在线膜过滤流动注射-分光光度法直接测定废水中酚

采用一种预装的流动注射功能块流路,以4-氨基安替比林为显色剂,流动注射-分光光度法测定了水样中的酚。提出流动注射固定化和标准化流路硬件,依靠软件程序选择流路参数的优化方法,并采用一种在线膜过滤装置过滤混浊样品,直接进行测定。这种过滤装置不堵塞,可连续运行30 h以上。所拟定的方法酚的质量浓度在0.1~8.0 mg/L与吸收值呈线性关系,相关系数为0.999,方法的检出限为0.05 mg/L(3σ,n=11)。样品平行测定的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=5)<2.1%,回收率为97.0%~104.3%,采样频率为60/h以上。用此法测定油田水及管道废水中酚的结果与常用蒸馏法结果相符。     

用于原子吸收光谱分析的在线流动注射液—液萃取…

本文对在线液－液萃取流路系统进行了研究，采用一种新型相分离器－重力相分离器和提出了一个萃取镉的新体系：Ｃｄ－ＫＩ－抗坏血酸－联苯重氮撑氨基偶氮苯，并用所设计的流路对矿石中痕量镉进行了测定，在采样频率为２０ｈ＾－１时，方法的灵敏度比直接测定提高１００倍，检出限为０．５ｕｇ．１＾－１，相对标准偏差为１．１％。     

萃取—原子吸收法测定高纯氧化钐中的镍

在ｐＨ３的弱酸性介质中，用二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠＿甲基异丁基酮萃取分离氧化钐以消除基体干扰，用４ｍｏｌ／ＬＨＮＯ３溶液反萃取后火焰原子吸收测定被富集的杂质镍。萃取时水相与有机相体积比为５∶１，反萃时体积比为１∶１，萃取时间５ｍｉｎ，测定高纯氧化钐中杂质镍的回收率达９８％。分离后的共存非稀土元素对测定镍无干扰。方法检出限为４０μｇ／ＬＮｉ，对ｗ（Ｎｉ）＝０３×１０－６的氧化钐测定６次，ＲＳＤ＝７１％，试样加标回收率在９３％～１０４％。     

在线液—液萃取微型万用分相器的设计和应用：Ⅰ.连续流动萃取石墨炉…

设计了一种用于液－液萃取，可与各种检测器配合并适用地比重大于或小于水的有机溶剂的微型万用分相器及相应的流路系统。用于与石墨炉原子吸收分光计联用测定环境水中镉和铬，检出限分别为５．８ｍｇ／Ｌ和０．１７μｇ／Ｌ，精密度分别为５．４％Ｔ ６．７％加标回收率为９２％－１０８％，样品测定速度为３０／ｈ。     

叠前反Q滤波与品质因数Q估计

应用Ｈａｒｇｒｅａｖｅｓ的反Ｑ滤波算法，可准确校正零炮检距射线路径条件下地震记录的频散吸收。研究表明，只要能够获得时变的品质因数Ｑ结构，这种反Ｑ滤波算法也同样适用于非零炮检距射线路径条件下地震记录的反Ｑ滤波。本文叙述了采用Ｈａｒｇｒｅａｖｅｓ算于以相邻层间地震子波相似系数的相关性确定品质因数Ｑ的方法原理，并对相速度弥散式及参考频率ω＿ｒ的选取方法进行了讨论，数值模拟结果表明，用该方法提取的Ｑ值，可实现迭前反Ｑ滤波处理，能使浅、中、深层地震子波波形基本保持一致。     

在线液-液萃取微型万用分相器的设计和应用 Ⅰ.连续流动萃取石墨炉原子吸收测环境水中镉和不同价态的铬

计了一种用于液＿液萃取，可与各种检测器配合并适用于比重大于或小于水的有机溶剂的微型万用分相器及相应的流路系统。用于与石墨炉原子吸收分光计联用测定环境水中镉和铬，检出限分别为５８ｎｇ／Ｌ和０１７μｇ／Ｌ，精密度（ＲＳＤ，ｎ＝９）分别为５４％和６７％，加标回收率为９２％～１０８％，样品测定速率为３０／ｈ。     

TTI介质中波传播的伪谱法折叠效应的消除方法研究

在弹性波传播问题的研究中,伪谱法是一种很好的模拟方法。该法的最大优点是节省存储空间,运算速度优于其它方法。但是伪谱法也存在一定的问题,由于折叠效应的影响,普通的吸收边界条件不能达到良好的效果。所以,这里采用一种"反周期延拓"与普通吸收边界相结合的新办法,用来消除折叠效应和边界反射的影响,并在TTI介质的伪谱法正演模拟中加以应用。模拟结果表明,这种新的方法能有效地达到消除伪谱法正演模拟过程中所产生的折叠效应,具有一定的推广价值。     

利用三维CT扫描技术定量计算熔岩流气泡体积的研究与实现

气泡体积算法及其计算机实现是火山熔岩流气泡古高度计应用研究中的难点之一,直接制约着古高度计算结果的精确度。本文提出了一种新的基于计算机断层成像技术的熔岩流气泡众数统计方法,即通过计算机断层成像技术对气孔状玄武岩样品进行三维重构,利用不同物质对射线吸收衰减系数的不一致性,标记重构数据中的岩石、气泡与无效部分,进而提取气泡连通区域的骨架,确定独立气泡之间的分割面,最终统计出气泡的数量与体积。考虑到玄武岩中气泡截面轮廓不规则的特点,采用逐点法有效地计算了截面面积,排除了连通区域轮廓对面积计算结果的影响。采用基于区域划分的阈值计算方法统计玄武岩样品的气泡数量与体积,解决了传统的单一阈值计算方法导致的小连通区域过度分割的问题。在上述新方法的基础上,本文设计并构建了新的气泡数量与体积的统计软件,计算程序的初步运算结果证实了研究方法的有效性与可行性。该方法有望提高熔岩流气泡数量、体积以及火山熔岩流气泡古高度计的计算精度,成为重建高原隆升历史的快速分析工具。     

长英质岩浆中不混溶流体的运移机理——兼论成矿作用发生的条件

与岩浆作用有关的热液矿床的形成,在一定程度上是岩浆体系内富含挥发分流体的组成、压力及性质演变的结果。长英质岩浆中无水硅酸盐矿物的结晶导致挥发性组分以气泡形式存在。气泡的体积随岩浆演化程度增强而不断增大,由于两不混溶流体之密度差而产生的力的作用使气泡相对硅酸盐熔体（＋晶体）超前向上迁移,最终到达岩浆房顶部。长英质岩浆中富含挥发分流体的迁移运动是通过气泡的上浮实现的。气泡能否上浮主要取决于气泡的体积大小和受力的强度。只有体积较大的气泡才可能迅速迁移并到达岩浆房顶部。修正后的Ｄａｒｃｙ定律对气泡（岩浆体系中的流体）的上述运动特征给予了物理学方法的描述。     

小波变换去噪方法研究

作者在本文中就如何利用小波变波消除噪音干扰的方法进行了研究。针对地震资料的特点提出了消除相干干扰的具体计算方法，即将地震资料用小波变换分频处理，针对干扰与有效波共存的频段波场，利用自动追踪找出相干干扰的方向，再用中值滤波恢复相干波场，即从共存的波场中分离出来，再对它进行小波反变换即可重构相干干扰，最后从原始记录中消去它，以获得所需要的有效信号。几个地区的试算表明该方法的有效性，文中最后列出了这些试算中的一个例子。     

The flow and heat transfer characteristics of compressed air in high-pressure air injection wells

High-pressure air injection (HPAI) is a significant enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology of light oils especially in deep, thin, low-permeability reservoirs. The flow and heat transfer behaviors of compressed air in wellbore is essential to maximize performance of air in EOR. Due to strong compressibility of air and high injection pressure, wellbore temperature and pressure are greatly affected by friction and gas compression. However, the available models of wellbore flow and heat transfer are only accurate for thermal fluid, such as saturated steam and superheated steam, injected at relatively low pressure and high temperature. In this paper, a novel model is proposed to characterize wellbore pressure and temperature distribution for HPAI wells with consideration of dynamic behaviors of injected air. Flow and heat transfer in depth direction are coupled with air properties by iterative technique, and heat transfer in radial direction is treated as steady state in wellbore and transient state in formation. The mathematical model is solved by employing finite difference method and it is validated by field data. Then, integrated analyses of flowing pressure, heat transfer mechanism, and interaction between pressure and temperature are conducted. Results indicate that (1) as well depth increases, temperature difference between formation and air tends to become constant, and the radial heat transfer tends to reach an equilibrium state. The higher the flow rate is, the deeper the equilibrium depth is. (2) Air temperature is dominated by heat transmission from formation at low flow rates and dominated by frictional heat and gas compression effect at high flow rates. Fictional heat begins to affect air temperature at an injection rate beyond the critical value, while gas compression effect can increase air temperature in the whole calculated injection rate range. (3) Interaction between wellbore temperature and pressure is mainly achieved by altering air density. The effect of injection pressure on air temperature can be negligible, while the influence of injection temperature shows strong dependency on injection rate.     

明渠水流自掺气发展区水气结构分析

为研究明渠水流自掺气发展区内水气结构特征,采用针式掺气流速仪对自掺气发展区内气泡尺寸与数量进行了试验研究,比较了气泡尺寸与数量随自掺气发展的变化规律,结果显示,同一水流断面上,随着掺气浓度的减小,气泡弦长尺寸分布范围与弦长平均值逐渐减小,掺气区内小尺寸气泡在数量上占有较大的比例,而大尺寸气泡则在含气量上占有较大的比例,分析认为从水面附近高掺气浓度区至自掺气区域底缘低掺气浓度区,明渠自掺气水流水气结构发展过程为“水面变形为主—水面变形与个体空气泡共存—个体空气泡”,为进一步研究明渠自掺气形成机理提供了一定的参考。     

煤层气排采非饱和流阶段煤粉–气泡耦合作用机理

揭示煤层气排采储层非饱和流阶段煤粉与气体相互作用机理,对制定排采制度和提高产气量具有重要意义。通过气泡–煤粉微观作用实验装置,系统开展了不同直径大小的气泡对不同粒度和密度煤粉的作用实验,分析了气泡对煤粉运移轨迹和速度的影响及捕获煤粉特征。结果表明,气泡产出能够影响煤粉的运移轨迹,甚至能够捕获煤粉;煤粉通过气泡时会产生3种运动类型：沿着气泡表面运移到气泡底部最后被捕获、沿着气泡表面运移到气泡底部最后脱落及接近气泡时被排斥而轨迹发生偏转。煤粉若被气泡捕捉,则运动速度呈现出减小–增大–减小的变化特征;若未被气泡捕获,速度呈现出减小–增大–减小–增大的变化特征。不同条件下气泡对煤粉的捕获效率高达64.38%～86.64%;在气泡表面最高点附近发生碰撞煤粉被捕获的概率最大,并且随着偏离角度的增大,气泡捕获效率均呈现出逐渐减小的趋势;在相同的碰撞位置下,气泡对煤粉的捕获效率随着煤粉密度、煤粉粒径的增大而减小,随着气泡直径的增大而增大。煤层气产气初期应根据储层的实际导流能力合理控制降压速率,若储层导流能力较强,应加大排采速率,增大气体解吸对煤粉的扰动和捕获作用,促使大量煤粉随地下水或气泡产出;若储层...     

水体中挥发酚测定中的流动注射分光光度法研究进展

挥发酚是水体中的重要污染物,对生态环境和人体健康有着严重的危害,美国环保署已将11种酚类化合物列入环境优先污染物之中。文章概括了挥发酚的气相色谱法、蒸馏后溴化容量法、重量法、薄层色谱法、液相色谱法、光度法等检测方法的特点,重点介绍了流动注射分光光度法在挥发酚测定中的原理及在水质分析中的应用,讨论了该法的影响因素,包括缓冲溶液pH、氧化剂、空气峰以及实际水样的影响,并对这一领域的发展趋势进行了展望。引用文献54篇。     

Effect of system variables and particle size on physical characteristics of air sparging plumes

Air was injected through a well in a thin transparent tank filled with saturated glass beads to study how the size and air saturation of air sparging plumes are affected by particle size and gradation; operational parameters such as injection pressure, well depth, injection pressure pulsing; and well outlet configuration. V-shaped air plumes with an apex between 40° and 60° were obtained for all tests. The air pressure required to initiate sparging agreed closely with the sum of the air entry pressure and the hydrostatic pressure, with higher initiation pressures required in the fine and well-graded beads. Higher air flow rates and air saturations were obtained in coarser beads at a given pressure, and the variation in flow rate was consistent with estimated air permeabilities. Peak average air saturations were 28–56% for the coarse-medium beads, 10% for the well-graded beads, and 8% for the fine beads. Air saturation and the radius of influence increased modestly (<40%) as the normalized injection pressure exceeded 0.1. Radius of influence increased by approximately a factor of two as the well depth increased, but leveled off once the ratio of radius of influence to well depth reached 0.60–1.05. Pulsing of injection pressure had no effect on the initiation pressure, air flow rate, or air saturation, but increased the size of the air plume and the radius of influence slightly (<15%). Well outlet configuration had only a slight affect the radius of influence (<10%), air saturation (<10%), or air flow rate (<12%). Dye testing showed that water surrounding the air plume circulated during continuous and pulsed sparging. However, pulsed sparging resulted in greater and more defined circulation of water within and adjacent to the air plume, which should reduce mass transfer limitations during sparging.     

The Transitive Loss of Pressure Cell With Secondary Membranes

Since two membranes and a hydraulic cavity are introduced, the pressure cell with secondary membrane has a transitive loss. The paper analyses transitive loss theoretically and gives a unified formula in the following cases: (1) Under uncompressible liquid; (2) Under compressible liquid; (3) With air bubbles in force transfer cavities. A few calculations for circular membranes are made. The relation between allowable air bubble ratio and allowable transitive loss is also given in this paper. Both theoretical and experimental results prove that the high air bubble ratio is one of the bad linearity at low pressure.     

二次膜压力盒的传力损耗

由于二次膜压力盒具有两个承压膜和充有传力液的腔室,因而二次膜压力盒存在着传力损耗。本文从理论上对压力盒的传力损耗进行了分析,并对以下三种情况进行了讨论: (1) 传力液不可压缩(2) 传力液可压缩; (3) 传力腔内含有气泡。文中列出了传力损耗ε的统一计算公式,并按圆形膜片做了计算。最后给出了容许气泡率A_L与容许传力损耗ε_L之间的关系。理论和实验研究结果都证明含气率高是压力盒低压端线性度不好的原因之一。     

Experimental investigations on the formation of excess air in quasi-saturated porous media

The formation of an excess of dissolved gas (“excess air”) in quasi-saturated media was studied by analyzing and interpreting dissolved noble gas concentrations in laboratory column experiments. Using quartz sand filled columns of 1 m length, two different experimental designs were realized. In the first, groundwater recharge was simulated by a unidirectional vertical water flow through the columns. In the second, groundwater level fluctuations in an aquifer zone without active infiltration were reproduced by cyclic water level fluctuations in the columns. The reproducible generation of excess air under these defined, near natural conditions was successful. Partial or complete dissolution of air bubbles entrapped in the quartz sand could be identified as the mechanism responsible for the generation of excess air. Depending on the experimental design, supersaturation of the dissolved atmospheric noble gases ranging between 1.4% ΔNe and 16.2% ΔNe was found. The measured noble gas patterns were interpreted using inverse modeling and conceptual gas exchange models and were compared to results of numerical simulations of gas bubble dissolution in water filled soil columns. The gas composition in most of the samples resembles either unfractionated pure atmospheric excess air or is fractionated in accordance with closed-system equilibration between entrapped air and surrounding water. In addition to the amount of entrapped air, the hydrostatic pressure exerted on the entrapped air bubbles is the dominating parameter responsible for the total amount of dissolved air. The composition of the excess air component is controlled by the water flow regime, the bubble size distribution, the initially dissolved gas concentrations and the initially entrapped gas composition.     

Shock effects on hydrous minerals and implications for carbonaceous meteorites

New infrared absorption spectra, thermo-gravimetric analyses and optical-and scanning electron microscopy of shock-recovered specimens of antigorite serpentine (Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄) from the pressure range between 25 to 59 GPa are reported. The infrared spectra show systematic changes in absorption peaks related to structural and molecular surface absorbed water. H₂O absorption peaks increase at the expense of OH peaks with increasing shock pressure. Changes in SiO bond vibrational modes with increasing shock pressure parallel those seen for other, non-hydrous minerals. Thermogravimetric analyses of shock-recovered samples determine the amount of shock-induced water loss. For samples shocked in vented assemblies, the data define a relation between shock-induced water loss versus shock pressure. Results for samples shocked in sealed assemblies demonstrate a dependence of water loss on shock pressure and target confinement. For the vented assembly samples, a linear relation between shock pressure and both the length of dehydration interval and the effective activation energy for releasing post-shock structural water in antigorite is found. Optical and scanning electron miscroscopy of shocked antigorite reveal a number of textures thought to be unique to shock loading of volatile-bearing minerals. Gas bubbles, which probably are the result of shock-released H₂O appear to be injected into zones of partial melting. This process may produce the vesicular dark veins which are distributed throughout heavily shocked samples. The present observations suggest several criteria which may constrain possible shock histories of the hydrous matrix phases of carbonaceous condrites. A model is proposed for explaining hydrous alteration processes occurring on carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies in the course of their accretion. We speculate that shock loading of hydrous minerals would release and redistribute free water in the regoliths of carbonaceous chondrite parent bodies giving rise to the observed hydrous alterations.     

土壤包气带中气体对入渗水流运动影响的实验研究

利用专门的实验系统,研究了降雨入渗过程中土壤包气中气压势形成、发展和消亡的规律及其对下渗水流运动的影响。结合成因分析,探讨了气压势形成的条件;审视和解释了气压势与土壤水总势能和地下水位的相互关系。实验结果表明,在地下水位埋深较浅的条件下(<2m),积水入渗时所形成的气压势将使下渗量减少1/3。