基于正交试验法的随机地震响应的参数分析

考虑地震的随机性和土体的非线性,引入粘弹性边界和正交试验法,提出了一种在谐响应分析中直接输入加速度的加载方式,建立了基于虚拟激励法、等效线性化法和确定性动力有限元法相结合的非线性桩-土体系的随机地震响应的参数敏感性分析方法.研究了桩土模量比、地震动输入水平、桩的长径比等无量纲参数对随机响应的影响.结果表明:桩土模量比是最敏感的因素.     

成层土中桩土耦合扭转振动特性理论研究

假设桩周土层为成层黏弹性体,土体材料阻尼为黏性阻尼,从三维轴对称角度出发,对任意激振扭矩作用下,成层土中完整桩与土扭转耦合振动时的桩顶振动特性进行了理论研究.首先建立定解问题,然后利用拉氏变换求解得到其振动角位移的形式解,并利用桩土接触界面处的连续条件来考虑桩土耦合作用,使用桩段阻抗函数的传递性进行逐层递推求解,最终得到桩顶频域和时域响应的理论解.通过参数影响分析研究发现,成层土中桩顶复刚度主要受上部土层动力特性及性质影响;随着上层土模量增大桩顶复刚度的刚度部分也相应增大,阻尼部分相应减小.成层土由于土层模量变化,桩的导纳曲线有大峰夹小峰循环的特征.当上层土模量大于下层土模量时,在土层分界面时域波形与初始脉冲反向,反之则同向,土模量突变导致的时域波形的特征反射较平缓,幅度不大.     

比较两种模型下饱和土的动态响应

比较Biot和Yamamoto两种模型下饱和土的动态响应, 指出了这两种土模型的特点. 首先从土骨架和孔隙水所满足的运动方程出发分析了两种土模型所反映能量损耗, 然后计算了粗砂质和细砂质土层内弹性波随加载频率及土参数的衰减规律, 总结了黏性摩擦和Coulomb摩擦在两种模型中具体体现, 最后讨论了当加载为海浪时, 两种模型对应的波浪衰减特点以及土床内孔隙水压力和应力相位角随孔隙度、渗透系数、黏性系数及剪切模量等土参数的变化.     

基于静动法的大直径超长桩承载力实测分析

大直径超长桩在海洋工程和桥梁工程中应用广泛,但目前常用的测试方法均有各自的局限性。针对普通静载费时费力,自平衡测试方法研究不够完善等不足,基于马来西亚槟城二桥工程,采用现场实测方法对砂土地层中大直径超长嵌岩桩的静动法测试进行研究。通过对同一根桩上的自平衡法测试结果进行对比,分析静动法测试大直径超长桩承载力的适用性。通过对比发现,静动法测试结果用传统卸荷点法和分段卸荷点法处理得到的等效静承载力比自平衡法大30%左右;且由于土动摩阻和孔隙水压力影响,静动法测得的桩身摩阻力也大于自平衡测试结果,需要进行修正。     

模拟退火法在反演地震断层参数中的运用

在地震断层参数的反演中,选取合适的反演方法,对于反演的结果具有至关重要的意义,模拟退火法是一种非线性的反演方法,为了验证此方法在地震断层反演中的准确性,以2004年的仲巴6．7级地震为研究对象,采用模拟退火的方法,通过调用Rongjiang Wang的Okada程序,对用四叉数方法处理过的INSAR地震数据进行反演,从而得到该次地震的断层参数。     

大直径扩底灌注桩的地震反应特性

大直径扩底桩的地震反应分析对其抗震设计至关重要。本文采用ABAQUS有限元程序建立地震荷载作用下扩底桩-土-结构和普通等直径桩-土-结构动力相互作用体的三维有限元模型,分析大直径扩底桩与普通等直径桩地震反应的差异。桩周土采用Drucker-Prager弹塑性模型以考虑土体的非线性,桩体采用线弹性模型,桩与桩周土之间设置非线性接触。输入Imperial Vally地震波,对两种桩基的地震反应进行了数值计算,分析了桩土模量比、软夹层、上部质量等因素对桩基地震反应的影响。结果表明:与普通等直径桩相比,扩底桩的抗震性能没有明显提高,扩底直径对抗震性能影响不大,增大扩底桩直径,并不能提高扩底桩的抗震性能;上部结构的质量及桩土模量比对桩基的动力响应影响显著。     

多因素复杂参数下的圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应分析

为了实现圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应的准确分析,提高建筑抗震性能,采用ABAQUS有限元软件,分析不同随机参数的圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应,分析运算采用的各项参数、场地地质条件以及明确等效复合土体计算参数,通过二维复合模量简化模型,全面考虑加固深度、土桩地基上新建结构、下卧基岩地形、水泥土模量、输入地震波属性和不同场景环境等随机参数对圆形地下水泥土桩地基场地地震效应的影响。实验结果表明:圆形地下水泥土桩地基加固区地表的峰值加速度反应较自由场的反应显著降低,地基地表的峰值加速度反应随着水泥土桩加固深度和复合模量的增加而减小;地基上新建结构对坝基周围场地地震动特性形成较强的干扰,干扰幅度以及区域同新建结构规模具有较高的关联性;地基下端基岩表面地形同上部地基场地地震动特性间具有一定的关联性;场地土层条件对复合地基地震效应影响较大;桩体模量在可能变化范围内,对水泥土桩地基地震效应影响相对较小。     

大直径钢管桩土塞效应的拟静力判断方法

钢管桩在贯入过程中土塞效应的正确判断对打桩阻力及承载力的预测有重要影响,常用的静力平衡土塞效应判断方法主要适用于小直径钢管桩。随着海洋平台工作水深的不断增加及海上风电工程的建设,直径大于2m的大直径钢管桩被广泛采用,管桩直径的增加改变了桩管内土体的受力与变形特征。通过数值模拟方法获得砂土中不同径长比的钢管桩在打桩过程中桩周土体的破坏模式,确定采用梅耶霍夫公式计算打桩过程中桩端土体阻力,同时分析锤击惯性力对桩管内土塞的影响,提出采用拟静力平衡法判断大直径钢管桩的土塞闭塞效应。开展不同径长比管桩的室内小比尺打桩模型试验,并对实际工程中的土塞闭塞效应进行判断,验证拟静力平衡法对判断大直径钢管桩土塞效应的适用性。     

基于交叉梯度约束的电阻率法和背景噪声法三维联合反演研究

电阻率法和背景噪声法是通过获得地下介质的电阻率和速度参数的分布来探究地球内部物质分布的非均匀性特征,联合反演可以有效地发挥两种方法的优势,减小反演多解性.本文采用有限内存拟牛顿（L-BFGS）算法实现了电阻率法和背景噪声法的单方法三维反演,然后基于电阻率和速度模型结构耦合约束,采用交替迭代方式实现了电阻率法和背景噪声法的三维联合反演.通过设计规则体组合模型和不规则体组合模型进行理论模型合成数据三维反演试算,结果表明：联合反演可以获得同时满足数据拟合差和结构更为相似的速度-电阻率模型;联合反演可以压制背景噪声单方法反演出现的假异常,获得更精细的速度结构;联合反演获得的电阻率模型对倾斜异常体、高阻覆层下方异常体、圈闭的高/低阻体等边界信息有明显的提升,有效克服电阻率法单方法反演的局限,提高深部电阻率的分辨率.     

液化场地桥梁足尺桩抗震简化分析方法

采用国际VELACS项目中离心机试验标定的内华达砂的动力计算参数,建立液化场地足尺桩-土动力相互作用分析的三维有限元模型;获得不同幅值的正弦波作用下桩-土动力相互作用的p-y曲线,修正并发展一种可用于液化场地桩-土动力相互作用分析的宏单元模型,并基于非线性文克尔地基梁模型建立桥梁足尺桩抗震分析的数值模型与简化方法,通过有限元分析结果验证该简化方法的正确性。     

Application of a parameter-shifted grey wolf optimizer for earthquake dynamic rupture inversion

Global optimization is an essential approach to any inversion problem. Recently, the grey wolf optimizer (GWO) has been proposed to optimize the global minimum, which has been quickly used in a variety of inversion problems. In this study, we proposed a parameter-shifted grey wolf optimizer (psGWO) based on the conventional GWO algorithm to obtain the global minimum. Compared with GWO, the novel psGWO can effectively search targets toward objects without being trapped within the local minimum of the zero value. We confirmed the effectiveness of the new method in searching for uniform and random objectives by using mathematical functions released by the Congress on Evolutionary Computation. The psGWO algorithm was validated using up to 10,000 parameters to demonstrate its robustness in a large-scale optimization problem. We successfully applied psGWO in two-dimensional (2D) synthetic earthquake dynamic rupture inversion to obtain the frictional coefficients of the fault and critical slip-weakening distance using a homogeneous model. Furthermore, this algorithm was applied in inversions with heterogeneous distributions of dynamic rupture parameters. This implementation can be efficiently applied in 3D cases and even in actual earthquake inversion and would deepen the understanding of the physics of natural earthquakes in the future.     

强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状分析

传统通过p-y曲线法分析强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状时未进行桩基结构模拟,获取的强震状态下黄土中桩基动力的相关动力参数不准确。本文提出新的强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状分析方法,依据HS硬化模型设计HSS本构模型,通过模型获取强震状态下黄土中桩基动力的相关参数,以此为基础采用PLAXIS软件构建黄土中桩基有限元模型;通过两种模型从耦合荷载作用下的桩基桩身水平位移响应、桩身内力响应两方面对强震状态下黄土桩基动力性状展开实验分析。实验结果表明,所提方法可对强震状态下黄土中桩基动力性状进行准确分析。     

基于IGA算法的电阻率神经网络反演成像研究

为满足地球物理资料反演解释的高精度、快速、稳定的要求,本文结合免疫遗传算法寻优速度快和BP神经网络反演不依赖初始模型等优点,设计了一种将BP神经网络和免疫遗传算法进行有机结合的全局优化反演策略,并将该策略成功地应用于二维高密度电法数据反演.利用免疫遗传算法(Immune Genetic Algorithm,简称IGA)对神经网络的反演参数进行同步优化,提高了电阻率反演的精度.仿真和实验结果验证设计的全局优化反演策略取得了较好的效果,通过与线性反演方法和BP法以及遗传神经网络法等反演方法进行比较,得出该方法具有反演精度更高,反演时间更短等显著优势的结论.     

Non‐linear prestack seismic inversion with global optimization using an edge‐preserving smoothing filter

Estimating elastic parameters from prestack seismic data remains a subject of interest for the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. In geophysical inverse problems, data and models are in general non‐linearly related. Linearized inversion methods often have the disadvantage of strong dependence on the initial model. When the initial model is far from the global minimum, inversion iteration is likely to converge to the local minimum. This problem can be avoided by using global optimization methods. In this paper, we implemented and tested a prestack seismic inversion scheme based on a quantum‐behaved particle swarm optimization (QPSO) algorithm aided by an edge‐preserving smoothing ( EPS) operator. We applied the algorithm to estimate elastic parameters from prestack seismic data. Its performance on both synthetic data and real seismic data indicates that QPSO optimization with the EPS operator yields an accurate solution.     

地震波形多尺度反演的一点讨论

基于在反演过程中对初始模型依赖性强、易陷入局部极值等问题,本文引入小波分析,提出多尺度地震波形反演方法,从而将参数反演问题转化到小波域中重要系数优化问题。利用多尺度之间的内在联系及小波域中重要系数的稀疏性,有将改进了局部极值、计算量等问题。并对几种多尺度反演策略进行了比较讨论。基于波动方程正演及褶积模型的两种反演方法的数值实便结果显示了本方法良好的效果。     

Applications of hybrid genetic algorithms in seismic tomography

Almost all earth sciences inverse problems are nonlinear and involve a large number of unknown parameters, making the application of analytical inversion methods quite restrictive. In practice, most analytical methods are local in nature and rely on a linearized form of the problem equations, adopting an iterative procedure which typically employs partial derivatives in order to optimize the starting (initial) model by minimizing a misfit (penalty) function. Unfortunately, especially for highly non-linear cases, the final model strongly depends on the initial model, hence it is prone to solution-entrapment in local minima of the misfit function, while the derivative calculation is often computationally inefficient and creates instabilities when numerical approximations are used. An alternative is to employ global techniques which do not rely on partial derivatives, are independent of the misfit form and are computationally robust. Such methods employ pseudo-randomly generated models (sampling an appropriately selected section of the model space) which are assessed in terms of their data-fit. A typical example is the class of methods known as genetic algorithms (GA), which achieves the aforementioned approximation through model representation and manipulations, and has attracted the attention of the earth sciences community during the last decade, with several applications already presented for several geophysical problems.In this paper, we examine the efficiency of the combination of the typical regularized least-squares and genetic methods for a typical seismic tomography problem. The proposed approach combines a local (LOM) and a global (GOM) optimization method, in an attempt to overcome the limitations of each individual approach, such as local minima and slow convergence, respectively. The potential of both optimization methods is tested and compared, both independently and jointly, using the several test models and synthetic refraction travel-time date sets that employ the same experimental geometry, wavelength and geometrical characteristics of the model anomalies. Moreover, real data from a crosswell tomographic project for the subsurface mapping of an ancient wall foundation are used for testing the efficiency of the proposed algorithm. The results show that the combined use of both methods can exploit the benefits of each approach, leading to improved final models and producing realistic velocity models, without significantly increasing the required computation time.     

Flexible support of a pile embedded in unsaturated soil under Rayleigh waves

Under the action of Rayleigh waves, pile head is easy to rotate with a concrete pile cap, and pure fixed-head condition is rarely achieved, which is a common phenomenon for it usually occurs on the precast piles with insufficient anchorage. In addition, the propagation characteristics of Rayleigh wave have been changed significantly due to the existence of capillary pressure and the coupling between phases in unsaturated soil, which significantly affects the pile-soil interaction. In order to study the above problems, a coupled vibration model of unsaturated soil–pile system subjected to Rayleigh waves is established on the basis that the pile cap is equivalent to a rigid mass block. Meanwhile, the soil constitution is simplified to linear-elastic and small deformations are assumed to occur during the vibration phase of soil–pile system. Then, the horizontal dynamic response of a homogeneous free-field unsaturated soil caused by propagating Rayleigh waves is obtained by using operator decomposition theory and variable separation method. The dynamic equilibrium equation of a pile is established by using the dynamic Winkler model and the Timoshenko beam theory, and the analytical solutions of the horizontal displacement, rotation angle, bending moment and shear force of pile body are derived according to the boundary conditions of flexible constraint of pile top. Based on the present solutions, the rationality of the proposed model is verified by comparing with the previous research results. Through parametric study, the influence of rotational stiffness and yield bending moment of pile top on the horizontal dynamic characteristics of Rayleigh waves induced pile is investigated in detailed. The analysis results can be utilized for the seismic design of pile foundation under Rayleigh waves.     

基于OpenSees的桩-土-桥墩相互作用非线性数值分析模型

基于OpenSees数值分析平台,建立了群桩-土-桥墩非线性数值分析模型。模型中桩-土水平向相互作用和桩-土竖向相互作用、桩底-土竖向相互作用分别通过p-y、t-z与q-z零长度弹簧单元模拟。模型中同时考虑了群桩效应与纵筋在墩底的应变渗透和粘结滑移的影响。结合群桩基础拟静力试验结果,对数值模型的准确性进行了验证,在此基础上对土体参数特性对桩基滞回性能的影响规律进行了分析。结果表明:所建立的数值分析模型可对群桩基础滞回曲线和骨架曲线进行较为准确的模拟分析,验证了模型的可靠性。反复荷载作用下,前桩处土体的反应明显大于中桩处;土体由软黏土变为硬黏土时,墩顶侧向承载力与刚度显著增加,但土体的非线性反应减弱。     

实数编码遗传算法在大地电磁测深二维反演中的应用

作为全局非线性优化的新方法之一的遗传算法,近年来已从生物工程流行到大地电磁测深资料解释中.然而,大地电磁反演问题具有不适定性,解的非唯一性.通过结合求解不适定问题的Tikhonov正则化方法,本文采用实数编码遗传算法求解大地电磁二维反演问题.此算法在构建目标函数时引入正则化的思想,利用遗传算法求解最优化问题.常规的基于局部线性化的最优化反演方法易使解陷入局部极小值,而且严重的依赖初始模型的选择.与传统线性化的迭代反演方法相比,实数编码遗传算法能够克服传统方法的不足且能获得更好的反演结果.通过对大地电磁测深理论模型进行计算,结果表明:该算法具有收敛速度快、解的精度高和避免出现早熟等优点,可用于大地电磁资料解释.