建筑结构裂缝及加层加固疑难问题的处理——附实例

该书根据最新加固规范编写而成，其内容分为建筑结构裂缝和加层、抗震鉴定及加固设计。包括：建筑结构裂缝的普遍性和特征，砖砌体结构和混凝土结构裂缝的分类、产生原因，控制裂缝的措施及补强处理方法。生书较详细地介绍了各种结构胶和防裂防钢筋锈蚀的材料，超长结构控制裂缝措施，加层抗震鉴定及加固的有关基本规定，砖混结构和混凝土结构的加层加固及抗震加固的设计方法，外贴碳纤维布加固混凝土结构的新颖方法，并附有许多工程实例。针对建筑结构设计人员对此比较生疏的特点，本书论述详尽、简明实用，可读性和可操作性强。     

托换技术在既有建筑物加固工程中的应用

托换法适用于既有建筑物的加固、增层或扩建，以及受修建地下工程、新建工程或深基坑开挖影响的既有建筑物的地基处理和基础加固。以济宁市人民医院既有建筑物加固为例，说明基础托换应根据既有建筑物具体情况、场地工程地质条件综合考虑，并提出切实可行的处理方案。     

具有相邻建筑结构的基坑开挖影响性分析

为研究基坑开挖对邻近既有建筑物变形的影响范围,采用GTS-NX有限元软件,针对土质基坑以及土、岩二元结构基坑,分别改变开挖基坑与既有邻近建筑的水平距离、基坑开挖与邻近既有建筑物基础的相对埋深,从而得到不同工况下基坑邻近建筑结构的变形情况。研究结果表明:土质、土、岩二元结构基坑在开挖过程中,随着基坑侧壁与既有建筑结构水平距离的增大,建筑结构的变形沉降量逐渐减小,沉降形式由最初明显的差异沉降逐渐转变成近乎均匀沉降;建筑结构的沉降量随着基坑开挖深度的增大而增加;同一开挖条件下,土质基坑的开挖对既有邻近建筑结构造成的影响显著大于土、岩二元结构基坑。     

某既有建筑物改造工程地基加固质量的综合检测

随着既有建筑物的增层改造工程的发展和技术的日益成熟 ,为了提高原有建筑物地基土强度和变形能力 ,对其基础加固处理也愈加频繁。如何准确有效地评价其地基加固质量及其空间变化的均匀性是关系此类工程安全可靠的重要保证。本文以某一工程为例 ,讨论既有建筑物增层改造工程的地基加固质量的检测和综合评价方法。该建筑物建于 5 0年代 ,原设计为 5层 ,现增层为 6层 ,采用高压注浆方法进行地基加固处理.     

既有建筑新近填土欠固结地基加固处理方法探讨

欠固结土地基固结沉降引起的地基变形,危害着建筑物正常使用和安全,解决欠固结土沉降变形问题一直是岩土工程界探索和研究的课题。针对既有建筑物下新近填土欠固结地基引发建筑物不均匀沉降进行了深入探究,查找、分析引发不均匀沉降的原因,并根据地基土固结程度及建筑物结构类型提出了合理的地基加固处理方法,为既有建筑新近填土欠固结地基加固处理提供参考。     

采空区建筑物病害成因分析及安全性评估

本文以某煤矿采空区建筑和地面沉降区变形破坏特征为研究对象,采用现场调查和测绘的方法查明了研究区建筑和地面的病害特征,进一步分析得出无序采煤、不均匀地基土、欠密实周边填土、刚性基础及上部建筑砖混结构形式、降雨及园林浇水灌溉为病害之成因的结论,并以承载能力、构造、沉降变形和裂缝为指标对建筑物安全性进行评价,提出有针对性的防治加固措施。通过研究分析,为研究区内既有建筑物保护和加固提供坚实的技术支持。     

既有建筑地基基础加固劈裂注浆法在青纸汽运办公楼的应用

青纸汽运办公由于部分基础座落在松散的杂填土层上，产生不均匀沉降破坏，通过劈裂注浆加固，建筑物停止沉降，地基土承载力标准值提高了4倍，效果显著。加固劈裂注浆法是治理既有建筑地基基础沉降灾害的有效方法之一。     

具有相邻建筑物的岩质基坑支护结构优化设计的讨论

传统岩质基坑支护设计方法通常没有考虑岩质基坑与支护结构相互作用以及相邻建筑物对支挡结构和岩质基坑稳定性的影响。结合实际工程,采用PLAXIS有限元软件,分别应用有限元强度折减法和有限元法对具有相邻建筑物条件下的岩质基坑的稳定性和变形、岩石侧压力、基坑开挖对相邻建筑物的影响以及支护结构的优化设计等方面进行了分析。结合《高层建筑结构设计规程》和《建筑地基基础设计规范》提出了相邻既有建筑基础变形的控制条件,并以此作为控制基坑变形的依据,并根据岩质基坑的变形限值计算岩石侧压力和进行岩质基坑支护设计,该方法能够有效地节约造价和缩短工期。     

复合注浆法在基础加固中的应用

复合注浆法是将静压注浆法和高压旋喷注浆法进行时序上的结合，分别发挥两种注浆加固方法各自的优点，又可克服各自的技术和工艺缺陷的一种基础加固新方法，它可以较好地对既有建筑物地基和新建建筑基础出现质量问题进行加固处理。简述了复合注浆法的加固作用机理、设计及计算模型，在此基础上通过工程实例介绍其施工技术并分析其加固效果和经济性。     

微型桩结合灰土桩在黄土地区纠倾加固工程中的应用

黄土地区高层建筑纠倾加固的工程实例研究目前较少,虽然既有地基基础加固措施很多,但是它们在黄土地区的应用有一定局限性。文章在工程实践基础上,将微型桩与灰土桩两种结构有机地结合在一起,对该加固结构的布置形式、施工工艺、技术要求等方面进行了研究;充分发挥各自优点,提高微型桩承载力,控制建筑沉降。通过纠倾加固工程实例,对微型桩结合灰土桩的加固效果进行研究,结果显示加固建筑从纠倾结束到沉降稳定,最大沉降量仅5.6 mm,表明微型桩结合灰土桩在黄土地区高层建筑加固工程中加固效果良好,可为相似工程提供借鉴经验。     

Concrete: a man‐made rock?

It has been said that concrete is a ‘man‐made rock’ and although the comparison is not perfect, we support this general statement. It is broadly similar in texture to breccias or conglomerates, has a cementitious matrix, has broadly similar physical properties to some sedimentary and igneous rocks and performs somewhat similarly to masonry during its working life in a building or engineering structure. The investigation and testing of concrete have many similarities to those used for the evaluation of building stone.     

温度和应力下能源桩桩身加筋混凝土变形性质试验研究

能源桩是将地埋管换热器置于建筑桩基础中来实现地下换热的一种新型的地源热泵技术。然而,不同季节运行条件下,冷热变化导致的能源桩桩身混凝土的膨胀和收缩会影响能源桩的持续使用甚至危及建筑的安全。因此,寻找到一种温度和轴向应力作用下变形性能较好的桩身混凝土对能源桩技术安全使用和推广至关重要。探讨了桩身素混凝土和掺入不同含 量的钢纤维,聚丙烯纤维桩身加筋混凝土在温度和应力下的变形特性。导热系数测试表明,钢纤维的掺入能提高能源桩桩身混凝土的导热系数,聚丙烯纤维的掺入降低了能源桩桩身混凝土的导热系数。钢纤维掺入量为1.3%时,导热系数最大,为2.44 W/(m·K);热力学梯级加温试验表明,能源桩桩身混凝土掺入钢纤维,聚丙烯纤维均能有效减小应变,钢纤维最大应变减少量为62.43%,聚丙烯纤维最大应变减少量为61.11%;热力学全过程试验表明,钢纤维能有效减少制冷收缩应变,全过程中应变最小。综合对比3种能源桩桩身混凝土热物性参数及温度和应力作用下变形特性可知,钢纤维加筋混凝土更适合作为能源桩桩身材料。     

PFF复合反滤层及其在支挡工程中的应用研究

为避免地下水对支挡结构的不利影响,需设置反滤层排除支挡工程背后岩土体的渗水。目前支挡工程多采用混凝土浇筑施工,受墙后空间狭小影响,常规的砂砾石反滤层不易压实,影响支挡工程受力和使用功能。文章结合反滤层的隔离挡土、过滤、排水等基本作用原理,研制开发了一种由隔水层、排水层、透水层相结合形成的具有墙背模板功能的PFF整体式复合反滤层,以适应混凝土支挡结构浇筑施工工法。试验工点排水试验表明,该新型反滤层排出水数量和效率均优于传统的砂砾石反滤层,可在支挡工程中推广应用。     

Scenario-based earthquake loss estimation for the city of Cairo,Egypt

This paper describes a multi-tiered loss assessment methodology to estimate seismic monetary implications resulting from structural damage to the building population in Greater Cairo. After outlining a ground-shaking model, data on geological structures and surface soil conditions are collated using a considerable number of boreholes to produce a classification of different soil deposits. An inventory database for the existing building stock is also prepared. The seismic vulnerability of representative reinforced concrete building models, designed according to prevalent codes and construction practices, is evaluated. Capacity spectrum methods are utilised for assessing the structural performance through a multi-level damage scale. A simplified methodology for deriving fragility curves for non-ductile reinforced concrete building classes that typically constitute the building population of the city is adopted. In addition, suitable fragility functions for unreinforced masonry constructions are selected and used for completing the loss model for the study area. The results are finally used to build an event-based loss model caused by possible earthquakes in the region.     

Engineering properties of unfired clay masonry bricks

The shortage of low cost and affordable housing in the UK has led to many investigations into new building masonry materials. Fired clay masonry bricks are conventionally used for mainstream masonry wall construction but suffer from the rising price of energy plus other related environmental problems such as high energy usage and carbon dioxide emission. The use of stabilised unfired clay bricks for masonry construction may solve these problems.This paper reports on the engineering properties of unfired clay bricks produced during the first industrial trial of unfired clay material development carried out at Hanson Brick Company, in Stewartby, Bedfordshire, under the Knowledge Exploitation Fund (KEF) Collaborative Industrial Research Project (CIRP) programme. The mixes were formulated using a locally available industrial by-product (Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag — GGBS) which is activated with an alkaline (lime or Portland cement) combined with clay soil. Portland cement was not used in the formulation of the unfired stabilised masonry bricks, except as a control, which is a significant scientific breakthrough for the building industry. Another breakthrough is the fact that only about 1.5% lime was used for GGBS activation. This level of lime is not sufficient for most road construction applications where less strength values are needed and where 3–8% lime is required for effective soil stabilisation. Hence, the final pricing of the unfired clay bricks is expected to be relatively low.The laboratory results demonstrate that the compressive strength, moisture content, rate of water absorption, percentage of void, density and durability assessment (repeated 24-hour freezing/thawing cycles) were all within the acceptable engineering standards for clay masonry units. The paper also discusses on the environmental performance of the unfired clay in comparison to the bricks, used in mainstream construction of today. The bricks produced using this technology can be used for low-medium cost housing and energy efficient masonry wall construction.     

Building damage assessment after the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Riviera del Brenta</Emphasis> tornado,northeast Italy

A tornado with severe intensity hit the municipalities of Pianiga, Dolo and Mira close to Venice, northeast Italy, causing damages on a wide number of residential and industrial buildings and destroying some historical villas. In this study, the authors show the results of the damage assessment survey performed in the first days after the occurrence of the extreme event. Limited literature deals with damage assessment of European building types due to wind actions, and the available one does not consider building vulnerability as key factor in the structural response of existing structures subject to tornado hazard. In this paper, structural damages surveyed in reinforced concrete frame structures and masonry buildings, representative of common Italian building types, are critically discussed. Additionally, this work provides a database of past tornado events in northeast Italy, evidencing how the analyzed area has been found to be quite prone to tornado hazard.     

天津软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物影响分析

以天津地铁2号线下穿多层建筑物的盾构隧道为例,建立了盾构下穿空旷场地以及下穿建筑物的有限元模型,计算结果与现场实测数据进行了对比验证。在此基础上分析了在天津软土地区盾构隧道施工对地表沉降及多层砌体结构建筑物差异沉降的影响,并对采用小应变土体本构模型与硬化土本构模型的计算结果进行比较。结果表明,采用小应变本构模型的地表最大沉降和横向沉降槽宽度与实测数据吻合良好。盾构斜下穿砌体结构房屋时,建筑物有偏向隧道轴线方向的倾斜,采用小应变土体本构模型的计算结果可以更好地反映建筑物的倾斜斜率的变化。因此,研究软土地区盾构掘进对上方建筑物沉降影响的精细化分析时应考虑土体小应变的影响。     

组合式棚洞结构优化及其计算方法

棚洞是山区公路常见的崩塌落石灾害防治结构。本文通过增设夹心层和增设薄壁管二次消能装置对组合式棚洞结构进行了优化。通过对夹层结构等效并采用薄板理论,建立了棚洞优化结构的内力计算式。利用圆柱壳冲击动力学分析二次消能特性,将组合式棚洞优化结构在落石冲击作用下的动力响应分为四个阶段,建立了三个临界冲击速度的计算式。实例分析表明,棚洞优化结构横梁和纵梁的上、下侧最大弯矩比优化前分别降低了19.7%, 23.7%和10.2%。第一、第二、第三界限冲击速度分别为6.24 m/s、13.50 m/s、15.20 m/s。研究成果对组合式棚洞优化结构的构件预制有指导意义。     

Monitoring of the temperature–moisture regime in St. Martin’s Cathedral tower in Bratislava

Buildings are often composed of materials with a porous structure. Moisture in the masonry has a destructive impact caused by cycles of drying–wetting and freezing–thawing. A new sensor principle for monitoring moisture in the masonry is presented herein. This sensor utilizes changes in the thermal conductivity of porous structures when they are filled with moist air, water, or ice depending on the existing thermodynamic conditions. Herein, the “hot-ball” method is used to measure the thermal conductivity. The moisture sensor is prepared for porous material corresponding to the parent material, whether it is rock, brick, or concrete. This parent sample is taken from a borehole drilled into the wall. Methodology for moisture sensor calibration is also presented. Sensors were placed in the masonry walls of St. Martin’s Cathedral tower in the North, South, and West orientations. The sensors were placed in the plaster and bricks at depths up to 60 mm in the wall surface, just below the window sill. The temperature–moisture regime was monitored from August 19th, 2011 to March 30th, 2012. Changes in temperature and moisture were then correlated with meteorological data.     

October 23, 2011 Turkey/Van–Ercis earthquake: structural damages in the residential buildings

On October 23, 2011, a magnitude of Mw 7.2 earthquake struck the Van province in eastern Turkey which caused approximately 600 life loss and 4,000 injured people. Although the recorded peak ground accelerations were relatively low (0.15–0.2 g) compared with that of other recent destructive Turkish earthquakes and the code-based design response spectrum, a large number of reinforced concrete buildings with 4–6 stories and non-engineered masonry buildings were either heavily damaged or collapsed in the region. Based on the post-earthquake technical inspections, the goal of this paper is to introduce major reasons for structural damages in the disaster area and to discuss these failures along with the approaches given in the design code which is renewed after August 17, 1999 Marmara Earthquake. Some remarkable lessons learned from earthquake-induced failures and damages specific to building construction techniques are presented in this paper.