铁对拟柱孢藻(Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii)和角星鼓藻(Staurastrum spp.)季节动态和生长的影响——以广东大沙河水库为例

拟柱孢藻（Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii）和角星鼓藻（Staurastrum spp.）是热带亚热带浮游植物群落中的常见优势种类,为了解铁对2种浮游植物季节动态和生长的影响,本文通过对典型热带水库的野外调查,分析铁与2种藻生物量和相对生物量的季节动态的关系,并通过室内实验分别以无机磷（KH₂PO₄）和有机磷（C₆H₁₃O₉P）为磷源,比较3种铁浓度（0.029、0.29和0.689 mg/L）下拟柱孢藻（C.raciborskii,N8）和角星鼓藻（Staurastrum sp.,FACHB-1449）的比生长速率、铁载体产量和碱性磷酸酶活性的差异.结果显示,拟柱孢藻和角星鼓藻是浮游植物群落的主要优势种类,两者的生物量最大占到总生物量的82%以上;两者对环境变量响应的区别主要体现在对溶解性铁浓度变化的响应差异上,拟柱孢藻生物量与溶解性铁有显著的线性回归关系,但角星鼓藻的生物量与铁没有显著线性回归关系.室内实验中,拟柱孢藻N8的比生长速率在无机磷源铁浓度为0.689 mg/L条件下最大,为0.098±0.01 d^-1,2种磷源条件下比生长速率均随铁浓度降低而显著降低,6个实验组均检到铁载体：6个实验组角星鼓藻FACHB-1449的比生长速率没有明显差异,平均为0.079±0.001 d^-1,均未检出铁载体,磷源和铁浓度对其比生长速率的影响不显著;有机磷源条件下,拟柱孢藻N8实验组碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于角星鼓藻FACHB-1449实验组,拟柱孢藻N8实验组酶活性随铁浓度降低而显著降低,但角星鼓藻FACHB-1449各实验组的碱性磷酸酶活性无明显差异.以上结果表明,水体中溶解性铁的供应对拟柱孢藻的种群动态和优势有重要作用,与角星鼓藻相比,拟柱孢藻的生长更易受到铁的限制,尤其在无机磷缺乏、磷源主要以有机磷形式供应时,铁对拟柱孢藻生长的限制作用增强.     

一株新型鱼腥藻溶藻细菌的分离鉴定及其溶藻特性

蓝藻水华在全球范围频繁暴发,鱼腥藻(Anabaena)水华出现频度仅次于微囊藻(Microcystis)水华,其中的一些鱼腥藻种类能产生多样的藻毒素或异味物质,鱼腥藻水华去除技术的研发备受关注.本研究以从武汉市新洲区土壤中分离筛选到的一株细菌WP为材料,通过分析其生理生化特征及16S r DNA序列对其进行分类地位鉴定,考察了该菌株对真紧密鱼腥藻(Anabaena eucompacta)CHAB 1799的溶藻特性.结果表明,菌株WP与Lysinibacillus fusiformis NRS-350的同源性达到了99.6%,故鉴定WP属于Lysinibacillus属.菌株WP对真紧密鱼腥藻CHAB 1799发生溶藻作用的细菌阈值为6×10~3cfu/ml,其生理状态不会明显影响溶藻效果,且对不同生长时期的藻液均有较强的溶藻作用.该菌株的溶藻方式为间接溶藻.本研究结果丰富了溶藻细菌的资源库,也为治理鱼腥藻水华提供了更多的技术支持.     

Adsorption of tributyltin by tributyltin resistant marine Pseudoalteromonas sp. cells

The isolate, Pesudoalteromonas sp. TBT1, could grow to overcome the toxicity of tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) up to 30 μM in the absence of Cl⁻ in the medium until the cells reached an exponential phase of growth. The viability, however, was reduced after the cells reached a stationary phase. The degradation products, such as dibutyltin (DBT) and monobutyltin (MBT), were not detected in the growth medium, indicating that the isolate has no ability to degrade TBT into less toxic DBT and MBT. Up to about 10^7.5 TBT molecules were adsorbed by a single cell. The observation of morphological changes with an electron microscope showed that the cell surface became wrinkled after exposure to the lethal concentration of 10 mM TBTCl. These results indicate that the resistance of the isolate toward the toxicity of TBTCl is not related to the unique cell surface, which seems to play an important role in preventing the diffusion of TBTCl into the cytoplasm.     

长江中游巴河流域胜利河优势种纹石蛾(Hydropsyche sp.)的生产力、营养基础及物质通量

为了加强长江中游地区大型无脊椎底栖动物的研究工作,2009年3月至2010年3月,对长江中游巴河支流的胜利河毛翅目优势种的生产力和营养基础进行了为期一年的调查研究.结果表明,胜利河中主要毛翅目优势种纹石蛾的生活史为一年3代.一至四级河流中,其生物量周年平均值分别为1.77、7.80、44.82、51.55 mg/m2.采用体长频率法测算的年均生产量为7.72 mg/m2,P/B系数为13.21.利用肠内含物分析法研究了胜利河中纹石蛾的营养结构.比较一至四级河流的营养基础发现,无形态碎屑为纹石蛾最常见的食物,占肠内含物的45.22%~62.92%;而对生产量贡献率最高的多是动物组织,达52.86%~68.58%.各季节的营养基础状况也有差异,春季无形态碎屑所占比例和对生产量的贡献率较高,而夏、秋和冬季动物组织则有更高的生产量贡献率.一至四级河流的年均物质通量分别为11.83、34.76、237.52和273.17g/(m2·a).由此可见,该优势种在河流生态系统中发挥着重要作用.     

三峡水库不同运行阶段澎溪河典型优势藻原位生长速率

在澎溪河高阳平湖半封闭库湾对不同生长策略的5种代表性藻种进行原位培养实验,初步探讨三峡水库不同运行阶段藻类原位生长速率和主要影响因素.结果表明,低水位时期,CR型生长策略的湖北小环藻(Cyclotella hubeiana)和兼具C、R、S型生长策略的卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas ovata)出现了正的生长速率特征,分别为0.128±0.006和0.210±0.010 d-1;高水位时期,湖北小环藻、CS型生长策略的空球藻(Eudorina sp.)、兼具C、R、S型生长策略的卵形隐藻具有较大原位生长速率,分别为0.175±0.009、0.326±0.016和0.187±0.009 d-1;泄水期,湖北小环藻、空球藻以及卵形隐藻依旧在较长时间内保持较高的原位生长速率,分别为0.231±0.012、0.281±0.014和0.406±0.020 d-1,但S型生长策略的铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)随着水库泄水水位持续下降而逐渐体现出优势.低水位期影响上述藻种原位生长速率的主要因素为溶解性磷酸盐和水温.高水位时期影响显著的环境因素为颗粒态磷和研究水域最大风速.泄水期影响显著的环境因素为溶解性磷酸盐、溶解性无机氮和总氮.忽略藻类随流输移产生的干扰,不同生长策略藻种的原位生长速率与同期藻类群落演替特征具有一定关联.     

不同碳磷比的斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响

食物质量会影响浮游动物的生长和繁殖,表征食物质量的指标包括食物大小、元素比、生物化学组成和毒性有无等.用斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)的碳磷比(C/P)表征食物质量,分析不同C/P斜生栅藻对同型溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖的影响.研究中4个处理组斜生栅藻C/P分别为881.8、512.3、124.3和42.4.培养9 d后不同处理组同型溞的生长速率分别为0.15、0.27、0.47和0.44 d-1.C/P比为881.8的处理组同型溞在整个培养过程中没有产仔,其余3个处理组的同型溞第1成龄期的产仔量分别为1.2±1.3、9.8±2.3和9.5±2.5 ind./female.结果表明,与斜生栅藻C/P为124.3处理条件相比,斜生栅藻C/P过高(512.3和881.8)及C/P过低(42.4)处理条件下同型溞生长速率和产仔量均降低.本研究表明食物C/P的高低会影响溞的生长和繁殖,从而影响其在湖泊中的生存.     

不同水体营养盐浓度下沉积物添加镧改性膨润土(Phoslock®)对轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)生长的影响

轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)是我国浅水湖泊常见的沉水植物,经常用于湖泊生态修复工程.然而在生态修复中后期,轮叶黑藻又往往会过度繁殖,影响其他湖泊功能的发挥.镧改性膨润土(锁磷剂)可以有效地降低沉积物中生物可利用磷含量,近年来被用于控制湖泊沉积物磷释放,其对轮叶黑藻生长和形态的影响还有待阐明.本研究在2种不同上覆水营养盐浓度条件下,设置添加和不添加锁磷剂2种处理,探究沉积物添加锁磷剂对轮叶黑藻生长及形态特征的影响.结果表明:1)沉积物添加锁磷剂之后,铁锰结合态磷、有机磷、铝结合态磷等生物可利用磷浓度显著降低,而生物不可用磷,如钙结合态磷浓度显著升高; 2)沉积物添加锁磷剂显著降低了轮叶黑藻的生物量和生长率.添加锁磷剂的处理组植物的株高、地上部分生物量均明显低于无锁磷剂组;相反,添加锁磷剂显著增加了植物的根长和地下部分生物量,进而提高了植物的根冠比; 3)锁磷剂对轮叶黑藻生长的影响程度与水体营养盐浓度有关,在低营养盐浓度水体中锁磷剂对植物生长和形态特征的影响更为显著.本研究表明,锁磷剂的添加能降低沉积物中生物可利用磷浓度,抑制轮叶黑藻的生长,同时这种影响程度与在水体营养盐浓度有关.     

Effect of prolonged hypoxia on food consumption, respiration, growth and reproduction in marine scavenging gastropod Nassarius festivus

The effects of prolonged exposure to reduced oxygen levels (3.0 and 1.5 mg O₂ l⁻¹) on marine scavenging gastropods Nassarius festivus were studied for 8 weeks. The percentages of individuals engaged in feeding and amount of food consumed were reduced as oxygen level decreased; absorption efficiency, however, did not vary significantly with oxygen level. Oxygen consumption rates and specific oxygen consumption rates were lower at reduced oxygen levels. Reproduction occurred at all oxygen levels with less egg capsules being produced at lower oxygen levels. Egg size and number of eggs per capsule, however, were not significantly affected by oxygen level. The increase in shell length was 12%, 6% and 5% at 6.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ (normoxia), 3.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ and 1.5 mg O₂ l⁻¹, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the amount of energy allocated to growth and reproduction decreased at reduced oxygen levels with values obtained at 3.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹ and 1.5 mg O₂ l⁻¹ being 48% and 70% lower than those at 6.0 mg O₂ l⁻¹. At all oxygen levels, most of the accumulated energy was allocated to shell growth and reproduction, and the amount allocated to somatic growth was relatively insignificant. The reduction in energy allocated to reproduction was greater than that to shell growth as the oxygen level was reduced, indicating a strategic energy allocation of marine scavengers under stressful conditions to enhance survival.     

Respiratory adaptations to oxygen lack in three species of Glossiphoniidae (Hirudinea) in Lake Esrom, Denmark

The weight-specific respiration rate (μl O₂ mg⁻¹ AFDW h⁻¹) of three species of leech from Lake Esrom, Denmark, Glossiphonia concolor, G. complanata and Helobdella stagnalis was measured in a closed stirred chamber with a micro electrode. At declining oxygen concentration (mg O₂ l⁻¹) all three species expressed moderate ability to regulate respiration, in G. concolor and G. complanata down to 2 mg O₂ l⁻¹, in H. stagnalis down to 0.75 mg O₂ l⁻¹. Survival in anoxia was measured in closed bottles. The time to 50% survival (LD₅₀) was 30 days in G. concolor at 20 °C and 30 and 4 days in H. stagnalis at 10 and 20 °C, respectively. The results were discussed in relation to habitat and spatial distribution of the three species in the lake.     

The impact of pelagic (Daphnia longispina) and benthic (Dreissena polymorpha) filter feeders on chlorophyll and nutrient concentration

An outdoor experiment testing the effect of water flea (Daphnia longispina) and zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) on physical and chemical water parameters and chlorophyll concentration changes was carried out in 12 containers filled with 150 l of unfiltered water from a lowland reservoir. During the 11 weeks of the experiment, the following physical, chemical and biological measurements were recorded: temperature (°C), oxygen concentration (mg dm⁻³), pH, conductivity (S cm⁻¹), concentration of phosphate phosphorus (PO₄-P) and ammonia nitrogen (NH₄-N) (g dm⁻³), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) (g dm⁻³), phytoplankton community structure and chlorophyll a concentration (g dm⁻³). The amount of ammonia ions was the highest in the treatment with zooplankton, while phosphate ions reached the highest values in treatments with zebra mussels. The results confirmed the ability of Daphnia to increase the NH₄:PO₄ ratio, whereas excretion from zebra mussels resulted in a decrease in both the N:P ratio (ranging from 9 to 13) and the NH₄:PO₄ ratio in water. In both treatments containing zebra mussels, P-rich water enabled sudden growth of Chlorophyta, resulting in blooms of Hydrodictyon reticulatum after 3–4 weeks of the experiment. Such phenomena were not observed in the control and Daphnia treatments. Our results indicate that zebra mussels, in contrast to Daphnia, may increase the symptoms of water eutrophication and contribute to blooms of expansive phytoplankton species.     

PBDEs in the blubber of marine mammals from coastal areas of São Paulo, Brazil, southwestern Atlantic

Limited information is available in the literature on the levels of brominated flame retardants in the southern hemisphere. This study presents concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the blubber of small cetaceans from the coast of São Paulo (Brazil), southwestern Atlantic. PBDE levels were highest in Stenellafrontalis (770 ng g⁻¹ lipid) followed by Stenobredanensis (475 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Sotaliaguianensis (65.6 ng g⁻¹ lipid), Tursiopstruncatus (64.2 ng g⁻¹ lipid) and Pontoporiablainvillei (60.3 ng g⁻¹ lipid). In general, continental shelf individuals exhibited higher contamination than inshore animals. This might be related to larger prey items consumed by continental shelf dolphins. The pattern of contamination indicates that Penta-BDE commercial mixtures are a major source of PBDEs to top predators in the southwestern Atlantic. Congeners found in Octa-BDE formulations were not detected in the investigated animals.     

Effects of suspended particles on the growth of two dominant phytoplankton species of Bohai Bay,China

Suspended particles (SP) are increasing dramatically in Bohai Bay, China and may affect the growth and composition of phytoplankton assembly. To determine the effects of SP on the growth of two dominant phytoplankton species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin and Gymnodinium sp., we cultured and tested their growth characteristics under SP concentrations ranging from 0 g L⁻¹ to 0.8 g L⁻¹. Our results show that the increase in the SP concentrations results in significant decrease in the maximum cell densities and the maximum specific growth rates of these two species. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of SP to P. tricornutum and Gymnodinium sp. were 1.07 g L⁻¹ and 0.68 g L⁻¹ respectively, indicating the inhibitory effect of SP on Gymnodinium sp. was greater than on P. tricornutum. These results suggest that SP inhibits the growth of the two algal species and P. tricornutum is more tolerant to SP than Gymnodinium sp.     

TBT toxicity on the marine microalga Nannochloropsis oculata

Commercial antifouling formulations containing TBT are the major source of organotin contamination in coastal waters. In view of the persisting TBT residues (13 ng Sn l⁻¹) in the coastal waters of South Korea, an attempt has been made to evaluate the growth response and biochemical composition of laboratory-cultured Nannochloropsis oculata to TBT toxicity. It is evident that the persisting concentration level of TBT is high enough to cause adverse effect on the microalgal species. The EC₅₀ (24 h) was found to be at 0.89 nM level of TBT for this marine eustigmatophyte N. oculata. Photosynthetic pigment content was significantly affected. At elevated TBT concentrations of 1.0 nM, especially pronounced changes in biochemical composition was found. TBT tolerance of N. oculata and its growth as well as biochemical responses are discussed.     

风生紊流导致微囊藻群体破碎和形态变化

微囊藻群体大小和形态决定其垂向迁移能力,从而影响着水华的形成.为了探讨湖泊中风生紊流对微囊藻群体大小和形态的影响,本研究于2012年8月26日至9月7日在太湖梅梁湾的围隔内进行了12 d的昼夜不间断的高频采样（采样间隔每2小时一次）.研究期间,水面微囊藻密度呈现4次周期性消涨,藻密度变化范围为4×10⁴~2671×10⁴ cells/mL.而整个水柱中的藻密度变化范围仅为3×10⁴~18×10⁴ cells/mL.皮尔逊相关性分析表明微囊藻的原位生长速率与表面藻密度呈负相关而与风速呈正相关.强风速使微囊藻在水柱中均匀分散,增强了透光性,促进了微囊藻的生长.微囊藻群体粒径随着风速的增大逐渐减小,反之亦然.其中值粒径（D₅₀）变化范围为66.2~768.0 μm.在此期间微囊藻群体形态主要以鱼害微囊藻、不规则的惠氏微囊藻、球状的惠氏微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻群体形态为主,其占比也呈现出波动状态.皮尔逊相关分析结果显示微囊藻群体大小与风速呈负相关,说明湖泊中风生紊流会影响微囊藻群体大小.当紊流强度为2.33×10^-5 m²/s³时,微囊藻群体会发生破碎现象,该紊流强度相当于5 m/s的风在30 m深的水库或湖泊中所产生的紊流强度.微囊藻群体被风生紊流破碎后最大粒径与该风速下紊流的最小涡旋尺度相近,表明紊流的最小涡旋尺度决定了微囊藻所能形成群体的最终大小.监测期间,整水柱中不同群体形态的微囊藻占比发生了明显变化,在监测初期以鱼害微囊藻群体形态为主,随后不规则的惠氏微囊藻和铜绿微囊藻群体形态的比例不断增加,最后鱼害微囊藻群体形态又占据主导地位.球状的惠氏微囊藻群体形态在整个监测期中的比例随时间的增加而逐渐降低.不同群体形态微囊藻之间比例的大幅变化无法用微囊藻生长演替来解释.而皮尔逊相关分析结果显示鱼害微囊藻与惠氏微囊藻（不规则的和球状的惠氏微囊藻之和）群体形态之间存在负相关,且惠氏微囊藻与铜绿微囊藻群体形态呈负相关.但在今后研究中需进一步关注在微囊藻群体形态的动态变化过程中细胞大小、胶被、产毒特性和基因序列等特征,从而验证不同种微囊藻群体是否存在形态转换这一猜想.总而言之,普通强度的风生紊流能够破碎微囊藻群体,而气候变化导致的内陆湖泊周边风速下降会促使微囊藻形成更大的群体,从而有利于水华的形成.     

三峡水库澎溪河典型优势藻原位生长速率的初步研究

本文提出了两种原位培养装置(培养笼、培养桶)并采用这两种装置在澎溪河高阳平湖断面进行原位培养实验,旨在研究澎溪河典型优势藻的原位生长速率.研究期间主要生境特征为营养物丰足、光热条件优越、生境条件相对稳定,适宜于藻类生长,为水华形成的敏感期;在此期间代表CR型生长策略的湖北小环藻和兼具C、R、S生长策略的卵形隐藻的原位生长速率总体呈逐渐下降趋势,代表CS型生长策略的水华鱼腥藻和空球藻的原位生长速率则先增加后又有所下降,代表S型生长策略的铜绿微囊藻的原位生长速率虽然前期都为负,但总体呈现逐渐增加的趋势;并测得培养笼和培养桶中各藻种的最大比生长速率分别为湖北小环藻0.31、0.21 d-1;铜绿微囊藻0.09、0.03 d-1;空球藻0.16、0.42 d-1;水华鱼腥藻0.30、0.26 d-1;卵形隐藻0.49、0.95 d-1.本研究中,不同生长策略藻种生长速率的变化在一定程度上体现了不同生长策略藻种的生长趋势.另外,就装置性能实验及原位培养实验结果综合分析,认为两种原位培养装置均能够满足对天然水域藻类原位生长速率的测试要求,但装置的构造对藻类实际生长过程仍存在一定影响.     

Multi-factors on biodegradation kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by Sphingomonas sp. a bacterial strain isolated from mangrove sediment

Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in contaminated sediment is an attractive remediation technique and its success depends on biodegradation kinetics, and the optimal condition for the PAH-degrading isolates; however, information on this aspect is still scarce. The effects of multi-factors on biodegradation of phenanthrene, a 3-ring model PAH, in contaminated sediment slurry by Sphingomonas sp. a bacterial strain isolated from surface mangrove sediment, were investigated using the orthogonal experimental design (form L₁₆(4⁵)). The most significant factors were salinity and inoculum size, while the effects of phenanthrene concentrations, nutrient addition and temperatures were insignificant. The optimal biodegradation condition in contaminated mangrove sediment slurry was 30 °C, 15 ppt salinity, a carbon/nitrogen ratio of 100:1 (the background ratio in sediment) and an inoculum size of 10⁶ most probable number g⁻¹ sediment. The phenanthrene biodegradation could be best described by the first order rate model, C = C₀e^−kt, where k (the rate constant) is equaled to 0.1185, under the optimal condition. The kinetic model was verified and its validity in predicting biodegradation by Sphingomonas sp. at various phenanthrene concentrations was proved by experimental data.     

Temporal and spatial variation on codaQ −1 associated with the North Palm Springs earthquake of July 8, 1986

A temporal and spatial change of codaQ ^–1 associated with the occurrence of the North Palm Springs earthquake of July 8, 1986 was studied by using 242 small local earthquakes in the vicinity of the mainshock. We found that the codaQ ^–1 of earthquakes which occurred before the mainshock was significantly higher than that of the aftershocks in the mainshock area while the codaQ ^–1 for the surrounding area remained almost constant throughout 1986. CodaQ ^–1 was determined separately for the lapse time windows of 10 to 20 sec. and 15 to 40 sec. for the period from 1981 to 1987. The result for the time window 10 to 20 sec. showed a peak in codaQ ^–1 before the time of mainshock at all frequencies. The peak appeared earlier at lower frequencies. There was no significant change in codaQ ^–1 for the time window 15 to 40 sec., probably because the change was restricted to a small area.     

长江流域清江胡家溪四种蜉蝣优势种的周年生产量及其动态

2006年4月至2007年3月对长江支流清江二级支流———胡家溪的大型底栖动物群落结构和生产量进行为期一周年的调查和研究.结果表明,主要蜉蝣优势种小裳蜉(Leptophlebia sp.)、扁蜉(Electrogena sp.)、四节蜉(Indobaetis sp.)的生活史为一年三代,细蜉(Caenis sp.)为一年两代;小裳蜉的年均密度和年均生物量分别为407 ind./m2、1.00 g/m2;扁蜉为150 ind./m2、0.37 g/m2,四节蜉为232 ind./m2、0.30 g/m2,细蜉为91 ind./m2、0.17 g/m2.采用龄期频率法测算的周年生产量和P/B分别为:小裳蜉为441.42 g/m2(WW),14.3;扁蜉为434.88 g/m2(WW),7.6;四节蜉为747.21 g/m2(WW),15.0;细蜉为40.52 g/m2(WW),7.2.四种蜉蝣生产量的时间重叠比例相似系数较高,均大于0.55,这可能与四种蜉蝣的生境及食物资源较为相似有关.