海湾围填海对滩涂湿地生态服务累积影响研究——以福建兴化湾为例

以福建兴化湾为例,选用1959年海图、1986年和2000年遥感影像数据及围填海相关规划等为基本信息源,将研究区划分为农田、养殖池、盐田、草林地、裸地、岛屿及滩涂7种生态系统类型.采用GIS技术分析兴化湾不同时期由于围填海所造成的各生态系统类型面积变化,并借鉴Costanza等研究的生态服务功能单位价值系数,评估围填海对滩涂湿地生态服务造成的累积影响.在1959-2000年,兴化湾滩涂面积减少了21.35%,生态服务的年总价值由1959年的5.31×109元降至2000年的4.45×109元,损失达8.63×109元,损失幅度为16.35%;2000-2020年,围填海相关规划的实施将导致兴化湾滩涂面积急剧下降,生态服务的年总价值由2000年的4.45×109元降至 2020年的3.48×109元,损失达9.68×108元,损失幅度为21.77%,其损失量和损失幅度均高于1959-2000年40余年的损失.     

广西铁山港(临海)工业区围填海工程所致湿地生态系统服务功能损失评估

围填海工程不仅对湿地生物资源造成重大损害,也会对湿地生态系统的服务功能造成严重影响。本文以广西铁山港(临海)工业区为例,利用替代成本法、影子工程法、成果参照法和市场价格法构建了围填海工程湿地生态服务功能损失评估模型,并对其造成的湿地生态服务功能损失进行了定量评估。结果表明,铁山港(临海)工业区围填海工程对湿地生态服务功能造成的损失为685.94万元/a,单位面积损失约57.24万元/(km²·a)。4类湿地生态系统服务功能损失由多到少依次为支持服务功能、供给服务功能、调节服务功能和文化服务功能。其中支持服务损失占总损失的49.3%,其他服务功能损失按照从多到少的顺序占总损失的比例分别为20.92%和16.39%和13.39%。表明铁山港(临海)工业区围填海工程对围填海区域的湿地生态系统服务功能造成较大影响。此研究可为海岸带综合管理提供参考依据。     

渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失及其对海岸带可持续发展的启示

填海造陆已经成为全球沿海地区缓解土地短缺、促进社会发展和经济增长的重要手段。随着快速工业化和城市化过程,亚洲已经成为填海造陆的中心。从天津滨海新区到唐山曹妃甸新区,在渤海西北岸正在进行的填海工程其规模在世界上名列前茅。为了剖析海岸带发展的环境因素并促进其可持续发展,对渤海西北岸填海造陆的生态损失采取了回顾性和预测性评价,从生态系统服务角度货币化计算了供给、调节、支持、文化四大类10个方面的生态损失。结果表明：2000-2010年填海造陆的生态损失为9.719亿美元,2010-2020年新增填海造陆的生态损失将达7.021亿美元,其中气体调节和水产品供应方面的损失最大。针对填海造陆可持续发展,提出相关建议,包括：在综合评估基础上的合理规划;减少填海造陆面积;优化填海区土地结构;采用“低影响”开发模式填海;采用生态补偿机制,等。     

曹妃甸围填海工程的海洋生态服务功能损失估算

以曹妃甸围填海工程为例,采用直接市场法、影子工程法和替代花费法等构建了围填海工程的海洋生态系统服务功能损失的货币化评估模型与方法,并采用对比分析法,建立并探讨了曹妃甸围填海工程对周边海域生态服务功能影响的损失估算方法。结果表明:曹妃甸围填海一期工程占用海域滩涂面积10 500 hm2,由此每年造成海洋生态服务功能价值损失4 735.67万元,其中生物多样性维持功能损失占46.52%,气候调节功能损失占20.92%,空气质量调节功能损失占9.62%,食品生产功能损失占8.98%。曹妃甸围填海工程导致其东部海域生态系统服务功能价值损失每年为421.10万元,其中生物多样性维持功能每年损失1 242.04万元、食品生产功能每年损失452.99万元,而气候调节功能和空气质量调节功能因海洋浮游植物群落初级生产增加而出现功能增大,每年服务功能价值分别增加998.12万元和459.03万元。表明曹妃甸大规模围填海工程不仅对围填所在海域海洋生态系统服务功能造成彻底毁灭,也对围填周边海域海洋生态系统服务功能产生重要影响。     

福建兴化湾围填海湿地景观生态影响研究

基于遥感与GIS技术,运用景观生态学的原理与方法,选取景观特征指数,通过历史回顾和类比分析,从景观自然性和景观破碎化两个方面,分析了兴化湾围填海工程对湿地景观生态造成的影响及其生态效应.历史上兴化湾围填海工程造成滩涂湿地景观萎缩、景观自然性急剧下降,斑块面积缩小、斑块隔离程度增大、景观破碎化程度加剧;兴化湾围填海规划的实施,将使得兴化湾湿地景观生态人工化与破碎化的趋势进一步加剧,其最终后果将可能导致兴化湾生物多样性下降、生态服务功能严重衰退.     

海洋生态系统服务功能评估在环境影响评价中的应用——以某填海工程为例

准确评估填海工程中海洋生态服务功能损失,建立合理的补偿制度,因地制宜采取适合的海洋生态修复措施来缓解经济发展与海洋生态保护之间的矛盾,是落实海洋生态文明建设的重要措施。文章以福建省莆田市某填海造地工程为例,采用价值量评估方法,估算填海工程造成的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失。经过评估,本次填海造成的海洋服务功能总的价值损失为1 451.23万元,其中供给功能、气候调节功能、文化服务功能、支持功能、污染物处理功能等各项功能价值损失分别占总价值损失的27.5%、32.8%、2.2%、12.3%、25.2%。研究提出建议采取"修复补偿为主"的制度,开展海洋生态修复。     

粤港澳大湾区围填海工程生态保护修复对策研究

粤港澳大湾区是国家建设世界级城市群和参与全球竞争的重要空间载体。20世纪80年代以来,为了加速城镇化建设,进行了大规模的填海造陆和围垦养殖等活动,导致大面积的自然岸线、滩涂和淤泥质岸滩等重要滨海湿地消失,湾区内重要的红树林、珊瑚礁和海草床等特色滨海湿地生态系统也受到较大的破坏,局部区域因围填海工程破坏至无法发挥正常的生态功能。为了严控围填海项目,国家自2016年起出台一系列相关政策,要求加快处理围填海历史遗留问题,采取生态保护修复的策略,以“自然恢复为主、人工修复为辅”的方式逐渐恢复已退化的滨海湿地。文章结合粤港澳大湾区实际案例,从管理、科学和技术3个不同的角度,探讨针对围填海工程造成的自然岸线消失、滨海湿地功能退化、水动力条件受损和生物资源丧失等情况的生态保护修复对策,为粤港澳大湾区生态系统的保护与管理提供参考。     

天津滨海新区围填海工程对海洋生态系统服务功能价值的损失评估

利用市场价格法、影子工程法、替代成本法、成果参照法等构建了围填海对海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失评估模型,并对2012年天津滨海新区围填海造成的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失进行了定量评估。结果表明,2012年天津滨海新区围填海造成的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失总值为7 182.88万元,单位面积损失为447.25万元/(km~2·a)。其中供给服务功能价值损失最大,占价值损失总量的51.94%,其次为调节服务功能,占18.39%;支持服务功能价值损失位居第三,占14.87%;文化服务功能价值损失最小,占14.80%。研究结果与实际情况相差较小,可为围填海形成后的生态恢复和补偿经费提供依据。     

胶州湾围填海的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失的估算

依据2010年度胶州湾围填海面积数据,通过构建胶州湾生态服务功能,对胶州湾围填海造地造成的海洋生态服务功能价值损失进行定量评估.结果表明,胶州湾填海造地造成的海洋生态系统服务功能价值损失总值为33 186.34万元/a.其中,供给功能价值损失最大(22 732.75万元/a),占总价值损失的68.50％;调节功能的价值损失次之,占总价值损失的18.89％;支持功能和文化功能价值损失所占比例最小.     

厦门杏林湾生态修复效果评估和保护对策

为加强杏林湾生态环境保护,强化厦门自然保护地选划和滨海湿地保护管理,文章分析自园博园建设以来,海岸带开发对杏林湾生态功能的影响;基于生态系统服务价值理论,通过构建杏林湾生态修复效果评估指标体系,对杏林湾生态修复效果进行评估和分析。研究结果表明:杏林湾生态系统服务价值由2005年的6313.03万元提升至2018年的10415.93万元,区域开发过程中的保护措施对生态系统服务有促进作用,但尚未完全发挥杏林湾应有的价值,原生生境保护有待加强。运用"山水林田湖草"生命共同体和陆海统筹理念提出保护措施:通过划定自然保护地对荒野地进行严格保护,并开展以自然恢复为主的生态修复,从而进一步提升生态价值;针对杏林湾水污染问题,通过湖海共治提升水质,改善生态环境质量。     

Model of the post-Cenozoic evolution of the cryolithozone of the shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea

The analysis of the structure of the cryolithozone, facies, and thicknesses of the Quaternary sediments and the results of the physicochemical mathematical modeling of the modern shelf of the western part of the Laptev Sea support the influence of the Late Pleistocene glaciations on the heat conditions and the distribution of the permafrost in the area. A ～200-m thick glacier formed under aerial conditions from atmospheric precipitation represented the metamorphosed snow cover. According to the modeling, the long-living (from 60?50 to 10?4 ky) glacier reduced the thickness of the permafrost rocks in the reviewed shelf area for 280–360 m. The Holocene marine transgression additionally decreased the thickness from 50–140 m on the inner shelf to 220–350 m on the outer shelf. The modern submarine cryolithozone 450-0 m thick is wide-spread in the studied region from the coast to the shelf boundary (isobaths of 130–140 m), where it pinches out at a distance of ～380 km from the coast at a depth of ～250 m above the sea level.     

Investigation of the mechanism of the long-term evolution of the carbon cycle in the ecosystem of the Sevastopol bay

We analyze the components of the carbon system of the Sevastopol bay waters and the balance of main sediment-forming substances using the data of field investigations in 1998–2008. The interannual variations of total inorganic carbon and the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the bay water are noted. An increase in the flux of carbon dioxide into the bay and in the content of organic carbon in bottom sediments is revealed, and an explanation of this phenomenon is given. The priority accumulation of organic carbon in the sediments of the bay is established. We assess the interannual variation in the relative abundances of organic and inorganic carbon as an index of the carbon cycle stability.     

Contemporary state of the investigation of the influence of the discharge of rivers on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea

We generalize and analyze the state of investigations of the influence of river waters on the hydrologic structure of the Black Sea. Specific features of the water, regime and hydrography of rivers flowing into the sea, data on the discharge of rivers, and intrayear and interyear variability of the discharge are presented. We discuss and analyze works studying the transformation of river waters, routes of desalinized sea waters, and their influence on the thermohaline structure and dynamic regime of the sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Modelling of the ecosystem of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube

We analyze the results of numerical calculations performed according to the three-dimensional interdisciplinary model of an ecological system of the Black-Sea shelf zone near the estuary of the Danube. The complete system of equations of hydrothermodynamics is solved together with transport equations of the advection-diffusion-reaction type used to describe the transformation of a substance (nitrogen) between the components of the characteristic vectors of the ecosystem: plankton, detritus, and biogenic elements (nitrates). We describe the distinctive features of the circumcontinental distribution of components obtained as a result of numerical experiments and present arguments for the conclusion that the ecosystem of the Danube estuary water area plays the role of a buffer zone between the press of the Danubian biogenic pollutions and the neighbouring areas of the shelf zone and open sea. Translated by Peter V. Malyshev and Dmitry V. Malyshev     

Dynamics of the ice cover and peculiarities of the ice transportation of the sediments at the tidal flats of the Kandalaksha Gulf of the White Sea

Ten years of semistationary studies of the interaction of the ice cover and the coastal relief of the Kandalakhsa Gulf in the White Sea allowed us to reveal the peculiarities of these processes in the warm and cold years and the mechanisms of the origination of ice forms, including ice tents, which govern the character of the tidal flats. Three dynamic fast ice zones are distinguished by their geomorphological location, morphology, and ice dynamics. The dependence of the mechanisms and volumes of the enrichment of the fast ice in the sediments on the coastal zone??s relief was established. At the coast of the Kindo Peninsula (Velikaya Salma Strait), the ice mostly contains fine-sandy sediments. Coarser sediments, including boulders, are occasional and frozen into the ice at the contact of the fast ice and the bottom. At the expense of the ice??s spreading by 4?C6 times in the warm years and 2?C4 times in the cold years, several thousand tons of sediments mostly from the tidal flat??s surface (100?C700 m³ from 1 km of coast in the wide tidal flats and <50 m³ on the steep coasts) are delivered to the water area.     

Relationship between the path of the Kuroshio in the south of Japan and the path of the Kuroshio Extension in the east

A relationship between paths of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension (KE) is investigated, using the satellite-derived altimetry dataset of 1993–2008. When the Kuroshio takes the nearshore nonlarge meander path or typical large meander path and resultantly goes through the deeper channel (about 2500 m) of the Izu-Ogasawara Ridge, the KE path adopts a relatively stable state with the two quasi-stationary meanders. On the other hand, when the Kuroshio takes the offshore nonlarge meander path and then passes over the shallower part of the Ridge (about 1000 m), the KE path tends to be convoluted, i.e., an unstable state.     

Variability of the nutrient runoff of the rivers of the Arctic Basin

The spatiotemporal variability of the hydrochemical composition of the riverine runoff in nearmouth areas is presented using the example of selected rivers of the Arctic Basin. The temporal dynamics of the riverine nutrient runoff are mainly determined by the seasonal and interseasonal variations in the drainage basins. The spatial variations in the chemical composition of riverine waters in the near-mouth areas are mainly caused by the dynamics of the water flow and the river bed relief and, to a lesser degree, by biochemical processes. It is shown that the variations in the nutrient composition of the waters in near-mouth areas are comparable in magnitude to those at the river-sea geochemical barriers.     

Parameters of the sediments of the deep-water basin of the Black Sea

The methodology and the first results of the computations of the volumes, masses, and growth rates of the sedimentary body of the buried Black Sea basin are presented. Their temporal evolution reflects the regional paleogeodynamics, in particular, the reorientation of the vector of the relative movement of the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates and the related intensification of their collision in the late Miocene-Pliocene.     

Modelling of the ecosystem on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea

Three mathematical models are considered: a two-dimensional model for calculating the concentration fields of the ecosystem components on the shelf of the Republic of Guinea, a pointwise model for the annual variation of the components, and a two predators-prey model. These models are used to study the effect of hydrodynamic conditions on the state of the shelf ecosystem and for research into the causes which distort the balance between marketable and unmarketable fish.Translated by Mikhail M. Trufanov.     

Evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea

The first data on the temporal evolution of the slope of the buried depression of the Black Sea are obtained. The sharp change in the rate of the decrease in the slope steepness that occurred in the Late Miocene-Pliocene time reflects a reorientation of the vector of mutual movement and a related intensification of the collision between the Arabian and Eurasian lithospheric plates.