运城市地面沉降SBAS-InSAR监测和敏感性GIS分析

以地裂缝分布密集的运城市典型地面沉降区为研究区,采用小基线SBAS-DInSAR算法,利用覆盖该区域的8幅ASAR影像进行干涉处理,获得该区域地面沉降信息,初步揭示了研究区地面沉降的空间分布特征。在此基础上,搜集利用研究区地质资料,结合GIS空间分析方法,分析了断层、地裂缝等构造因素与地面沉降的关系,建立了研究区地面沉降灾害敏感性分区图,对该区域地面沉降地裂缝灾害的防治工作具有指导作用。     

西安市地铁3号线不良地质问题及对策研究

地铁3号线是西安市轨道交通线网中西南至东北方向的主骨架线,由于西安市特殊的地质环境,工程建设中会遇到地面沉降和地裂缝等不良地质问题,因此,必须在工程建设前对3号线沿线地面沉降和地裂缝的发生原因、分布范围及发展趋势仔细进行研究。通过对地铁3号线沿线的实地踏勘,对前人研究资料的收集与分析认为,地铁3号线涉及了辛家庙、胡家庙、金花南路、观音庙、小寨5个老沉降中心和高新区、曲江新区2个新沉降中心,老沉降中心及曲江沉降中心目前沉降速率均较低,危险性小,新沉降中心鱼化寨目前地面沉降速率较大,危险性中等;地铁3号线与7条地裂缝在12个地段相交,其中危险性大的有6处,危险性中等的有5处,危险性小的有1处,要特别注意从吉祥村到小寨段与f7地裂缝的相交段。根据地面沉降和地裂缝对地铁工程影响的特点,提出了相应的防治措施。文中研究成果对西安地铁建设具有很好的参考价 值。     

PS-InSAR技术在北京通州区地面沉降监测中的应用

地面沉降是通州区重要地质灾害,由此引发的地裂缝次生灾害现象严重影响通州区的发展建设.以TerraSAR-X卫星影像为数据基础,采用永久散射体干涉测量(PS-InSAR)技术获取通州区地面沉降2015—2018年监测数据,分析了通州区地面沉降时空分布特征以及地裂缝次生灾害的垂向形变特征.结果表明:(1)通州区地面沉降主要集中在西部和北部地区,形成了以通州城区—梨园—台湖为中心的西部沉降区和以永顺—宋庄为中心的北部沉降区,每个沉降区内又分布着多个小的沉降漏斗,在区域上具有不均匀沉降的特征;(2)宋庄地裂缝两盘各存在一个沉降漏斗中心,裂缝带沿线存在多个小沉降漏斗,由裂缝带向两侧沉降量逐渐增大,垂直裂缝带方向存在显著的沉降梯度变化,差异沉降特征明显,建议在宋庄地裂缝成因机理研究过程中考虑差异沉降对地裂缝形成的影响.     

基于光纤传感技术的地裂缝物理模型试验

苏南地区地裂缝成因机制较为复杂,且灾害活跃。以光纤光栅传感器为监测手段,建立基岩潜山条件下物理地质模型,模拟抽水差异性沉降过程,揭示地裂缝发育演化规律。试验结果表明:（1）地下水过量抽采导致的不均匀沉降是地裂缝发育的最直接因素,地下水水位降深越大、抽采速率越快,地面沉降越明显。（2）基岩潜山形态位置对地表沉降起控制作用;同时地面沉降最严重区域与地裂缝分布区域基本一致;基岩潜山的发育位置形态、地表的沉降曲线以及地裂缝分布情况基本一致。（3）模型试验结果与研究区地裂缝灾害发育规律基本一致。此次基于光纤技术的物理模型试验研究为地裂缝研究提供新的方法与手段。     

北京地区地面沉降与地裂缝关系研究

地面沉降与地裂缝是北京平原区的主要地质灾害。本文在大量的实际资料的基础上,分析了地面沉降、地裂缝在时间、空间和活动方式上的关联,认为二者在加剧活动时间上具有同步性,在活动特征上具有相似性;但发育起点不同,分布上也存在某些不一致性。并以高丽营地裂缝为例,分析了地面沉降与地裂缝之间的相互作用,通过八仙庄地面沉降监测站分层监测结果、地下水监测孔的年水位变幅和勘察孔揭露的地层情况,计算出地裂缝两侧土层不均匀沉降差占地裂缝垂向位错量的30%。研究结果可为二者的联合防治提供理论依据。     

西安某地裂缝两侧黄土物理力学性质试验

概述了西安地裂缝的成因、分布规律和活动速率等特征,然后对某条地裂缝特定地段附近的Q3黄土及其下面第一层古土壤进行了原状土样的常规土工试验和重塑土样的三轴流变试验。常规土工试验表明,以地裂缝为中心,越靠近地裂缝土样的天然密度、含水量、液塑限越大,孔隙比、内聚力和内摩擦角越小,均以地裂缝为中心近乎呈对称分布。重塑土样的三轴流变试验表明,地裂缝带内土的三轴流变特性较地裂缝附近黄土的流变特性明显的多。这从另一角度证明了地裂缝为一宏观不连续软弱结构面,为从力学角度研究地裂缝对工程结构的影响分析研究提供参考。     

河北平原地裂缝分布特征及成因分析

以大量实地调查和资料收集为基础,论述了河北平原地裂缝发育现状及分布特征,总结了地裂缝时空分布规律和形成的主要影响因素。河北平原地裂缝分布普遍,其活动具有区域上的成带性与局部地段的相对丛集性,发育由南向北扩展,走向也大多为特定的几个方向,有些地裂缝具有反复活动性。对河北平原地裂缝的成因进行统计分析,其主要包括断层蠕滑地裂缝、地震引发的次生地裂缝、浅层地下水水位下降引起的地裂缝、地层不均匀导致不均匀沉降产生的地裂缝以及岩溶塌陷和采空区塌陷引起的地裂缝等。地裂缝往往是几种因素的综合作用,其中以某一种因素作为主导。对不同的地裂缝进行成因分析,可采取不同的防治应对措施,从而最大限度地减少损失。     

基于InSAR的西安地面沉降与地裂缝发育特征研究

西安地区长期遭受地面沉降和地裂缝灾害。采用合成孔径雷达干涉测量（InSAR）技术对该区域1992年至今的地面沉降和地裂缝的时空特征进行了监测。主要分3个阶段进行,在每一阶段尤其对InSAR处理过程中的干涉图滤波进行了迭代自适应处理和相位解缠进行了顾及粗差的改正,通过与同期水准和GPS监测结果比较可得InSAR精度达1cm。从3个时间段的InSAR成果可以看出在空间分布上,西安市的东郊和南郊是沉降严重的区域;从时间发育来看,最大沉降阶段发生在1996年,最大沉降量达21cm,而2006年的最大沉降量减少到8cm,且沉降中心转移到西南郊;3个阶段均探测到活动地裂缝两侧的不均匀沉降,地裂缝的南侧沉降均大于北侧。该研究将为西安地区地面沉降和地裂缝的解释和减灾提供数据支持。     

西安典型段地面沉降分层标观测及数值模拟

根据西安地下水监测和详细的地层剖面资料,采用比奥固结理论和不连续面的接触分析,建立了含2条地裂缝的典型地段的二维抽水沉降计算模型,对先存断裂存在时抽水作用下的地面沉降进行了尽可能精细地模拟计算。结合该计算段的监测资料,分析了西安市抽水作用下地层压缩量垂向上的分布特点及地面沉降水平位置上存在差异的原因。研究认为,西安市的地面沉降量主要由100～300 m深度范围内土层的压缩量组成,地裂缝的出现不单是地层厚度不同产生的差异沉降引起的,先存断裂面的作用也很大。由于断裂的存在以及其正断层的特点,沉降过程中上盘（南盘）的沉降得到了放大,而下盘（北盘）沉降缩小,不同结果导致地面沉降在断裂位置出现差异放大现象,导致地裂缝越来越严重。研究成果很好地解释西安地裂缝附近地面沉降的反常差异现象,对于进一步确定地裂缝的成因、预测其发展变化规律具有一定的作用。     

苏锡常地裂缝危险性分区

地裂缝作为苏锡常地区的一种地质灾害对该区的发展造成了严重危害。由于地裂缝孕育过程的非线性以及各影响因素作用关系的复杂性,使得难以用线性方法进行地裂缝危险性分区。在分析地裂缝发生的主要影响因素--古基岩面的起伏差异、第四纪沉积结构差异、地面沉降的不均一性和地下水的超采的基础上,将该4个因素的6项量化指标--基岩埋深、基岩起伏度、地下水位、地面沉降梯度、含水层导水系数以及粘性土层厚度作为输入量,采用遗传人工神经网络算法,建立了苏锡常地区地裂缝危险性分区模型。结果表明,苏锡常地区地裂缝危险区主要分布在常州东部、无锡中部和江阴南部地段,安全区主要分布在张家港的东北部、常熟市的东部、常州市的北部和西南部,较危险区和次安全区为危险区和安全区的过渡区。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.