长波和水流作用下浮泥流动机理研究

基于宾汉模型,并运用量级分析方法建立了长波、水流作用下浮泥运动简化方程。简化后的浮泥运动方程是一个非线性的常微分方程。运用解析与数值混合的方法进行求解,计算量很小。讨论了水流对泥面的剪应力、波幅、波长、浮泥层厚度以及浮泥密度等多组参数对浮泥输运速度的影响。研究表明,存在波浪的情况下,即使水流对泥面的剪应力远小于浮泥屈服应力浮泥也能出现定向的输运。     

Laboratory testing of mathematical models for high-concentration fluid mud turbidity currents

The propagation characteristics of fluid mud turbidity currents were investigated experimentally and theoretically. Parameterizations for propagation phase transition times from slumping to self-similar and self-similar to viscous phases are proposed. Predictive capabilities of different mathematical models that fall into three different modeling approaches (force-balance, box, shallow water) were evaluated for fluid mud turbidity current propagation using our experimental observations. For the slumping and self-similar phases, the box and force-balance models showed superior predictive capabilities than the one-layer shallow water models with deep ambient condition. Fluid mud turbidity currents have a non-Newtonian rheology and their transition and propagation characteristics in the viscous phase differ vastly from the Newtonian currents. We derived and presented a viscous force-balance expression for the propagation of a non-Newtonian power-law fluid current. We then experimentally evaluated the predictive capability of this force-balance and the viscous shallow water model by Di Federico et al. (2006). Both models' predictions are observed to be in notably good agreement with the experimental data. The results of this study are expected to be useful for preliminary swift calculations of the fluid mud turbidity current propagation characteristics as well as in deciding whether more detailed calculations at the expense of complexity are required.     

Interaction of waves with non-colinear currents

The present paper reports on a study of the interaction of a current-free monochromatic surface wave field with a wave-free uniform current field in a three-dimensional flow frame. The wave and the current fields are not necessarily collinear with each other. The formulation of the wave-current field is done under the assumption of irrotational and inviscid flow. We have developed the three dimensional expressions describing the characteristics of the combined flow in terms of mass, momentum and energy transport conservation. These equations are found efficient to describe the sought-for combined wave-current field. The parameters describing the wave-current field after the interaction are the surface disturbance amplitude and length, mean water depth, mean current-like parameter and direction of the combined flow, which would be calculated from a set of equations that satisfy conservation of mean mass, momentum and energy flux and a dispersion relation on the free surface before and after the interaction. The results are shown in terms of relative changes in wave heights and lengths, current-like parameters and final directions obtained for the combined wave-current field with respect to current-free wave and wave-free current pre-interaction parameters.     

Experimental study on bed-load sediment transport under irregular wave and current combined flow

Using an irregularly oscillating tray and flume,a series of experiments are completed to evaluate bed-load sediment transport rate under irregular wave-current coexistent fild.Testing conditions include three interaction angles 0°,45°,90° and two kinds of median sizes (0.38 and 1.10 mm).The results of transport rate show that the net sediment transport rate can be expressed approximately as the function of the maximum bottom shear stress of waves,mean shear stress of current and the grain size.     

利用被动示踪物模拟对黑潮入侵南海的数值研究

由于缺少观测数据和对黑潮水准确定义,很难识别出从太平洋入侵到南海的黑潮水团。本文基于一个经过观测验证的三维模式MITgcm,利用被动示踪物标记黑潮水,研究了入侵南海的黑潮水的时空变化。研究表明,在冬季,黑潮水入侵的范围最广,几乎占据了18°N-23°N和114°E-121°E的区域;并有一个分支进入台湾海峡;黑潮入侵的范围随深度增加逐渐减小。在夏季,黑潮水被限制在118°E以东,且没有分支进入台湾海峡;入侵的范围从海面到约205米是增大的,之后随深度增加逐渐减小。通过分析从2003年到2012年黑潮入侵的年际变化,与厄尔尼诺年和正常年相比,冬季黑潮入侵后向台湾海峡的分支在拉尼娜年是最弱的,这可能与中国大陆东南方向的风应力旋度有关。通过吕宋海峡的黑潮入侵通量（KIT）是西向的,其年平均值约为-3.86×10⁶ m³/s,大于吕宋海峡通量（LST,约-3.15×10⁶ m³/s）。250米以上的KIT约占了全深度通量的60-80%。此外,从2003年到2012年KIT与Niño 3.4指数的相关系数到达0.41,小于LST与Niño 3.4指数的相关系数0.78。     

Bed load transport on the shoreface by currents and waves

Tide-driven bed load transport is an important portion of the net annual sediment transport rate in many shoreface and shelf environments. However, bed load transport under waves cannot be measured in the field and bed load transport by currents without waves is barely measurable, even in spring tidal conditions. There is, consequently, a strong lack of field data and validated models. The present field site was on the shoreface and inner shelf at 2 to 8.5 km offshore the central Dutch coast (far outside the surfzone), where tidal currents flow parallel to the coast. Bed load transports were carefully measured with a calibrated sampler in spring tidal conditions without waves at a water depth of 13–18 m with fine and medium sands. The near-bed flow was measured over nearly a year and used for integration to annual transport rates. An empirical bed load model was derived, which predicts bed load transports that are a factor of > 5 smaller than predicted by existing models. However, they agree with laboratory data of sand and gravel transport in currents near incipient motion. The damped transport rates may have been caused by cohesion of sediment or turbulence damping due to mud or biological activity. The annual bed load transport rate was calculated using a probability density function (pdf) derived from the near-bed current and orbital velocity data which represented the current and wave climate well when compared to 30 years of data from a nearby wave station. The effect of wave stirring was included in the transport calculations. The net bed load transport rate is a few m²/year. This is much less than predicted in an earlier model study, which is partly due to different bed load models but also due to the difference in velocity pdf. The annual transport rate is very sensitive to the probability of the largest current velocities.     

波浪运动在底边界层的湍流结构数值研究

本文基于$ k $-$ \varepsilon $ 模型研究了波流边界层内湍流结构特征。研究结果表明,时均流速分布数值解与实验结果高度吻合。一个波周期内湍流结构特征（如：涡量、湍动能、湍动能耗散率等）呈周期性变化规律,波浪作用引起涡量、湍动能及湍动能耗散率均在减速阶段减小,在波谷处达到最低值,而后在加速阶段增大,并在波峰处达到最大值。近壁面处湍流结构变化幅值较大（湍动能耗散率变化可达53%）,远离壁面处变化幅值较平均值较小（仅3%）。波流边界层厚度在减速阶段增加,在加速阶段减小。本文所建立的数值模型克服了现有模型因采用“高雷诺数方法”引起的近壁区精度不高问题,可较好地描述波浪作用下湍流结构演变过程的物理机制,为河口海岸地区泥沙运动、岸滩演变及海洋可再生能源的开发利用提供一些指导意义。     

长江口北槽浮泥周期性变化初探

根据2000年长江口北槽浮泥的实测资料,分析浮泥厚度和体积等几何尺度随时间的变化,发现长江口北槽浮泥存在日、半月和年际三种周期变化;日周期的变化受潮流动力周期的控制,这是由潮流冲刷浮泥形成的悬沙并再絮凝沉积造成的;半月周期的变化受潮流半月周期变化引起的泥沙供给量的变化控制;年周期的变化主要是由影响细颗粒泥沙絮凝沉积的长江口水温的年度变化所控制,泥沙供给和动力的年周期变化也有一定的影响.     

A sheetflow sediment transport model for skewed-asymmetric waves combined with strong opposite currents

Prototype scale physical model tests were conducted to investigate the sheetflow sediment transport of uniform sand under different skewed-asymmetric oscillatory flows with and without the presence of relatively strong currents in the opposite direction against wave propagation. Experiments show that in most cases with fine sands, the “cancelling effect” which balances the on-/off-shore net transport under pure asymmetric/skewed oscillatory flows and results a moderate net transport was developed for combined skewed-asymmetric shaped oscillations. However, under certain conditions (T > 5 s) with coarse sands, the onshore sediment transport was enhanced for combined skewed-asymmetric flows. Additionally, the new experimental data under collinear oscillatory flows and strong currents show that offshore net transport rates increase with decreasing velocity skewness and acceleration skewness. Sediment movement behaviors were investigated through analysis of experimental data obtained from the image analysis technique and attempts were made to estimate and formulate the sheetflow layer thickness. Accordingly, sediment transport under oscillatory sheetflow conditions was studied and successfully explained by comparing the bed shear stress and the phase lag parameter at each half cycle. Consequently, these parameters were incorporated in an improved Dibajinia and Watanabe's type sediment transport model. The formula is calibrated against a comprehensive experimental data (331 in total). Good agreement obtained between predictions and measurements shows that the new formula is fulfilled for practical purposes.     

Mud mass transport due to waves based on an empirical rheology model featured by hysteresis loop

A vertical 2-D water–mud numerical model is developed for estimating the rate of mud mass transport under wave action. A nonlinear semi-empirical rheology model featured by remarkable hysteresis loops in the relationships of the shear stress versus both the shear strain and the rate of shear strain of mud is applied to this water–mud model. A logarithmic grid in the vertical direction is employed for numerical treatment, which increases the resolution of the flow in the neighborhood of both sides of the interface. Model verifications are given through comparisons between the calculated and the measured mud mass transport velocities as well as wave height changes.     

粤东后江湾近岸带风-浪-流联合作用下的泥沙输运

在现场观测资料分析基础上,应用波-流联合输沙模型,对粤东后江岬间海湾近岸带净环流、泥沙输运作用加以模拟分析,结果表明,东北东向风是形成近岸西南向净环流的主要驱动力,波浪控制了海底泥沙再悬浮和底质推移输运的过程,从而形成海湾海底地形以东北部侵蚀为主、西南部以淤积为主的发展趋势.     

A simple model of sediment initiation under waves

A simple model is developed to study the initial motion of sediment on a horizontal bed under non-breaking waves. The model is derived to be A=C(T−T₀) based on a wide range of experimental data collected in different flow regimes, where A is the nearbed semi-excursion of wave motion, T is the wave period, and C and T₀ are the coefficients dependent on sediment properties only. For a given sediment, the onset velocity of sediment motion derived from the model is shown to initially increase sharply with wave period T and then approach a constant. The flow Reynolds number Re corresponding to an initiated sediment is also calculated from the simple model and found to be a function of sediment properties and wave period. For the completeness of this study, the initial motion of light sediment under very short waves is also investigated. The present model agrees well with the available laboratory and field data.     

On incipient motion of silt-sand under combined action of waves and currents

Sediment incipient motion is a fundamental issue in sediment transport theory and engineering practice. Silt has transitional behavior between cohesive and non-cohesive sediment and its incipient motion is still poorly understood. This study aims to find an expression for incipient motion from silt to sand from a unified perspective and analysis. From the analysis of forces, using the derivation method for the Shields curve, an expression for sediment incipient motion is proposed for both silt and sand under conditions of combined waves and currents. The differences and similarities in the sediment motion threshold were analyzed under the effects of waves and currents, and fine and coarse sediment. The Shields number was revised by introducing the cohesive force and additional static water pressure, which indicates that this study could be seen as an extension of the Shields curve method for silt. A number of experimental datasets as well as field data were used to verify the formula. The effect of bulk density on fine sediment was discussed and tested using experimental data.     

An assessment model for the fate and environmental effects of offshore drilling mud discharges

The benthic boundary layer transport (bblt) model was developed to assess potential impact zones from drilling mud discharges from offshore oil and gas drilling. The model focuses on the drift, dispersion and concentration levels of the suspended fraction of the drilling mud fines in the benthic boundary layer with the assumption of a spatially homogeneous environment. The current version of the model includes a wave boundary layer, a breakup module for drilling mud flocs, a dose–response module for scallops, and a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI was written in Java which makes the code largely platform independent. Simulations of suspended barite concentration near Sable Island on the Scotian Shelf during drilling in the fall of 1999 reproduce the very low concentrations (generally less than 1 μg L⁻¹) observed during the Environmental Effects Monitoring program. However, the simulations also exhibited concentrations in excess of the no-effects concentration for scallops (100 μg L⁻¹) prior to the sampling program. The model estimates that the potential impact on scallops in the vicinity of the drilling is a few days of lost growth over scales of a few kilometers.     

浪流相互作用对北部湾内波浪、冷水团及冲淡水的影响研究

Wave-current interaction and its effects on the hydrodynamic environment in the Beibu Gulf(BG) have been investigated via employing the Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere–Wave–Sediment Transport(COAWST) modeling system. The model could simulate reasonable hydrodynamics in the BG when validated by various observations.Vigorous tidal currents refract the waves efficiently and make the seas off the west coast of Hainan Island be the hot spot where currents modulate the significant wave height dramatically. During summer, wave-enhanced bottom stress could weaken the near-shore component of the gulf-scale cyclonic-circulation in the BG remarkably, inducing two major corresponding adjustments: Model results reveal that the deep-layer cold water from the southern BG makes critical contribution to maintaining the cold-water mass in the northern BG Basin.However, the weakened background circulation leads to less cold water transported from the southern gulf to the northern gulf, which finally triggers a 0.2°C warming in the cold-water mass area; In the top areas of the BG, the suppressed background circulation reduces the transport of the diluted water to the central gulf. Therefore, more freshwater could be trapped locally, which then triggers lower sea surface salinity(SSS) in the near-field and higher SSS in the far-field.     

伶仃洋出海航道浮泥形成机制与分布特征

伶仃洋出海航道前后5次大规模的浮泥观测表明,航道中曾普遍发现浮泥层,但近期分布范围有所缩小;浮泥层厚一般在0.1~0.6 m之间,层厚较大的分布区主要集中在航道北段深槽区。根据浮泥分布的多年变化与洪、枯季变化分析,浮泥主要分布在航道深槽内且洪季浮泥层厚度与范围明显比枯季大,表明水动力条件相对较弱和较为丰富的细颗粒泥沙来源是浮泥形成的重要条件;浮泥层由于具有易流动性和可塑性,其形成位置、厚度与长度受潮汐作用影响明显而具有周期性变化。     

Equilibrium scour depths around piles in noncohesive sediments under currents and waves

A universal formula for the estimation of equilibrium scour depth around a single cylindrical pile under the action of steady currents, tidal and short waves is presented.     

Evolution of waves and currents over a submerged laboratory shoal

The vertically-integrated effect of interaction between waves and wave-induced currents on wave transformation over a submerged elliptic shoal was investigated based on numerical simulations of the Vincent and Briggs experiment [Vincent, C.L., Briggs, M.J., 1989. Refraction- diffraction of irregular waves over a mound. Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering, 115(2), pp. 269–284.]. The numerical simulations were performed using two numerical wave-current model systems: one, a combination of the wave model SWAN and the current model SHORECIRC, and the other, a combination of the wave model REF/DIF and the same current model. A time-dependent, phase-resolving wave and current model, FUNWAVE, was also utilized to simulate the experiment. In the simulations, the developed wave-induced currents defocused waves behind the shoal and brought on a wave shadow zone that showed relatively low wave height distributions. For the breaking case of monochromatic waves, the wave heights computed using FUNWAVE showed good agreement with the measurements and the resulting wave-induced currents showed a jet-like velocity distribution in transverse direction. And the computed results of the two model combinations agreed better with the measurements than the computed results obtained by neglecting wave-current interaction. However, it was found that for the case in which transverse interference pattern caused by refracted waves was strong, REF/DIF-SHORECIRC did not correctly evaluate radiation stresses, the gradients of which generate wave-induced currents. SWAN-SHORECIRC, which cannot deal with the interference patterns, predicted a jet-like wave-induced current. For breaking random wave cases, the computed results of the two model combinations and FUNWAVE agreed well with the measurements. The agreements indicate that it is necessary to take into account the effect of wave-induced current on wave refraction when wave breaking occurs over a submerged shoal.     

Wake II model for hydrodynamic forces on marine pipelines including waves and currents

The Wake II model for the determination of the hydrodynamic forces on marine pipelines is extended to include currents and waves. There are two main differences between the Wake II and the traditional model. First, in the Wake II model the velocity is modified to include the pipe's encounter with the wake flow when the velocity reverses. Second, the model uses time dependent drag and lift coefficients. The flow field is assumed to be the linear superposition of regular waves and uniform current and is treated as wave only but in two different phases. The model requires eight empirical parameters that are obtained from comparisons with field data for various Keulegan–Carpenter numbers and current to wave ratios. The effective velocity and the force predictions are compared with field data from Exxon Production Research Company and with the conventional model. The model gives satisfactory results and predicts lift forces that in shape, magnitude and phase relative to the velocity are in very close agreement with measured forces. For the horizontal forces the results are very accurate. A substantial improvement is obtained over the predictions with the conventional model. This work is applicable to the design of submarine pipelines laying on the sea bottom in water depths where waves or waves and currents contribute to the hydrodynamic forces.