利用Python自动化生成地质解释图件

专题地图是展示物探研究成果最为直观的表现形式之一,而一张成果图的定稿需经多次的修改完善.根据地质解释图的制图特点和要求,以电磁法中的断面解释图为例,利用Python语言中丰富的第三方库,设计编写了自动化制图程序.文中对不整合线(波浪线)的绘制、微短线删除、多边形化、颜色填充等主要环节进行较为详尽的阐述,并提供了关键代码...     

地质灾害调查图件的编制

通过对北京西山地区因煤田开发造成的灾害调查图件的编制,探讨了地质灾害调查的编图程序、原则和方法。认为在整个地质灾害调查中,综合图件的编制是非常重要的一个环节。提出将采空、塌陷、受灾现状放在第一层面,地理内容放在第二层面,而地质资料做为背景放在第三层面的多层面编图模式。强调该类综合图件的服务对象不仅是地学专业人员,更重要的是政策决策人等非专业人员这一编图要点     

面向WEB的上海石化管网管理系统的开发研究

详细介绍了上海石化管网管理系统的开发背景，提出了该系统的开发系统和系统实现的技术路线。系统采用客户机/服务器结构，以JAVA编程法作为系统解决方案，使系统具有真正的信息共享、灵活的管线分层管理、开放的数据库管理结构和良好的可扩展性等特点。根据用户的要求，整个系统分成地形图库管理、管网输入与编辑等六大功能模拟，涉及的重要技术方案主要包括海量图库高效管理、真三维数据管理、源数据管理和查询、断面图的自动生成、实时数据自动获取、基于国际互联网的管网信息发布等。     

Use of fuzzy relations to produce landslide susceptibility map of a landslide prone area (West Black Sea Region, Turkey)

Preparation of landslide susceptibility maps is important for engineering geologists and geomorphologists. However, due to complex nature of landslides, producing a reliable susceptibility map is not easy. For this reason, many procedures have been used to produce such maps. In this study, a new attempt is tried to produce landslide susceptibility map of a part of West Black Sea Region of Turkey. To obtain the fuzzy relations for producing the susceptibility map, a landslide inventory database is compiled by both field surveys and airphoto studies. A total of 266 landslides are identified in the study area, and dominant mode of failure is rotational slide while the other mode of failures are soil flow and shallow translational slide. The landslide inventory and the parameter maps are analyzed together using a computer program (FULLSA) developed in this study. The computer program utilizes the fuzzy relations and produces the landslide susceptibility map automatically. According to this map, 9.6% of the study area is classified as very high susceptibility, 10.3% as high susceptibility, 8.9% as moderate susceptibility, 27.5% as low susceptibility and 43.8% as very low susceptibility or nonsusceptible areas. The prediction performance of the susceptibility map is checked by considering actual landslides in the study area. For this purpose, strength of the relation (r_ij) and the root mean square error (RMSE) values are calculated as 0.867 and 0.284, respectively. These values show that the produced landslide susceptibility map in the present study has a sufficient reliability. It is believed that the approach employed in this study mainly prevents the subjectivity sourced from the parameter selection and provides a support to improve the landslide susceptibility mapping studies.     

Preliminary seismic hazard maps of Slovenia

The preparation of the preliminary seismic hazard maps of the territory of Slovenia has been based on an expansion of the basic approach laid out by Cornell in 1968. Three seismic source models were prepared. Two of them are based mainly on the earthquake catalogue using the Poissonian probability model. A map of seismic energy release and a map of earthquake epicenter density are used to delineate seismic sources in these models. The geometry of the third model which is based on a rough estimate of seismotectonic setting is taken from the probabilistic seismic hazard analysis of a nuclear power plant in Slovenia. Published ground motion attenuation models based on strong motion records of recent strong earthquakes in Italy are used. Test maps for variable and uniform b-values are presented. The computer program, Seisrisk III, developed by the U.S. Geological Survey is used.     

Optical processing of structural contour maps

Optical processing is a fast, easy, economical, and reliable method of quantifying map patterns. A reduced transparency of a zebra-like pattern, obtained by blackening in alternate contour bands of a map, is used as input to an optical system of a laser source and objective lens to produce Fourier transforms. By sampling the intensity distribution across the transform, information about the spatial frequency (periodicity) and orientation in the original map can be inferred. Parameters used for comparing the map images are the values of intensity distribution in the transform. These intensities are normalized and subjected to comparison using various similarity methods. Cross-multiplication of the intensities is suggested as a measure of vectorial comparison of the orientations. By plotting the directional intensities into a polar coordinate system, rose diagrams are prepared for visual comparison. Optically derived parameters are independent of scale and other restrictive and limiting requirements as demanded in techniques of map analyses based on numerically derived parameters. The technique can be used in analyzing other pictorial data including aerial photographs, rock-fabric diagrams, and thin sections.     

Graph theory and digitization of geological maps

A method is presented which describes rational digitization and efficient treatment of a geologic map. An oriented graph, S,the arcs of which are associated with stratigraphic boundaries and imply a difference in the topological nature of the map if it includes faults, is used. From S,we deduce other graphs: a dendrogram which is used to structure the data and a graph which summarizes the geologic properties of the map. This structure is useful for graphic reconstitutions on a plotter or screen, and for quantitative correlation and calculation of dips, surfaces, and volumes.     

The philosophy,design and applications of the New South Wales geological survey's metallogenic mapping programs

The metallogenic mapping program of the Geological Survey, Department of Mines, New South Wales has two aims, to provide an inventory of information on all known mineral deposits in New South Wales, and to enable the recognition and delineation of metallogenic districts and provinces.

Each deposit is described on a standardized data sheet. Selected information is symbolized on a coloured geological or tectonic background map at a scale of 1:250 000. This scale is considered to be suitable for locating deposits in the field and at the same time gives an impression of the regional distribution of deposits. The tectonic map is constructed using a plate tectonic model.

Each map is accompanied by interpretative notes which are not of standard form but in which one of three approaches may be adopted: an interpretation according to the geological association, the delineating of groupings of deposits in structural zones, and the recognition of metallogenic units based on a plate tectonic model. In many, but not all cases, mineral districts were first delineated before the above approaches were adopted.

The New South Wales Geological Survey's metallogenic maps may be used to develop concepts in ore genesis, and prognostic concepts for exploration. They assist in understanding the relationships between tectonic process and the concentration of ore minerals. They are valuable in land use and resource management studies.     

Equations for stress and displacement fields around pressurized elliptical holes in elastic solids

A mechanical model based upon elasticity theory for the deformation around a pressurized elliptical hole in an homogeneous, isotropic solid has found application in many areas of engineering, rock mechanics, and structural geology. The explicit equations for stress and displacement around such a hole are given. An apl computer program for calculating these stresses and displacements also is presented. These equations and this program should ease future usage of this model by engineers and geologists.     

Regional soil erosion risk mapping using RUSLE,GIS, and remote sensing: a case study in Miyun Watershed,North China

This paper applied the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), remote-sensing technique, and geographic information system (GIS) to map the soil erosion risk in Miyun Watershed, North China. The soil erosion parameters were evaluated in different ways: the R factor map was developed from the rainfall data, the K factor map was obtained from the soil map, the C factor map was generated based on a back propagation (BP) neural network method of Landsat ETM+ data with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.929 to the field collected data, and a digital elevation model (DEM) with a spatial resolution of 30 m was derived from topographical map at the scale of 1:50,000 to develop the LS factor map. P factor map was assumed as 1 for the watershed because only a very small area has conservation practices. By integrating the six factor maps in GIS through pixel-based computing, the spatial distribution of soil loss in the upper watershed of Miyun reservoir was obtained by the RUSLE model. The results showed that the annual average soil loss for the upper watershed of Miyun reservoir was 9.86 t ha⁻¹ ya⁻¹ in 2005, and the area of 47.5 km² (0.3%) experiences extremely severe erosion risk, which needs suitable conservation measures to be adopted on a priority basis. The spatial distribution of erosion risk classes was 66.88% very low, 21.90% low, 6.19% moderate, 2.90% severe, and 1.84% very severe. Among all counties and cities in the study area, Huairou County is in the extremely severe level of soil erosion risk, about 39.6% of land suffer from soil erosion, while Guyuan County in the very low level of soil erosion risk suffered from 17.79% of soil erosion in 2005. Therefore, the areas which are in the extremely severe level of soil erosion risk need immediate attention from soil conservation point of view.     

利用Surfer绘图软件绘制平剖图及平剖图数字化

本文利用Surfer绘图软件在画线和数字化功能的基础上,通过程序数据换算,绘制平剖图;又可将平剖图数字化通过程序数据换算,得到绘平面等值线图X、Y、Z三维数据,从而开发拓展了Surfer绘图软件功能。     

Spatial and scaling modelling for geochemical anomaly separation

A spatial and scaling approach with a user-friendly windows program is introduced which can be used to assist exploration geologists and geochemists in geochemical data analysis and anomaly separation. It can also be used for image enhancement and classification. Statistics are calculated and optimized within a variable-sized moving window centred at an arbitrary sample location. The moving window has both variable size and shape determined by three parameters: r (size), β (ratio of long and short axes), and θ (orientation). It calculates five optimal indexes for each sample location: the optimal statistic U(r₀,β₀,θ₀), optimal size r₀, shape indexes β₀ and θ₀, and scaling index α (singularity exponent). These indexes characterize the entities present in an image from different angles and, therefore, can be analyzed by means of multivariate techniques to assist in image enhancement and classification. The user-friendly program prepared can be used in conjunction with GIS (Geographic Information System) software such as ArcView to implement the spatial and scaling method. It has been applied to the stream sediment geochemical data set (923 grid samples) for gold mineral exploration in the Habahe map sheet, Altay Shan, Xinjiang, northwestern China. The spatial and scaling method provides better results than the ordinary moving average method.     

Mapping from space — cartographic applications of satellite image data

Digital as well as photographic satellite image data offer a high potential of topographic and thematic information. The paper discusses the application of such data for mapping purposes. For the compilation of conventionalTopographic Maps the requirements concerning the geometrical accuracy can easily be met for 1 : 50,000 or even 1 : 25,000. However, the interpretability of the features that are relevant for topography is often the critical factor. Only the Russian KWR-1000 data are suitable for mapping topographic features in 1 : 25,000. Main emphasis is laid on a new map type, theSatellite Image Map. The authors describe the satellite image mapping procedures developed at the Technical University of Berlin and applied in practice by FPK Consulting Engineers. Some related problems are discussed in details, eg mosaicking, merging of different types of data, and integration of graphical elements. An increase in cartographic applications of satellite remote sensing data is anticipated.     

柴达木盆地1:50 000尕海镇幅水文地质图数据集

尕海镇幅位于柴达木盆地东北缘的巴音河山前平原,是1：50 000国际标准图幅。其水文地质图是根据中国地质调查局组织编制并即将颁布实施的《水文地质图编制规范（1：50 000）》的基本要求,结合区内发展建设的需求,利用2016年1：50 000水文地质调查最新获取的尕海镇幅钻孔抽水试验成果数据（本次施工以及收集已有钻孔资料共48个钻孔）,水化学（61个水样）、同位素（12个同位素样）和土壤易溶盐（55个土样）分析成果数据,地下水位统测成果数据（68个统测点）,以及已有资料与成果数据编制而成。编图以地下水系统理论和生态水文地质理论为指导,按地下水系统、水文地质结构、含水岩组及富水性、地下水补给-径流-排泄条件、地下水化学特征、地下水水位埋深与流场、地下水与生态植被关系、地下水开发利用等分类加工处理数据形成水文地质图数据集,使大量的信息在图面上以主图结合镶图的形式主次分明、层次清晰地加以展现,以便为当地水资源开发利用和生态环境保护提供直观易用的地下水资料支撑。     

Application and verification of a fractal approach to landslide susceptibility mapping

Landslide susceptibility mapping is essential for land-use activities and management decision making in hilly or mountainous regions. The existing approaches to landslide susceptibility zoning and mapping require many different types of data. In this study, we propose a fractal method to map landslide susceptibility using historical landslide inventories only. The spatial distribution of landslides is generally not uniform, but instead clustered at many different scales. In the method, we measure the degree of spatial clustering of existing landslides in a region using a box-counting method and apply the derived fractal clustering relation to produce a landslide susceptibility map by means of GIS-supported spatial analysis. The method is illustrated by two examples at different regional scales using the landslides inventory data from Zhejiang Province, China, where the landslides are mainly triggered by rainfall. In the illustrative examples, the landslides from the inventory are divided into two time periods: The landslides in the first period are used to produce a landslide susceptibility map, and those in the late period are taken as validation samples for examining the predictive capability of the landslide susceptibility maps. These examples demonstrate that the landslide susceptibility map created by the proposed technique is reliable.     

Systematic GIS-based landslide inventory as the first step for effective landslide-hazard management

The purpose of the so-called IFFI project (Inventario dei Fenomeni Franosi in Italia—Inventory of Landslides in Italy) and of many other related activities carried out by the Centro Regionale per le Ricerche Territoriali e Geologiche of ARPA Piemonte (Agenzia Regionale per la Protezione Ambientale—Regional Agency for Environmental Protection), is to map all the existing landslides in Piemonte (including both results of monitoring data and available historical data). ARPA carried out new systematic surveys using airphoto interpretation and created a specific alphanumeric geological information systems (GIS)-based database to store and process all the collected data. In order to obtain proper landslide-hazard zoning, it is necessary to provide a landslide inventory and to define the relationship between landslides and geological setting. A landslide inventory represents a fundamental base of knowledge, is a very basic tool for land planning, and strongly helps the local authorities in their decision making.     

基于MapObjects 2.1控件的地图投影变换方法的实现

为了在同一地理信息系统内或者不同的地理信息系统之间实现数据交换、配准和共享以及对其进行空间叠加、缓冲区分析、最佳(短)路径分析等空间分析,必须保证其在统一的坐标系下具有相同的地图投影,因此地图投影变换显得尤为重要.采用Visual Basic 6.0作为软件开发平台,利用MapObjects控件编程实现了各种常见地图投影之间的任意变换.     

甘肃省花牛山幅1:50 000矿产地质图数据库

甘肃省花牛山幅（K46E017023）1：50 000矿产地质图是根据《矿产地质调查技术要求（1：50 000）》和行业的统一标准及要求,在充分利用1：200 000、1：50 000等区域地质调查工作成果资料的基础上,采用数字填图系统进行野外地质专项填图,并应用室内与室外填编图相结合的方法完成的。本图对南华系-震旦系洗肠井群、寒武系西双鹰山组、奥陶系花牛山群的建造类型进行了重新划分,把图幅内侵入岩时代归纳为晚奥陶世—早志留世、泥盆纪、晚三叠世等3期,建立了岩浆岩的演化序列。本数据库包含12个地层单位和3期岩浆岩资料,数据量约为3.77 MB。这些数据充分反映了1：50 000矿产地质调查示范性成果,对该区矿产资源研究、能源勘探等具参考意义。     

Probabilistic landslide hazard assessment using homogeneous susceptible units (HSU) along a national highway corridor in the northern Himalayas, India

The increased socio-economic significance of landslides has resulted in the application of statistical methods to assess their hazard, particularly at medium scales. These models evaluate where, when and what size landslides are expected. The method presented in this study evaluates the landslide hazard on the basis of homogenous susceptible units (HSU). HSU are derived from a landslide susceptibility map that is a combination of landslide occurrences and geo-environmental factors, using an automated segmentation procedure. To divide the landslide susceptibility map into HSU, we apply a region-growing segmentation algorithm that results in segments with statistically independent spatial probability values. Independence is tested using Moran’s I and a weighted variance method. For each HSU, we obtain the landslide frequency from the multi-temporal data. Temporal and size probabilities are calculated using a Poisson model and an inverse-gamma model, respectively. The methodology is tested in a landslide-prone national highway corridor in the northern Himalayas, India. Our study demonstrates that HSU can replace the commonly used terrain mapping units for combining three probabilities for landslide hazard assessment. A quantitative estimate of landslide hazard is obtained as a joint probability of landslide size, of landslide temporal occurrence for each HSU for different time periods and for different sizes.     

Magnetic mapping of geologic contacts in the Taourirt–Oujda corridor–Horst belt (northeastern Morocco)

From a geologist's perspective, magnetic data are most useful in mapping contacts and providing insight into the 3D geometry of the geology. Since the early 1970s, automatic methods based on the horizontal and vertical derivatives are applied to potential field data in order to map geological lineaments. In this paper, three methods for locating magnetic contacts are applied to magnetic anomaly data of the study area. The local maxima of horizontal gradient determined on the magnetic map and its upward continued maps to several heights delineate the contacts and indicate their dips. The amplitude of the 3D analytic signal of magnetic data provides information on the location of the edge of the sources in both the horizontal and vertical dimensions. The Euler deconvolution is also used to estimate the source depth at the contact location. These results allow the production of a structural map showing the magnetic lineaments for the survey area. This map is consistent with many faults already recognised or supposed by the traditional structural studies and highlights new ones by specifying their layout and dips.