三维各向异性介质中的波动方程叠前深度偏移方法

基于三维VTI各向异性介质的频散关系,构建波数项和空间项分离的单程波算子表达式,以优化算法,确定算子的待定系数,实现广角逼近三维VTI介质的广义相移算子,发展了可灵活处理强或弱各向异性介质的波动方程叠前深度偏移方法.文中同时也针对其工业应用建议了三维VTI各向异性介质中可提高计算效率的频率相关变步长波场深度延拓算法及稀...     

表驱三维角度域Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移成像方法

针对传统Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移方法的一些不足,以及振幅随入射角、方位角变化(AVA/AVAZ)分析的需要,本文提出一种基于射线理论的三维叠前时间偏移角度域成像方法.它通过横向均匀介质中稳健的射线追踪建立单程波走时和传播角度的数值表,然后在此基础上估算反射波双程走时以及在界面处传播的方位角和入射角,最后基于脉冲响应叠加原理获得三维构造图像和方位\|角度域共成像点道集.与传统方法不同之处在于,上述过程均考虑了地震波在垂向变速介质中的射线弯曲效应和三维传播特征,有利于准确提取随入射角和方位角变化的振幅和时差信息.理论模型合成数据和实际地震资料测试结果展示了方法的优越性与实用性.     

The Numerical Modeling of 3-D Elastic Wave Equation Using a High-Order,Staggered-Grid, Finite Difference Scheme

This article provides the application of the high-order, staggered-grid, finite-difference scheme to model elastic wave propagation in 3-D isotropic media. Here, we use second-order, temporal-and high-order spatial finite-difference formulations with a staggered grid for discretization of the 3-D elastic wave equations of motion. The set of absorbing boundary conditions based on paraxial approximations of 3-D elastic wave equations are applied to the numerical boundaries. The trial resuits for the salt model show that the numerical dispersion is decreased to a minimum extent, the accuracy high and diffracted waves abundant. It also shows that this method can be used for modeling wave propagation in complex media with the lateral variation of velocity.     

Amplitude Preserving Kirchhoff Migration: A Traveltime Based Strategy

Amplitude versus offset information is a key feature to seismic reservoir characterization. Therefore amplitude preserving migration was developed to obtain this information from seismic reflection data. For complex 3-D media, however, this process is computationally expensive. In this paper we present an efficient traveltime based strategy for amplitude preserving migration of the Kirchhoff type. Its foundations are the generation of traveltime tables using a wavefront-oriented ray-tracing technique, and a generalized moveout relation for 3-D heterogeneous media. All required quantities for the amplitude preserving migration are computed from coarsely gridded traveltime tables. The migration includes the interpolation from the coarsely gridded input traveltimes onto the fine migration grid, the computation of amplitude preserving weight functions, and, optionally, the evaluation of an optimized migration aperture. Since ray tracing is employed for the traveltime computation the input velocity model needs to be smooth, i.e. velocity variations of spatial dimensions below the wavelength of the considered reflection signals are removed. Numerical examples on simple generic models validate the technique and an application to the Marmousi model demonstrates its potential to complex media. The major advantage of the traveltime based strategy consists of its computational efficiency by maintaining sufficient accuracy. Considerable savings in storage space (10⁵ and more for 3-D data with respect to no interpolation at all) can be achieved. The computational time for the stack can be substantially reduced (up to 90% in 3-D) with the optimized migration aperture since only those traces are stacked which really contribute to the image point under consideration.     

任意复杂介质中主能量法地震波走时计算

积分法叠前深度偏移及层析成像的核心是复杂介质情况下的地震波走时计算. 复杂构造的高精度地震成像需要有稳健的走时计算方法。本文把 Nichols提出的用地震波主能量计算走时的方法由二维推广到三维,并推导出三维波动方程Helmholtz形式在球坐标系下用因式分解法求解的差分表达式.三维SEG/EAGE盐丘模型的理论走时计算和积分法叠前深度偏移的实践都验证了本文方法的正确性.     

n—D Radon变换与波动方程偏移

本文把Ｒａｄｏｎ变换公式推广到任意ｎ维的情况。同时结合ｎ维Ｒａｄｏｎ变换和摄动理论提出了一种既能用于地面资料又能用于ＶＳＰ资料的偏移方法。     

横向各向同性介质弹性波多分量叠前逆时偏移

随着油气勘探程度的提高,隐蔽油气藏在增储上产方面起到了重要作用,因此发展基于各向异性介质的多分量偏移方法是非常必要的.本文基于横向各向同性（VTI）介质,从二维弹性波速度\|应力方程出发,通过在时间上的二阶差分和空间上的交错网格高阶差分对方程进行离散,得到弹性波交错网格高阶差分的多分量逆时偏移算子.在激发时间成像条件的应用过程中引入Poynting矢量进行成像并消除逆时偏移所引起的低频干扰,在此基础上实现了VTI介质中二维弹性波叠前多分量逆时深度偏移.理论模型的偏移处理表明,该方法能够对地层进行准确成像,并可以消除逆时偏移所引起的低频噪声.     

基于吸收衰减补偿的多分量高斯束逆时偏移

高斯束逆时偏移结合了射线类偏移的高计算效率和波动方程逆时偏移的高精度,能很好地处理焦散点、大倾角成像问题,并且具有面向目标成像的能力.多分量地震资料的偏移技术可以对地下复杂构造进行更准确的成像,由于实际地下介质具有黏滞性,研究黏弹性叠前逆时偏移具有一定的现实意义.本文采用高斯束逆时偏移方法对多分量地震数据进行吸收衰减补偿,首先分别给出纵波和转换波共炮域高斯束叠前逆时偏移方法原理,在此基础上推导补偿吸收衰减的表达式,校正Q引起的振幅衰减和相位畸变,实现基于吸收衰减补偿的多分量高斯束叠前逆时偏移.数值模型的测试结果显示,在考虑地下介质的黏滞性时,本文方法具有更高的成像分辨率.     

拉东投影法三维叠前深度偏移

对地下地质构造进行正确成像是地震勘探的最终目的,由于三维地震资料采集不可能都沿垂直构造走向的方向进行,为地震资料的三维处理带来了许多困难. 本文将三维叠后拉东投影偏移思想应用于三维叠前处理中,提出了三维叠前投影偏移算法. 利用拉东投影变换的原理,将整个三维叠前数据体投影到一系列各方向的径向线上,各方位角的构造都包含在其中某条或多条径向剖面上. 投影完成后,形成一系列的独立的二维叠前测线,可采用二维叠前深度偏移成像方法来实现各径向线的叠前偏移,当各径向剖面偏移完成后,在时间切片上进行反投影,从而最终形成三维叠前深度偏移结果. 实际应用表明,用本方法进行三维叠前深度偏移时,深度偏移剖面对横向分辨率有所提高,对陡地层和小断层的成像效果有所改善.     

TI介质局部角度域射线追踪与叠前深度偏移成像

研究与实践表明,对于长偏移距、宽方位地震数据,忽略各向异性会明显降低成像质量,影响储层预测与描述的精度.针对典型的横向各向同性(TI)介质,本文面向深度域构造成像与偏移速度分析的需要,研究基于射线理论的局部角度域叠前深度偏移成像方法.它除了像传统Kirchhoff叠前深度偏移那样输出成像剖面和炮检距域的共成像点道集,还遵循地震波在成像点处的局部方向特征、基于扩展的脉冲响应叠加原理获得入射角度域和照明角度域的成像结果.为了方便快捷地实现TI介质射线走时与局部角度信息的计算,文中讨论和对比了两种改进的射线追踪方法:一种采用从经典各向异性介质射线方程演变而来的由相速度表征的简便形式;另一种采用由对称轴垂直的TI(即VTI)介质声学近似qP波波动方程推导出来的射线方程.文中通过坐标旋转将其扩展到了对称轴倾斜的TI(即TTI)介质.国际上通用的理论模型合成数据偏移试验表明,本文方法既适用于复杂构造成像,又可为TI介质深度域偏移速度分析与模型建立提供高效的偏移引擎.     

稀疏采样下陡角度构造的波动方程深度偏移成像

针对稀疏采样,特别是crossline方向稀疏采样的三维地震数据,提出了一个基于波动方程方法的陡角度构造深度偏移成像方法.文中针对一类混合域（空间和波数）的波动方程偏移方法展开研究.通过建立反假频的单程波算子和通过（形式上）填充空道重建理想采样的地震数据,有效地实现了陡倾角地层的准确成像.这一算法策略解决了波动方程偏移方法在实际应用中的一个关键问题,从而更好地发挥了波动方程偏移方法在复杂构造成像上的优势.二维理论数据（Marmousi模型）和三维实际地震资料成像结果表明本文方法是有效的.这一方法对现行的三维地震数据处理有重要的现实意义.     

TRACE INTERPOLATION IN SEISMIC DATA PROCESSING *

Trace interpolation of spatially aliased seismic data is used to improve the quality of multi-trace processing, especially that of migration. We consider non-rectangular sampling lattices. After stating the real sampling requirements for (two-dimensional or 3-D) digitized signals, the paper explains geometrically the effect of migration and of the 2-D dip filtering upon the aliased events, as well as our ability to interpolate traces from undersampled seismic data.     

A SIMPLE EXACT METHOD OF 3-D MIGRATION—THEORY*

Recently, a heuristic and empirical analysis of a method of three-dimensional (3-D) migration has been presented by Gibson, Larner, and Levin. It consists of sets of two-dimensional (2-D) migrations in orthogonal directions. In this paper, we examine this two-pass method using scalar wave theory and show its action to be identical to that of so-called full 3-D migration for constant-velocity media. The demonstration of equivalence is carried out in both the frequency-space and frequency-wavenumber domains, the latter providing a particularly transparent view of the mechanism of the two-pass approach. We then extend our analysis to consider how various approximate algorithms used in practical implementations affect the validity of our conclusion.     

Anisotropic reverse-time migration for tilted TI media

Seismic anisotropy in dipping shales results in imaging and positioning problems for underlying structures. We develop an anisotropic reverse‐time depth migration approach for P‐wave and SV‐wave seismic data in transversely isotropic (TI) media with a tilted axis of symmetry normal to bedding. Based on an accurate phase velocity formula and dispersion relationships for weak anisotropy, we derive the wave equation for P‐wave and SV‐wave propagation in tilted transversely isotropic (TTI) media. The accuracy of the P‐wave equation and the SV‐wave equation is analyzed and compared with other acoustic wave equations for TTI media. Using this analysis and the pseudo‐spectral method, we apply reverse‐time migration to numerical and physical‐model data. According to the comparison between the isotropic and anisotropic migration results, the anisotropic reverse‐time depth migration offers significant improvements in positioning and reflector continuity over those obtained using isotropic algorithms.     

三维地震勘探数据处理的问题及其解决方法

三维地震勘探在十年内取得了显著的地质效果和经济效益。三维地震数据处理技术也得到了迅速的发展。但是,与二维相比,三维地震数据处理技术有许多不完善之处。本文对其中几个主要问题进行分析并提出解决方法。这些问题是三维叠加速度分析、三维静校正和叠前三维偏移等处理方法。     

Layer-stripping reverse-time migration1

We present a layer-stripping method of migration for irregularly layered media in which first-order velocity discontinuities separate regions of constant or smoothly varying velocity. We use the reverse-time method to migrate seismic data layer by layer, from the surface downwards. As part of the migration of a given layer, the bottom boundary of the layer is defined based on power in the migrated signal, and a seismic section is collected along it. This new section serves as the boundary condition for migration in the next layer. This procedure is repeated for each layer, with the final image formed from the individual layer images. Layer-stripping migration consists of three steps: (1) layer definition, (2) wavefield extrapolation and imaging, and (3) boundary determination. The migration scheme when used with reverse-time extrapolation is similar to datuming with an imaging condition. The reverse-time method uses an explicit fourth-order time, tenth-order space, finite-difference approximation to the scalar wave equation. The advantages of layer-stripping reverse-time migration are: (1) it preserves the benefits of the reverse-time method by handling strong velocity contrasts between layers and steeply dipping structures; (2) it reduces computer memory and saves computation time in high-velocity layers, and (3) it allows interpretational control of the image. Post-stack layer-stripping reverse-time migration is illustrated with a synthetic CMP data example. Prestack migration is illustrated with a synthetic data set and with a marine seismic reflection profile across the Santa Maria Basin and the Hosgri Fault in central California.     

三维并行合成震源记录叠前深度偏移

提出了一种基于波动理论的三维合成震源记录叠前深度偏移方法,该方法不含任何物理假设,利用波动方程算子的3个性质,合成炮震源及炮震源记录,将面炮记录合成与相位编码合成两种方法在理论上和计算上合二为一,成为一个统一的合成理论. 通过双重叠加把三维叠前五维数据转换为三维数据,既保证了成像质量同炮记录偏移成像一样精确,又显著地提高了计算效率,且适于复杂地质构造成像. 针对不同情况,给出了几种不同的合成算子,使方法在实际应用中有较大的灵活性和选择性. 基于MPI并行算法的实现,进一步提高了计算效率. SEG＼EAGE盐丘C3_NA数据模型上的试算结果和新疆三维起伏地表实际地震资料的处理结果进一步说明了该方法的有效性和实用性.     

三维保幅弯曲射线Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移方法与应用

地震勘探是寻找油气的重要手段之一.对于复杂构造地区,地震偏移成像成为地震资料处理流程中最重要的一环.由于叠前时间偏移尤其是Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移适应性强、计算效率高、成本低的自身特点,该方法在油气勘探中发挥着重要作用.对于该方法的成像精确性的研究有着重大的科研和工业价值.本文利用弯曲射线方法计算走时,加入保幅权函数,结合去假频技术、MPI并行技术,以SEG三维盐丘模型和某区域三维实际资料为研究对象,实现三维保幅弯曲射线Kirchhoff叠前时间偏移.将该方法偏移结果与传统的叠前时间偏移方法偏移结果进行对比分析,结果表明:本文采用的方法主要有以下两方面的优越性:第一,引入了弯曲射线计算走时,实现了弯曲射线叠前时间偏移,提高了成像的精确性;第二,引入了保幅权函数,实现了保幅叠前时间偏移,提高偏移结果的信噪比.     

塔中碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集体精细成像

根据塔中82并区地形起伏较大、各种类型沙丘产生的干扰波发育以及奥陶系碳酸盐储集体埋藏深、纵横向非均质性强的特点,为了提高奥陶系碳酸盐岩内幕成像精度,开展了碳酸盐岩缝洞型储集体成像方法研究,建立了一套以高精度静校正技术、地表一致性振幅补偿技术、叠前去噪技术、三维高保真处理技术、叠前子波处理技术、视各向异性动校正技术、三维...     

利用三维高斯射线束成像进行地震定位

常规的地震定位方法通常需要拾取地震记录的初至,当初至不明显或被较高水平的噪声淹没时精度较低.本文采用基于三维高斯射线束的偏移成像方法对震源进行定位,较好地解决了该问题.通过三维高斯射线束对台站记录进行偏移归位,并将各台站成像结果的交点作为地震能量释放的中心位置;当各台站成像结果不能交于一点时,采用三维空间高斯滤波方法可实现震源位置的自动获取.提出的变网格计算方案极大地减少了计算量,显著地提高了成像精度和计算效率.利用首都圈地震台网数据,对涿鹿、滦县以及房山三个地震事件进行试算,结果表明:基于变网格三维高斯束偏移成像的地震定位方法自动化程度很高,而且具有较好的抗噪能力,特别适合处理低信噪比资料的地震定位问题.