膜生物反应器的建模模拟

膜生物反应器相对于传统污水处理方法对污水有较好的处理效果,有着良好的应用前景。文中介绍了膜生物反应器建模的发展和现状,分别就污泥模型、膜污染模型和整合膜生物反应器模型进行了论述,介绍了模型的应用和今后的发展方向。     

活性炭对海水养殖废水处理中动态膜污染的控制过程与作用机制研究

研究了粉末活性炭(Powdered Activated Carbon,PAC)投加对厌氧/好氧-移动床-动态膜组合生物膜反应器(A/O-MB-DMBR)处理海水养殖废水工艺中的膜污染控制过程与作用机制.结果表明:投加PAC使反应器中生物膜胞外聚合物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,...     

硝化-膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的研究

为充分考察膜生物反应器的硝化性能 ,采用活性污泥比消化速率 ,对膜生物反应器处理氨氮废水的硝化性能进行了研究。结果表明 :在容积负荷 1.0 96kgNH+ 4 -N/(m3 ·d)的条件下 ,硝化性能稳定 ,氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮的转化率可达 99% ;亚硝化菌和硝化菌在活性污泥中占优势 ,系统中出现了胞外多聚物和可溶性微生物产物的积累。     

光生物反应器中光衰减特征与螺旋藻生长动力学研究

分析了光照强度在光生物反应器中的分布特征，结果表明，当光波长及光传播的路径确定时，光生物反应器中光衰减特征主要受培养物生物量浓度的影响，由回归的模型对实验数据的拟合可分析光衰减特征与培养物生物量浓度的相关性，为光生物反应器中平均光照强度的确定奠定基础。在光生物反应器中，当营养底物和环境温度不是螺旋藻生长限制因子时，通过平均光照强度对螺旋藻比生长速率的影响分析，结果表明，在实验条件下，螺旋藻比生长速率与平均光照强度的动力学模型可用Aiba光生长抑制方程描述，光亲和系数Ks为238.29umol/(m^2.s)，光抑制系数Ki为0．00493s.m^2/umol，光生物反应器中螺旋藻生长的饱和光照强度出现在190－272umol/(m^2.s)的范围内。     

硅藻粘附性EPS提取方法的比较研究

底栖硅藻是可见光能照射到的水下表面生物膜中的主要污损生物,胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)是硅藻生物膜形成和发育过程中的关键物质,可溶性EPS和粘附性EPS的提取方法不同,对粘附性EPS的分离提取仍没有统一的方法。本研究选用了4种方法提取底栖硅藻(Amphora sp.)粘附性EPS:30℃水浴处理、70℃水浴处理、福尔马林-NaOH处理和阳离子交换树脂处理,研究了不同分离方法条件下,Amphora sp.粘附性EPS中各主要成分的提取量。结果表明,粘附性EPS中各主要成分普遍受提取方法的影响,其中DNA含量变化幅度最大,其次是蛋白质、总糖和糖醛酸含量,硫酸基含量受提取方法的影响最小。低温水浴处理提取效率低,高温水浴处理可能影响EPS的后续分析,阳离子交换树脂提取粘附性EPS的效果较好,但对细胞的破坏最严重,福尔马林-NaOH处理提取的EPS总量最高,提取总糖、糖醛酸的效果最好,而且没有造成严重的细胞破裂。因此福尔马林-Na OH处理是相对均衡和高效的提取硅藻粘附性EPS的方法。     

间接ELISA技术在病原性鳗弧菌SMP1快速检测中的应用

以大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)出血症的病原菌——鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)SMP1为抗原,制备兔抗血清,测定了抗血清的工作浓度和对抗原的特异性,建立了在大菱鲆肝肾组织中检测SMP1的间接ELISA方法。SMP1人工感染大菱鲆,用建立的间接ELISA对大菱鲆肾脏和肝脏进行检测,结果肾脏的阳性检出率为87.7%,肝脏的阳性检出率为90%。该方法的建立有助于快速准确地鉴定由SMP1引起的大菱鲆疾病。     

A/O-MBR在石化废水深度处理回用中的应用

采用缺氧/好氧一体式膜生物反应器(A/O-MBR)对石化废水进行深度处理,经过60d左右的试验运行,结果表明系统处理效果理想。对COD、石油类物质和NH+4-N的平均去除率分别为91.9%、92.9%和95.4%,出水水质达到《城市污水再生利用,工业用水水质》中的相关标准(GB/T19923—2005);对部分工艺参数进行优化探究后,发现最佳水力停留时间(RHT)为8h,最佳回流比为300%~400%。通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和清水通量测定对膜污染进行了初步探究,结果表明微生物和有机物等在膜面形成凝胶层是造成系统膜污染的主要原因,最佳的化学清洗方案为0.1%NaOH+0.2%HCl,能使膜清水通量恢复率达90%以上。     

哈维氏弧菌生物被膜体外模型的建立及成膜特性研究

采用改良微孔板法建立哈维氏弧菌Vibrio harveyi TS-628菌株生物被膜体外模型,并进一步研究环境因子对哈维氏弧菌体外形成生物被膜的影响。结果发现,哈维氏弧菌TS-628菌株可以在聚苯乙烯板中形成生物被膜,并且该菌生物被膜的形成受起始菌液浓度、温度、pH等理化因子的显著影响。温度为30℃、NaCl质量分数为3%—6%、pH为7、孵育时间为36h是哈维氏弧菌形成生物被膜的最佳条件。此外哈维氏弧菌在分别经表皮黏液、鳃黏液、肠道黏液、肝脏提取液、脾脏提取液、肌肉提取液包被的基质上成膜效果显著,其中在经肝脏提取液包被的基质上形成的生物被膜量显著高于在其他生物基质上形成的生物被膜量(p<0.01)。     

膜生物反应器技术与市场的发展

膜生物反应器(MBR)作为一项新型的水处理技术,具有处理效率高、出水水质好、运行管理简单等特点,在水处理领域包括自来水供给保障和污水处理回用中得到了迅速发展。文中从技术发展和市场开发两方面对MBR的现状作了扼要评论,通过历史进展的回顾,着重分析了影响MBR发展的一些关键因数,展望了MBR在市政污水和工业废水处理回用中的发展前景。     

低有机负荷对SMBR系统的影响

过低的有机物--污泥负荷(<0.1 gCODcr/gMLSS.d)使膜生物反应器内的活性污泥进入内源呼吸阶段,污泥负增长,活性变差.上清液CODcr多糖含量明显高于进水和出水,是微生物代谢物质在膜前积累所致.溶解性微生物产物容易被膜表面吸附形成凝胶层,导致过滤阻力增加,引起膜污染,并抑制微生物活性.浓度较低、活性较差的微生物对溶解性微生物产物的吸附和降解能力较弱.     

膜-生物反应器与活性污泥工艺处理氨氮废水的微生物特性比较

考察了膜-生物反应器（MBR）与活性污泥工艺（CAS）处理无机氨氮废水的对比研究.结果表明,同CAS相比,MBR处于高容积负荷、低污泥负荷的运行状态下,硝化效果较好,除了短期的pH控制故障外,氨氮转化为硝酸盐氮的转化率可达99%.随着运行时间的增加,膜组件的截留作用导致MBR内胞外多聚物的积累,电镜扫描（SEM）不能观察到运行后期微生物的形态变化,然而,CAS中微生物形态变化不大.2个反应器中硝化菌、亚硝化菌和异养菌的变化趋势是一致的,异养菌仅为硝化细菌的万分之一;但与MBR相比, CAS中硝化菌数量少32%,亚硝化菌的数量少35%,异养菌数量少24%.     

碳氮比对移动床生物膜反应器处理海水养殖废水性能的影响

本文研究碳氮(C/N)比变化对移动床生物膜反应器(MBBR)处理海水养殖废水性能的影响。结果表明,当C/N比从7∶1降至3∶1,出水COD浓度无明显变化,平均去除率保持在90%以上。C/N比的变化对脱氮过程有较大影响,当C/N比从7∶1降低至3∶1,NH⁺₄-N去除率由89.51%±1.24%增至92.70%±1.08%,NO^-₂-N浓度由(4.84±0.50)mg/L降至0 mg/L,NO^-₃-N浓度由(0.47±0.29)mg/L升至(8.12±0.25)mg/L。C/N比的降低提高了比氨氧化速率、比亚硝酸盐氧化速率和与硝化相关的微生物酶活性,但降低了比耗氧速率、比硝酸盐还原速率、比亚硝酸盐还原速率、脱氢酶活性和与反硝化相关的微生物酶活性。松散型胞外聚合物和紧密型胞外聚合物的多糖含量随C/N比的降低而降低,说明在低COD条件下,多糖能够被微生物利用。微生物群落的丰富度和多样性随C/N比的降低而降低,硝化菌属(Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira)和反硝化菌属(Azoarcus、Comamonas、Hyphomicrobium、Paracoccus、Thauera、Devosia、Pseudomonas和Rhodanobacter)的相对丰度发生改变,从而影响MBBR脱氮性能。     

盐度和pH对底栖硅藻胞外多聚物的影响

研究了盐度和pH值对底栖硅藻新月筒柱藻(Cylindrotheca closterium(Ehr.)Reimannet Lewin)增殖、蛋白质含量和胞外多聚物(Extracellular Polymeric Substances,EPS)的影响.结果表明新月筒柱藻最适生长的盐度和pH值分别是15和8,属半咸水性生活.高盐度(>15)和低pH值(相似文献   

The role of nitrogen in chromophoric and fluorescent dissolved organic matter formation

Microbial and photochemical processes affect chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) dynamics in the ocean. Some evidence suggests that dissolved nitrogen plays a role in CDOM formation, although this has received little systematic attention in marine ecosystems. Coastal seawater incubations were carried out in the presence of model dissolved organic nitrogen (DON: amino sugars and amino acids) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) compounds to assess their role in biological and photochemical production of CDOM. For several of the dissolved N compounds, microbial processing resulted in a pulse of CDOM that was mainly labile, appearing and disappearing within 7 days. In contrast, a net loss of CDOM occurred when no N was added to the microbial incubations. The greatest net biological CDOM formation was found upon addition of amino sugars (formation of fluorescent, mostly labile CDOM) and tryptophan (formation of non-fluorescent, refractory CDOM). Photochemical formation of CDOM was only found with tryptophan, the one aromatic compound tested. This CDOM was highly fluorescent, with excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) resembling those of terrestrial, humic-like fluorophores. The heterogeneity in CDOM formation from this collection of labile N-containing compounds was surprising. These compounds are common components of biopolymers and humic substances in natural waters and likely to contribute to microbially- and photochemically-produced CDOM in coastal seawater.     

On the use of poorly soluble hygroscopic substances for modification of warm clouds and fogs

From analysis of the relationships between the equilibrium state of condensation nuclei and the relative humidity, a conclusion is made concerning the preferred use of poorly soluble substances for the generation of artificial condensation nuclei (ACN) designed for modification of warm clouds and fogs with the purpose of their dissipation and precipitation formation. The advantage of poorly soluble substances over commonly used soluble salts is that the finely dispersed part of the spectrum of the poorly soluble ACN does not deliquesce and so is not involved in the formation of cloud droplets. For experimental testing of the conclusions, preference was given to cement, whose main soluble substance is calcium oxide with a solubility of about 1 g/l. The spectrum of dispersed cement particles was measured and compared with the spectra of pyrotechnic flares widely used for modification at present. The process of formation of the cloud droplet spectra was simulated in the aerosol chamber of the Institute of Experimental Meteorology by decreasing the preliminarily generated excess pressure. It was found in these experiments that, compared to the spectra of particles formed on background condensation nuclei, the introduction of dispersed cement leads to the broadening of spectra and to a decrease in the concentration of droplets. Even at the early stage of condensation, droplets with radii of ∼20 μm appear. In this case, no “overseeding” phenomenon is observed, which, for soluble substances, manifests itself in an increase in the concentration of cloud droplets with a large ACN concentration. These effects indicate that, according to the existing concepts about the mechanism of warm-cloud modification with hygroscopic substances, the introduction of poorly soluble ACN (in particular, dispersed cement) below the base of cumulus clouds should stimulate coagulation processes and accelerate rain-formation processes. Considerations are given that the introduction of poorly soluble ACN into the already existing cumulus or stratocumulus clouds or fogs should also result in the acceleration of precipitation-formation processes or cloud dispersal. Comparison of cement powder with the well-known means of warm-cloud and fog modification is carried out. Original Russian Text ? N.P. Romanov, A.S. Drofa, N.S. Kim, A.V. Savchenko, G.F. Yaskevich, 2006, published in Izvestiya AN. Fizika Atmosfery i Okeana, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 1, pp. 80–91.     

Fungal colonies in open fractures of subseafloor basalt

The deep subseafloor crust is one of the few great frontiers of unknown biology on Earth and, still today, the notion of the deep biosphere is commonly based on the fossil record. Interpretation of palaeobiological information is thus central in the exploration of this hidden biosphere and, for each new discovery, criteria used to establish biogenicity are challenged and need careful consideration. In this paper networks of fossilized filamentous structures are for the first time described in open fractures of subseafloor basalts collected at the Emperor Seamounts, Pacific Ocean. These structures have been investigated with optical microscopy, environmental scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectrometer, X-ray powder diffraction as well as synchrotron-radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy, and interpreted as fossilized fungal mycelia. Morphological features such as hyphae, yeast-like growth and sclerotia were observed. The fossilized fungi are mineralized by montmorillonite, a process that probably began while the fungi were alive. It seems plausible that the fungi produced mucilaginous polysaccharides and/or extracellular polymeric substances that attracted minerals or clay particles, resulting in complete fossilization by montmorillonite. The findings are in agreement with previous observations of fossilized fungi in subseafloor basalts and establish fungi as regular inhabitants of such settings. They further show that fossilized microorganisms are not restricted to pore spaces filled by secondary mineralizations but can be found in open pore spaces as well. This challenges standard protocols for establishing biogenicity and calls for extra care in data interpretation.     

Geophysiology and Parahistology of the Interactions of Organisms with the Environment*

Abstract. Ecology and Global Ecology (GE) are terms by which the relations between the organism (or living matter as a whole) and the environment (or Earth as a whole) have been treated for almost a century. Geophysiology and Parahistology (PH) are terms slowly replacing older scientific thoughts jointly with an increasing number of modifications and alterations of the Darwinian Evolution (DE) concept. Somehow Geophysiology and Parahistology seem to describe evolution in a non-Darwinian domain. According to V.I. Vernadsky (1929,1930,1988) - the great Russian naturalist and biogeochemist - the biogeochemical processes on Earth are controlled by the force of living matter rather than by species associations developing in and with individual ecosystems as expressed by darwinian evolutionary terms. He also claimed that Goethe was incorrectly regarded as a predecessor of DE by some authors (including Darwin) and that “Natur” (nature) and “Lebendige Natur” (the totality of creatures) are two very different things for Goethe. Detailed analyses of microbial mat systems in the German Wadden Sea and in artificial hypersaline WInogradsky columns have shown that the totality of creatures and matter around them i.e., the “lebendige Natur”sensu Goethe or “living matter”sensu Vernadsky of such environments control to a considerable extent the structure, stability. and (geo-)morphology of sediments and thereby the geological structure of the living Earth. These structures do not follow the rules of sedimentation formulated by the laws of Stokes They represent growth structures (Aufwuchs), whose physics and dynamics are controlled by complex fractal systems. The factors controlling the ultimate shape and stabilisation potential of the eventually resulting rocks and fossils are comparable to tissue development in macroorganisms. Also, certain microbial associations in the sub-recent and in the fossil record may be compared to metazoan tissues. Chemical gradients in the sedimentary column, regulated by the interplay of living matter and sluggish (slow-reactive to non-reactive) compounds, combine to create a pattern of porosity and structure of the resulting deposits that clearly indicates microbial influences and especially those of extracellular polymeric substances on the morphology and texture. The combined effects of microbiota or living matter on the sedimentary record are described as parahistology of sediments in analogy of the histology of tissue on a geological scale. This conceptual living tissue made up of microbially generated rocks and ore deposits cycled through metabolic processes and forced into tissue-like structures by microbial biofilms and mats may extend down to the upper mantle of Earth and far up into the stratosphere when Earth is regarded as a living entity over geological periods. We may have to conceive Earth as a living specimen, which is breathing at a frequency of thousands of years instead of the normal physiological breathing rate of man or an insect. Macroorganisms in all terrestrial systems represent the transport and logistic media, which, however, utterly depend on myriads of intra-, inter-, and extracellular microbial symbiotic partners.     

紫菜纳豆菌发酵物中醇提物和多糖生物活性的初步研究

纳豆菌(Bacillus natto)发酵后的条斑紫菜经稀释、离心后上清液用一定浓度的乙醇处理获得醇沉物和醇溶液。将醇沉物去蛋白得到粗多糖,进行抗氧化活性的研究;将醇溶液旋转蒸发得到浸膏,将浸膏按极性大小分相萃取分别得到石油醚相、乙酸乙酯相和正丁醇相浸膏,探讨分相浸膏对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、四联微球菌的抑菌效果。通过测定多糖和分相浸膏对羟自由基(·OH)和DPPH自由基的清除能力评价其抗氧化能力。结果表明:醇溶物对金黄色葡萄球菌具有抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高各相浸膏对羟基自由基的清除率随之升高,其中,正丁醇相浸膏在质量浓度为0.5 mg/m L时对羟自由基的清除率达到91.6%,说明条斑紫菜经纳豆菌发酵可能产生了活性化合物;与对照组相比,利用纳豆菌发酵紫菜发酵物中多糖提取率增加了0.24%,发酵得到的多糖在质量浓度为5.0 mg/m L时对羟自由基的清除率达到了95.7%。     

黏粒和有机质对黄河口潮间带沉积物微团聚体的影响

微团聚体是形成沉积物结构的基本单元,沉积物的结构性影响了土体的稳定性、渗透性和强度等工程地质性质。对废弃黄河口刁口流路潮间带沉积物微团聚体受黏粒含量、有机质和生物黏液等胶结作用进行分析,结果表明,研究区沉积物多团聚成粉粒级微团聚体(0.05～0.01 mm),含量在85.3%～95.8%之间,与黄土高原土相比,0.05～0.01 mm微团聚体增加,而0.1～0.05 mm微团聚体减少,团聚性差,易于侵蚀;黏粒含量与团聚度表现出显著正相关性,说明黏粒含量增加了沉积物微团聚体的稳定性;沉积物中有机质含量在0.27%～0.61%之间,有机质含量较少,对沉积物微团聚体贡献少;生物扰动的螃蟹洞壁土、螃蟹掘出物的团聚度明显大于表层未受生物扰动土的团聚度,说明螃蟹分泌的黏液能加大微团聚体的稳定性。     

Nodularin induces oxidative stress in the Baltic Sea brown alga Fucus vesiculosus (Phaeophyceae)

In the Baltic Sea regular, intensive cyanobacterial blooms rich in the cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena occur during the summer season. N. spumigena is known to produce the cyclic pentapeptide nodularin (NOD) in high concentrations. Marine macroalgae, together with sea-grass meadows, are an extremely important habitat for life in the sea. In addition to this, the decaying macroalgae substantially contribute to the substrate for the microbial loop in coastal food webs. Uptake of nodularin into the brown macroalga Fucus vesiculosus was assessed using an ELISA technique resulting in an uptake of up to 45.1 microg kg(-1) fresh weight (fw). Nodularin was also detected in the reproductive part of the algae (receptacle) at 14.1 microg kg(-1) fw. The induction of oxidative stress in F. vesiculosus, after exposure to NOD, was also shown by monitoring cellular damage as changes in lipid peroxidation and the activation of antioxidative defence systems (antioxidative capacity, superoxide dismutase and soluble glutathione S-transferase).