been recently developed from finite element upper and lower bound limit analysis methods, and to provide guidance for its use in probabilistic assessments. The analyses show that by using this newly proposed stability number, the probability of failure (P_f) obtained from case studies agrees well with the true state of the slope. In addition, this paper details a procedure to determine the magnitude of safety factor required for rock slope design.     

斜坡应力分布的系统测试与反演分析

采用简易、快速、经济的洞壁应力恢复法对某工程边坡勘探平硐洞壁应力场作了系统测试, 并采用FLAC2D软件对测试成果作了斜坡初始应力的反演分析。结果表明, 斜坡应力场随深度变化具有明显分带性, 应力量值随硐深曲线具有典型的驼峰式特征, 与理论分析结果相符, 表明该方法能较好地应用于斜坡应力场的系统测试和研究。成果对认识斜坡岩体的变形破裂及卸荷特征等具有重要意义。     

泥石流源地坡面土体活动随机性规律实验

坡面土体的崩塌活动是泥石流形成的初始过程。为了研究降雨条件下该过程中蕴含的随机性,选择典型泥石流源地坡面进行人工降雨实验,观测坡面径流和坡面土体活动特征。结果表明：坡面径流的产生与坡面土体的供给是2个相对独立的过程;坡面产流过程在时间上具有连续性,空间上具有均匀性,规模上具有稳定性;即使是在恒定的降雨强度条件下,泥石流的源地土体活动也表现为一个离散的土体崩塌序列,具有时间上的间歇性、空间上的聚集性、规模上的随机性,且在时间上服从泊松分布,在规模上服从规模-频率的幂率关系;坡面的水土过程是不完全同步的,泥石流的形成依赖于坡面土体补给的时间、空间和规模分布,这也决定了泥石流阵流的多变和流量的涨落。建立基于土体活动特征的随机性补给模型,结合分布式水文模型,是建立科学的泥石流预报模型的有效方法。     

地震动强度对斜坡加速度动力响应规律的影响

依托大型振动台试验成果,采用加速度响应峰值PGA及其放大系数相结合的分析方法,系统地探讨了上硬、下软和上软、下硬两种岩性组合结构斜坡模型,分别在正弦波和天然地震波作用下坡面各高程点的水平向和竖直向加速度响应随震动强度增大的变化规律。试验结果分析表明：①在天然波作用下两斜坡模型的水平向和竖直向PGA均随震动强度增大而增大,而放大系数则随震动强度增大到一定程度时,逐渐减小并趋于稳定;②在正弦波作用下两斜坡模型的水平向和竖直向PGA亦随震动强度增大而增大,然而竖直向PGA放大系数随震动强度增大亦有所增大,说明竖直向加速度响应表现出了相对于水平向响应较弱的非线性特征;③在水平向和竖直向地震力作用下加速度响应沿高程表现出的放大效应分别体现在斜坡模型的上段和下段。此外,斜坡模型的加速度响应沿坡面在坡脚、坡中和坡肩等特殊部位出现了多个极值区;④在水平向地震力作用下低频的地震波作用要强于高频地震波,且加速度在上硬、下软岩性组合结构斜坡模型中的响应要强于上软、下硬岩性组合斜坡模型;在竖直向地震力作用下则呈现相反结果。其研究结果对高地震风险山区的防震减灾及灾后重建都具有指导和借鉴意义。     

Assessment of lithology and geomorphic control on slope instability in Raigad district,Maharashtra

Landslides are common along western slopes of Sahyadri ranges and isolated hills of coastal plains in Konkan region of Maharashtra. Numerous landslides with low magnitude is an important characteristic of slope failures in this region. Though the magnitude of landslides in this region is low, they result in huge losses in terms of property damage and even loss of lives especially those occur along major communication routes. Present paper deals with the spatial distribution of landslides in Raigad district, Maharashtra based on the historical landslide records and field investigations. The landslide occurrence and its relationship with the rainfall has been assessed to determine the role of rainfall, lithology and geomorphology in slope failures. The results of the study revealed that the concentration of landslides in Raigad district is observed in the south and south-eastern hilly tracts of the district. It is observed that the landslide process in this study area is also influenced by geo-environmental factors such as slope, aspect, structure, drainage, roads etc.     

降雨入渗对土坡稳定性影响分析

在饱和-非饱和渗流理论基础上,从降雨强度、前期降雨总量、不同的土坡坡度以及是否考虑植被护坡等方面对大气降雨条件下土坡的稳定性进行了探讨.分析结果表明,在土体饱和渗透系数一定的条件下,强降雨对土坡稳定系数影响显著;土坡越陡,降雨强度大小对土坡安全性影响就俞显突出;土坡表层植物根系的存在影响非饱和区渗流场分布,可以延缓非饱和区含水量的增大,土坡稳定系数得到提高.     

Empirical-based seismically induced slope displacements in a geographic information system environment: a case study

Landslides are one of the most damaging and threatening hazards associated with seismically induced slope movements. Estimations of support conditions for slope displacements are important for taking preventive measures to avoid landslide events in future. California's Division of Mines and Geology (DMG) procedure is utilised in the present paper for estimating the slope failure mechanism under seismic conditions. In this study, the DMG procedure has been explained and has also been incorporated in a Geographic Information System (GIS) using Arc-GIS software from Environmental Systems Research Institute. Further, it is utilised for establishing a seismically induced slope displacement map for the Skien municipality area of Telemark County in Norway. The motivation for selecting this site was the availability of geotechnical parameters for the site. Three different displacement maps have been produced for earthquake scenarios of magnitude 5, 6 and 7, respectively. The maximum displacement of 133 cm is estimated for earthquake scenario of magnitude 7. It is noticed that the sensitive areas for slope failure remain the same under different earthquake scenarios. A displacement tool based on the DMG procedure has been created in the Arc-tool box in Arc-GIS software. This tool minimises the efforts for inserting formulas for making raster displacement maps. By using the displacement tool one can generate final products like displacement maps automatically at high accuracy and in quick time. The prepared slope displacement maps of study area are used for landslide susceptibility zonation (LSZ) map preparation. The LSZ maps are useful for landslide hazard assessment and further can be utilised by planners, civil engineers and local administrators for town planning and policy-making.     

Estimating location and size of historical earthquake by combining archaeology and geology in Umm-El-Qanatir,Dead Sea Transform

We study the Byzantine-to-Ummayad (6th–8th century) archaeological site of Umm-El-Qanatir, located 10 km east of the Dead Sea Transform (DST) in northern Israel. The site was damaged by an earthquake-induced landslide, and in this work we use slope stability analysis to constrain the historical seismic acceleration that occurred along the northern segment of the DST. Umm-El-Qanatir archaeological site is located on a slope of a canyon and contains evidence for earthquake-related damage, including fallen columns and walls, horizontal shift of heavy masonry blocks, and complete burial of ceramic pots and farming tools beneath fallen ceilings. A water pool that collected spring water is displaced nearly one meter by the landslide. The artifacts from the village and the spring area indicate that people inhabited the site until the middle of the 8th century. We argue that the destruction, which forced the abandonment of Umm-El-Qanatir together with nearby settlements, was associated with the earthquake of January 18, 749 CE. In order to evaluate the ground acceleration related to the above earthquake, we back-analyze the stability of a failed slope, which cut and displaced the water-pool, using slope stability software (Slope/W). The results show that the slope is statically stable and that high values of horizontal seismic acceleration (>0.3 g) are required to induce slope failure. Subsequently, we use the Newmark displacement method to calculate the earthquake magnitude needed to cause the slope failure as a function of distance from the site. The results (attributed to the 749 CE earthquake) show that a M_W > 7.0 earthquake up to 25 km from the site could have induced the studied landslide.     

Regional landslide susceptibility following the Mid NIIGATA prefecture earthquake in 2004 with NEWMARK’S sliding block analysis

This study proposes a calculation method for regional earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility that applies the permanent seismic displacement calculated using Newmark’s sliding block analysis with estimated vertical and horizontal seismic motions. The proposed method takes into account the direction of slope failure based on the specified slope azimuth. The study results reveal the importance of predominant slope failure direction using a simple infinite slope model subjected to earthquakes. The target area for the earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility analysis constituted a region of more than 2000 km² surrounding the epicenter of the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004. An earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility map was created based on the proposed method with a specific combination of friction angle and cohesion, and the resulting data were compared to the landslide inventory map produced from aerial photographs following the Mid Niigata prefecture earthquake in 2004. To create the susceptibility map, geomaterial cohesion values for the slope were back-calculated to satisfy the minimum safety factor in the static state. This study also proposes a calculation method for the prediction rate and determines the back-calculated strength parameters of geomaterials. The proposed regional landslide susceptibility map will be useful for understanding potential slope failure locations and magnitude of damage, as well as for planning field investigation and preventing secondary disasters immediately after earthquakes.     

Dynamic response of a dip slope with multi-slip planes revealed by shaking table tests

This study investigated the effect of internal discontinuity on the dynamic response of a dip slope and evaluated the performance of Newmark’s theory on the sliding of a dip slope with multi-slip planes. A series of shaking table tests were performed under various geometric conditions to explore the dynamic behavior of a dip slope under different external excitations. The test results, including for deformation processes and critical accelerations, under various slope angles, slope sizes, and seismic intensities were examined and further compared with Newmark’s theory. The results of this study are summarized as follows: (1) two types of slope sliding (differential and complete) were determined. (2) Increasing the slope angle and the height of sliding mass tended to shorten the duration of slope deformation. (3) Critical acceleration of the slope increased gradually with increasing peak ground accelerations of input excitations; when the slope height and dip angle increased, the critical acceleration decreased. (4) The triggering time became earlier as the frequency of input excitation increased; the magnitude of sliding mass greatly depended on the amplitude of the input excitation. (5) By comparing critical acceleration between the experimental and theoretical results, Newmark’s theory was determined to overestimate critical acceleration during seismic-induced dip slope failure. This may cause unsafe evaluations, and sliding along existing discontinuities develops more easily in reality.     

The effect of unsteady winds on sediment transport on the stoss slope of a transverse dune, Silver Peak, NV, USA

Rapid (10 s) measurements of sediment transport and wind speed on the stoss slope of a transverse dune indicate that the majority of sand transported is associated with fluctuations in wind speed with a periodicity of 5–20 min duration. Increases in the sediment transport rate towards the dune crest are associated with a small degree of flow acceleration. The increase in wind speed is sufficient, however, to greatly increase values of the intermittency index ( γ ), so that the duration of saltation is extended in crestal regions of the dune. The pattern of sediment transport on the stoss slope and, therefore, the locus of areas of erosion and deposition change with the regional wind speed. Erosion of the crest occurs during wind speed events just above transport threshold, whereas periods of higher magnitude winds result in deposition of sand upwind of the crest, thereby increasing dune height. Although short-term temporal and spatial relations between sand transport and wind speed on the stoss slope are well understood, it is not clear how these relations affect dune morphology over longer periods of time.     

加筋均质边坡稳定影响因素的敏感性研究

采用正交分析表设计单指标多因素试验,通过荷兰法和瑞典法计算加筋边坡的稳定安全系数。结合20 m高土工格栅加筋边坡算例,分析了各因素对加筋边坡稳定影响的敏感性,按其大小依次为：粘聚力、内摩檫角、地震作用、重度、筋层数、筋材抗拉强度、坡比、筋层间距、地面超载和地下水位。重点讨论了加筋对边坡稳定的影响,并认为在边坡工程中,如果条件许可应优先采用粘聚力高、内摩檫角大的填料,需要加筋时,在总加筋力相等的前提下,铺设多层强度适中的格栅比少量高强度格栅的加筋效果好。     

连续降雨作用下非饱和土边坡的稳定性分析

在边坡稳定性研究中,吸力的影响经常被忽略。基于非饱和土的渗流理论,利用数值分析方法研究了一个由于连续降雨导致的非饱和土边坡失稳的工程实例。研究结果表明:非饱和土的吸力对于维持边坡稳定具有重要影响,而吸力与降雨频率、降雨量、降雨时间、蒸发量等密切相关。对于工程实践而言,吸力的监测对于维持土坡稳定具有重要意义。     

层状斜坡振动台实验的频谱特性研究

本文通过大型振动台试验,对硬岩顺层、反倾和软岩顺层、反倾4类结构岩体边坡的地震动力响应的频谱特性进行了分析。实验结果表明:传递至坡肩的振动信号,是一个包含了斜坡本身材料和结构特征的复杂信号集合。对这一信号的傅里叶频谱进行分析获得的特征信息,与斜坡本身的结构特性吻合,说明在振动台试验中采用这一方法对斜坡结构进行研究是可行的。在本次试验中,当不同频率的垂直向震动施加于边坡时,坡肩衍生振动频率的幅值呈现了明显的反倾高于顺层,硬岩高于软岩的特性;而水平震动施加于边坡时,则硬岩顺层,软岩反倾斜坡具有更高的幅值,频率也更集中于特定的卓越频段,而硬岩反倾和软岩顺层斜坡的水平震动响应则相对不显著。另外,硬岩顺层斜坡对震动的响应表现比软岩顺层明显,而软岩反倾的反应比硬岩反倾明显。当施加垂直向天然波信号时,顺层斜坡的傅里叶频谱图像与台面波形基本保持一致,而反倾斜坡表现为对特定频率段的幅值放大更加显著。水平向加载天然波信号时各个斜坡呈现了更多的一致性,表明此工况下坡体结构与岩性的影响则明显较不显著。     

Response of unconfined turbidity current to normal‐fault topography

Turbidity currents descending the slopes of deep‐water extensional basins or passive continental margins commonly encounter normal‐fault escarpments, but such large‐magnitude phenomena are hydraulically difficult to replicate at small scale in the laboratory. This study uses advanced computational fluid dynamics numerical simulations to monitor the response of large, natural‐scale unconfined turbidity currents (100 m thick and 2000 m wide at the inlet gate) to normal‐fault topography with a maximum relief of nearly 300 m. For comparative purposes, the turbidity current is first released on a non‐faulted pristine slope of 1·5° (simulation model 1). The expanding and waxing flow bypasses the slope without recognizable deposition within the visibility limit of 8 vol.% sand grain packing. Similar flow is then released towards the tip (model 2) and towards the centre (model 3) of a normal‐fault escarpment. In both of these latter models, the sand carried by flow tends to be entrapped in four distinct depozones: an upslope near‐gate zone of flow abrupt expansion and self‐regulation; a flow‐transverse zone at the fault footwall edge; a flow‐transverse zone at the immediate hangingwall; and a similar transverse zone near the crest of the hangingwall counter‐slope, where some of the deposited sand also tends to be reshuffled to the previous zone by a secondary reverse underflow. The near‐bottom reverse flow appears to be generated on a counter‐slope of 1·1°, increased to 2·0° by deposition. The Kelvin–Helmholtz interface instability plays an important role by causing three‐dimensional fluctuations in the flow velocity magnitude and sediment concentration. The thick deposits of large single‐surge flows may thus show hydraulic fluctuations resembling those widely ascribed to hyperpycnal flows. The study indicates further that the turbiditic slope fans formed on such fault topographies are likely to be patchy and hence may differ considerably from the existing slope‐fan conceptual models when it comes to the spatial prediction of main sand depozones.