软泥岩井眼弹塑性变形的拉格朗日元法计算

首次将大变形原理引入井眼及其围岩弹塑性变形计算,应用拉格朗日元法对塑性泥页岩地层的井眼缩径问题进行分析求解。拉格朗日元法能够计算材料非线性和几何非线性问题,采用常用的摩尔-库仑强度准则对所选择的计算模型进行拉格朗日元分析计算,求解出井眼的收缩变形、井眼围岩位移场分布以及井眼围岩塑性区的分布规律。      

离散单元法同拉格朗日元法及其在岩土力学中的应用

离散单元法是一种适合于节理岩体的数值分析方法，拉格朗日元法则特点适用于解决大变形的问题。本文叙述了离散单元法和拉格朗日元法的基本原理以及有关参数的选择问题。文中还举出两种方法在岩土力学中的应用范围。     

基坑喷锚网支护结构变形预测的三维数值模拟研究

本文结合武汉市"新世界中心"特大型深基坑喷锚网支护工程实例,应用基于三维快速拉格朗日元法的计算软件FLAC3D建立喷锚支护结构变形的三维模型,通过对模拟变形与现场实测结果的比较分析,得出喷锚网支护结构侧向位移、竖向位移、沿基坑长(宽)方向上位移的相关研究结论和规律,并验证了三维快速拉格朗日元法应用于基坑喷锚网支护结构变形研究方面的合理性及其优势,丰富并完善了喷锚网支护结构变形的预测理论,其结论对同类工程的研究、设计、施工有重要的参考价值。     

露天矿潜滑体边坡变形、失稳模拟分析

在对布沼坝露天矿西北帮潜滑体边坡工程地质条件进行分析的基础上 ,应用连续介质快速拉格朗日元法 ( FLAC) ,对潜滑体边坡实施的控制措施进行了模拟分析与讨论     

数值模拟软件FLAC及其在地学应用简介

拉格朗日元法是一种常见的数值计算方法,以有限差分程序FLAC软件为例,简单论述其原理,分析了它的优缺点并叙述其工作流程,表明其非常适合解决非线性、大变形问题.同时通过介绍了在国内外地学方面的一些应用实例,对数值模拟技术在国内地学方面的应用和研究提出一些建议.     

基于剩余推力法的地震滑坡永久位移研究

基于剩余推力法思想 ,结合Newmark有限滑动位移法 ,考虑了由于动力作用造成的孔隙水压力变化 ,对一种最为常见的边坡灾害滑坡 ,提出了一种简便的估算地震动力永久位移的方法。对一实例用该法和快速拉格朗日元 (FLAC3D)进行对比计算 ,结果表明两者的结果基本接近 ,前者要保守一些。这就使得应用剩余推力法这一常规方法对滑坡进行真正意义上的动力时程分析成为可能.     

节理岩坡中注浆效应的FLAC3D数值分析

通过理论推导,确定了边坡的有效注浆范围;由三维拉格朗日元法(FLAC3D)建立数值计算模型,在有效注浆范围内对弱面进行注浆。对比节理边坡在注浆前后应力场和位移场的变化,结果表明:通过注浆提高了节理面的抗剪强度和抗剪刚度,使岩体的应力场和位移场变得均匀和连续;边坡上缘的拉应力区逐渐消失;坡体内各个部位的位移分叉现象逐渐减少,有利于边坡稳定。     

厚冲积层立井井筒非采动破裂过程的三维耦合数值模拟

立井井筒破裂时,在底含、基岩、井筒之间包含三个同时发生的变化过程(1)底含水由基岩向矿井中的渗流;(2)深厚表土底部含水层的失水固结沉降与井壁附加力的产生;(3)立井井筒在附加力的作用下发生变形.本文采用拉格朗日元法对立井井筒的破裂过程进行了数值计算,且设置了界面单元来计算土与井筒之间的相互耦合作用,其计算结果揭示了立井井筒破裂过程中各个影响因素之间的变化规律,对于立井井筒破裂的机理分析及预防治理具有重要意义.     

回采巷道煤帮变形破坏规律及锚杆支护参数优化

针对回采巷道围岩结构特点,采用二维快速拉格朗日元程序计算分析了巷帮的变形破坏规律.得出围岩的变形过程可分为急速变形、快速变形、缓慢变形和稳定四个阶段,针对这四个阶段,提出了最佳锚杆安装时间.根据计算还得出,锚杆的长度在控制围岩变形方面有一最优参数,通过数值方法可以优化锚杆参数.     

FLAC基本原理及其在地学中的应用

各种数值分析技术的引入与广泛应用 ,对促进地学定量研究的发展作出了重要贡献 (王仁 ,1994 )。由于吸取了早期多种数值方法的优点 ,两种新型的数值分析方法 :拉格朗日元法和流形元法尤其受到关注。本文主要介绍显式差分FLAC(FastLagrangianAnalysisofContinua)基本原理及其在地学中的应用。FLAC最早由美国ItascasConsultingGroup .Inc.开发应用于岩土工程力学计算 (Cundall,1976 ;Morti和Cundall,1982 ) ,现已从FLAC2D拓展到FLAC3D。该方法求解使用了离散模型方法、动态松弛方法和有限差分方法 3种技术(Cundall和Board ,1988;…     

Soil nailed slope by strength reduction and limit equilibrium methods

A detailed study of nailed slopes under different conditions is reported in this paper. No major difference is found in terms of safety and slip surfaces between the strength reduction method (SRM) and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) in general cases. Appreciable differences between the SRM and LEM appear, however, if the nail load is controlled by the overburden stress. Some special slip surfaces from the SRM obtained by using a very fine mesh are discussed. Field tests demonstrated that the nail head is important in determining the failure mode and the factor of safety of a nailed slope, while the effect of the nail elastic modulus is more noticeable only when the slope is very steep. The optimum layout of the soil nail was found to be longer at bottom and shorter at the top, which is contrary to some engineers’ guidelines for soil nail design during top-down construction. The distribution of tensional force along the soil nail is influenced by the state of the slope (service state, limit state) and the failure modes (external failure, internal failure). In general, the line of maximum tension may not correspond to the critical slip surface as commonly believed, except for the case where the failure mode is an internal tensile failure.     

广州飞碟训练中心高边坡稳定性分析

以广州飞碟训练中心人工高边坡工程为背景,讨论了人工高边坡设计中的若干关键技术问题,介绍了边坡设计方案。基于相同物理模型和边界条件,先后运用不同极限平衡理论分析该高边坡稳定性,分析了不同极限平衡法计算结果的差异和原因,以及极限平衡法在边坡计算中的限制。运用有限元强度折减法进行相同条件下的计算,并对不考虑锚索加固和考虑锚索加固的边坡计算结果进行比较,分析边坡变形特征和破坏机制,指出有限元折减强度法的优势。     

基于点稳定系数法的斜坡稳定性分析

基于莫尔-库伦强度理论构架,界定了点稳定系数的概念,并推导其计算公式。利用Geostudio软件建立了均质斜坡模型及计算其应力分布,并在此基础上结合MATLAB软件计算斜坡模型中各点的点稳定系数,勾绘出斜坡体内不同稳定度区域,探析了斜坡稳定性,并与传统极限平衡法进行了对比。对比结果表明:对直立斜坡,两种方法的计算结果均为不稳定,但点稳定性系数法勾绘出坡脚及坡脚底部存在两处不稳定区域;对60°斜坡,点稳定系数法的计算结果表明坡脚处存在潜在不稳定区域,而极限平衡法的计算结果表明坡体处于稳定状态;对45°斜坡,两种方法的计算结果均为稳定,计算结果一致。进一步分析得到结论:点稳定系数法不需要假设或指定某一形状滑面进行斜坡稳定性评价,且可考虑应力集中对坡体稳定性的影响;极限平衡法以稳定系数表达计算结果,而点稳定系数法以不稳定区域表达计算结果。在分析了应力和岩土体力学参数因素对点稳定系数法计算结果的敏感性后发现:相对于极限平衡法,岩土体力学参数对点稳定系数法影响更为敏感,存在黏聚力界限点和内摩擦角界限点,且对均质斜坡破坏形式(局部滑动变形破坏或整体压缩变形破坏)起着非常重要的作用。     

Slope reliability analysis using a support vector machine

The first-order second-moment method (FOSM) reliability analysis is commonly used for slope stability analysis. It requires the values and partial derivatives of the performance function with respect to the random variables for the design. Such calculations can be cumbersome when the performance functions are implicit. Implicit performance functions are normally encountered when the slope is geologically complicated and the limit equilibrium method (LEM) is used for the stability analysis.

To address this issue, this paper presents a support vector machine (SVM)-based reliability analysis method which combines the SVM with the FOSM. This method employs the SVM method to approximate the implicit performance functions, thus arriving at SVM-based explicit performance functions. The SVM method uses a small set of the actual values of the performance functions obtained via the LEM for complicated slope engineering. Using the SVM model, a large number of values and partial derivatives of the performance functions can be obtained for conventional reliability analysis using the FOSM. Examples are given to illustrate the proposed SVM-based slope reliability analysis. The results show that the proposed approach is applicable to slope reliability analysis which involves implicit performance functions.     

Slope stabilization in difficult conditions: the case study of a debris slide in NW Italian Alps

A case study of a debris slide (estimated volume of about 35,000 m³) is described in this paper. This slide occurred in April 2009 in the North Western Italian Alps (Aosta valley) and damaged the SR25 road along the Valgrisenche valley. Ground investigations started with severe safety and logistic issues being posed. Given the need to open as soon as possible the road, the design of the landslide stabilization works was carried out using a “design as you go” approach. The stabilization measures were conceived to be flexible in order to allow for changes and integration during construction, in line with the progressive refinement of the geological–geotechnical slope model being developed. Back analysis by means of the limit equilibrium method (LEM) and the finite element method (FEM) was used. Groundwater level rise following heavy rainfall and spring snow melting was found to be the main cause of the debris slide. The stabilization works were designed by using both the LEM and FEM methods. The stability conditions of the engineered slope were assessed based on the available performance monitoring data.     

A large-scale colluvial landslide caused by multiple factors: mechanism analysis and phased stabilization

A case study of a large-scale colluvial landslide is described in this paper. This instability initiated in December 2003 in the Southwestern region of China and affected construction schedule and safety of Xiaowan project, which was the first large dam in Lantsang River. Geological investigation and deformation monitoring were carried out with severe safety and stabilization design. As it was impossible to reach the control level of FOS (factor of safety) under long-term condition before rainy seasons, the stabilization works of the colluvial slope were designed by a “phased hazard mitigation” method to satisfy the safety requirement in rainy seasons. LEM (limit equilibrium method) was used for determination of the shear strength parameters of the sliding zone and instability mechanism analysis. The study found that the whole colluvial slope included three potential sliding masses, and the instability appeared to be a progressive retrogressive-type of slope movements. Inappropriate cutting, rainfall, and blasting were found to be the main causes of the colluvial instability. On the basis of the potential hazards and the importance of the project, the control level of FOS, design cases, and corresponding calculated conditions for design analysis were defined in each stabilization phase. The stabilization works were designed by using LEM. The performance of the engineered slope after additional reinforcement was assessed based on the monitoring data.     

物质点强度折减法及其在边坡中的应用

物质点法适用于模拟连续介质大变形,如边坡失稳全过程。在物质点法中应用强度折减法,用于边坡稳定性评价。与极限平衡法相比,二者安全系数计算值、滑动面位置结果基本一致;与有限元强度折减法相比,物质点法失稳评价标准的物理意义明确。利用物质点法大变形计算优势,评价边坡失稳后的破坏后果,通过算例说明其评价不同安全系数下的滑坡堆积形态及滑移距离的能力,尤其是评价滑坡对临近建筑物的影响程度的能力。物质点强度折减法可用于边坡稳定性评价及边坡破坏后果评价。     

四川梓潼金龙村边坡地震稳定性分析

金龙村边坡位于四川省梓潼县境内,汶川县东,距离汶川地震中心约150 km。通过现场调查,分析了地形、地貌条件和地震等因素对该边坡稳定性的影响。发现滑动面位于土层与基岩的接触面,采用极限平衡法和数值分析法对边坡的稳定性进行了计算,2种计算得到的稳定性结果较为接近。采用动力时程分析法计算得到了边坡位移与加速度变化的关系。     

复合地基加固路堤的稳定性分析

通过对复合地基加固路堤稳定性的极限平衡法和有限单元法的计算结果进行对比分析,揭示出当路堤的稳定性由复合地基决定时,极限平衡法和有限单元法的计算结果存在较大差异。应用岩土有限元软件Plaxis中的强度折减法可得到合理的路堤稳定性分析结果。对复合地基中桩体破坏模式的分析认为,桩体发生非剪断破坏之外的弯曲、转动、拉伸等破坏模式是极限平衡法与有限单元法计算结果产生差异的根本原因。由此进一步指出,当处理存在土与结构物相互作用的边坡稳定问题时,极限平衡法的分析结果可能会高估了边坡的稳定性,应慎重判别其合理性。     

基于聚类分析的边坡稳定性研究

在边坡稳定性分析中,滑面搜索方法对于得到边坡的稳定性系数至关重要。现今两种常用的边坡稳定性分析方法,极限平衡法以及强度折减法,可以得到极限应力状态下边坡的潜在滑面。而为了评价边坡在当前应力场下的稳定性,提出一种基于聚类分析概念的滑面搜索方法。这种方法综合考虑了边坡各点的位移以及点安全系数,采用K均值聚类法将具有相近性质的点进行分类,把边坡体分为潜在危险区以及稳定区。潜在危险区的边界即为边坡在当前应力状态下的潜在滑面,并运用矢量和方法计算得到其稳定性系数。采用上述方法对3个算例进行验算,并与极限平衡法以及强度折减法进行对比。结果表明：（1）基于聚类分析的边坡稳定性评价方法具有较好的合理性和可靠性;（2）当边坡处于临界状态附近,通过聚类分析得到的潜在滑面与其他两种方法得到的滑面基本一致;当边坡处于较稳定状态时,当前应力状态下的潜在滑面要比强度折减法得到的滑动带范围要更深更广,但求出的稳定性系数也较高;当存在软弱夹层时,矢量和计算出的滑面更为陡峻,稳定性系数比其他两种方法的结果要小。