筑坝料动力变形特性试验与颗粒流模拟

对筑坝反滤料进行室内中型动三轴试验研究,探讨残余变形等动力特性,在此基础上,运用二维颗粒流方法,对相关试验进行数值模拟,为筑坝料的动力特性研究提供一种新的思路和途径。试验结果表明：（1）应力水平对关系曲线斜率无影响;（2）初期体积应变的读数会出现偏小的现象;（3）围压和动应力值过大,会导致模拟结果产生较大误差;（4）正确的细观参数应依据特定的试验结果反复推敲逼近而得。     

超深厚覆盖层中深埋细粒土地震残余变形特性振动三轴试验研究

土石坝(超)深厚覆盖层地基中的深埋细粒土抗地震残余变形能力较差,尤其是在土层厚度较大时,覆盖层地基连同坝体在强震作用下可能会产生较大的地震沉陷。针对我国西部某大型土石坝工程,对超深厚覆盖层地基中深埋粉砂层土的地震残余变形特性进行三轴试验研究。研究表明:试验土料级配曲线与相应土层各钻孔平均级配曲线很接近,试验土料的颗粒级配对实际土层的颗粒组成特性具有代表性;试验土料的地震残余变形特性主要受土体密度、固结条件和围压力条件等控制,尤其是固结比对土体地震残余变形特性影响较大;各因素对土体残余体积变形特性和轴向变形特性的影响规律有所差异。     

循环荷载作用下粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面单剪试验研究

土石坝内部存在较多的接触面,在静、动力荷载作用下,接触面的力学特性对坝体的稳定性具有显著的影响。基于动态单剪仪,开展了粗粒料与掺砾粘土接触面循环单剪试验。试验结果表明,初始剪应力加载方向对相对位移有较大影响：相对位移总是在沿初始剪应力加载方向一侧较大;在一个剪切循环内,正、反向加载时,若剪应力较小,发生剪缩变形,若剪应力较大,则发生剪胀变形;卸载时试样发生剪缩变形;整个剪切循环过程中,试样总体上处于剪缩状态;循环单剪过程中,接触面抗剪强度提高;接触面抗剪强度随着法向应力的增大而增大,呈线性关系。     

玻璃球动弹性模量特性试验和数值模拟研究

堆石料颗粒形状较为复杂,且存在明显的颗粒破碎特征。为剔除颗粒形状对堆石料动力特性的影响,在不考虑颗粒破碎的情况下,采用玻璃球模拟堆石料进行动三轴试验,分析了试验围压对玻璃球动弹性模量的影响。基于动三轴试验成果,开展了细观数值模拟研究。研究表明：玻璃球的动弹性模量变化规律与堆石料的基本一致;三维颗粒流方程能较好地模拟该材料的动弹性模量特性;随着粗细颗粒直径跨度增大,试样级配关系增强,最大动弹性模量随之增大;细颗粒直径变小和粗颗粒直径变大都将引起最大动弹性模量的增大。试样的动弹性模量随着细观剪切模量的增大而增大,近似为幂函数关系,动应变降低。     

复杂应力条件下地基岩石细观破坏研究

为了研究复杂应力条件下的深基坑岩石细观破坏问题,本构方程采用由应变空间导出的弹塑性损伤细观力学模型,借助有限元计算方法,实现了岩石三维破裂过程的数值模拟。采用细观破坏单元网格消去法,实现了有限元模拟裂纹扩展过程;利用位移加载来实现岩石逐渐破裂过程;数值模拟灰岩单轴拉伸及压缩破坏试验、双轴拉伸破坏试验和三轴受压破坏试验,得到其非线性应力—应变曲线和不同载荷阶段弹塑性损伤破裂演化系列图像;分析细观非均匀性对岩石宏观破裂力学行为的影响。研究表明,在复杂应力条件下,随着围压增大,峰值抗压强度明显提高,塑性变形明显增大。本文研究对深基坑施工过程中预防工程事故的发生具有借鉴意义。     

等吸力三轴剪切试验中非饱和黄土强度变形及水量变化特性

通过饱和原状黄土常规三轴试验和非饱和原状黄土等吸力三轴试验研究吸力和净围压对非饱和黄土强度变形的影响,并用HUANG等、胡冉等和方祥位等提出的土水特征曲线模型分析剪切过程中排水规律。研究结果表明：等吸力下原状土样固结剪切体积变形随净围压增大而增大;等净围压下原状土样固结剪切体积变形量随吸力的增大基本呈减小趋势。p-q平面内饱和土CSL线逐渐超过低吸力下非饱和土CSL线,原因在于随着p值增大,相对于非饱和土,饱和土孔隙比越来越小,较小孔隙比对抗剪强度的贡献逐渐大于非饱和土吸力对抗剪强度的贡献。应用固结稳定的数据拟合出HUANG等和胡冉等提出的模型参数,并预测剪切过程中的排水量,发现剪切速率对排水量有影响,这两种模型适用于剪切速率慢,排水充分的情况,而方祥位等提出的模型对不同剪切速率会拟合出不同的参数。     

超深厚覆盖层中深埋细粒土动力变形和强度特性三轴试验研究

土石坝（超）深厚覆盖层中的深埋细粒土难以完全挖除（换填）,其在地震作用下的动力变形特性和强度特性是科研设计人员关注的问题。本文进行某大型土石坝工程超深厚覆盖层地基中的深埋粉砂层土动力特性三轴试验,研究其在地震荷载作用下的动力变形与强度特性,并为大坝—地基系统动力分析和抗震设计提供基础资料。研究表明：试验土料最大动剪模量和平均有效应力在双对数坐标中呈良好的线性关系,不同围压力条件下的模量衰减（阻尼比增长）曲线可以采用参考剪应变的方式进行归一,可用试验确定特定围压力条件下的模量衰减（阻尼比增长）曲线外延推求任意围压力条件下的相应曲线;试验土料在地震荷载作用下的动强度特性主要受土体密度、固结条件和围压力条件等控制,当土体处在不等向固结状态时,不同动力破坏标准下确定的土体动强度特性参数差异较大。     

粗粒料动三轴试验颗粒流模拟对称性研究

以粗粒料动三轴数值模拟为例,分析了不同对称模型(1/2,1/4,1/8,1/12)条件下,粗粒料动剪切模量和阻尼比的变化规律。计算结果表明,不同对称模型的计算结果存在一定的差异,但其变化规律基本一致,随着模型对称比例的增大动剪切模量逐渐增大,阻尼比逐渐减小,计算时间成倍减少。分析了颗粒生成过程中不均匀性对试验结果的影响。计算结果表明:1/8模型动剪切模量和阻尼比影响较小;1/12模型动剪切模量影响较大,阻尼比影响较小。建议在动力分析过程中采用1/8模型即可。     

CT扫描技术在我国土工试验中的应用研究进展

介绍岩土CT可视化系统的特点,总结CT扫描技术在土工试验中的应用情况,包括黄土、冻土、膨胀土、粗粒土等土体的初始结构观测与结构性演化方面的研究进展,指出开发定量的计算机图像分析系统,通过CT细观结构图像来建立土体数值模型和开发研制动态试验CT扫描设备是今后应予以深入关注的研究方向。     

先期震动对土石坝地震永久变形的影响研究

针对经历了5.12汶川大地震的紫坪铺面板堆石坝工程,进行了坝料的大型动三轴试验,研究了先期振动对坝料残余应变的影响。在此基础上,采用基于3维非线性动力反应的地震永久变形计算方法,进行了紫坪铺面板坝地震永久变形的计算,重点分析了先期震动对坝体地震永久变形的影响。结果表明,如果考虑先期已遭受强震作用影响,大坝的地震残余变形明显减小。     

Seismic behavior of large-scale FRP-recycled aggregate concrete-steel columns with shear connectors

The application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for the development of high-performance composite structural systems has received significant recent research attention. A composite of FRP-recycled aggregate concrete (RAC)-steel column (FRSC), consisting of an outer FRP tube, an inner steel tube and annular RAC filled between two tubes, is proposed herein to facilitate green disposal of demolished concrete and to improve the ductility of concrete columns for earthquake resistance. To better understand the seismic behavior of FRSCs, quasi-static tests of large-scale basalt FRSCs with shear connectors were conducted. The influence of the recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement percentage, shear connectors and axial loading method on the lateral load and deformation capacity, energy dissipation and cumulative damage were analyzed to evaluate the seismic behavior of FRSCs. The test results show that FRSCs have good seismic behavior, which was evidenced by high lateral loads, excellent ductility and energy dissipation capacity, indicating RAC is applicable in FRSCs. Shear connectors can significantly postpone the steel buckling and increase the lateral loads of FRSCs, but weaken the deformation capacity and energy dissipation performance.

     

Shear modulus and damping ratio of grouted sand

An experimental comparative study of three different grouted sands in terms of their effects on the values of two dynamic properties is presented. The dynamic properties studied are the shear modulus and the damping ratio which are determined with resonant column tests and cyclic triaxial tests. The behaviour of a pure Fontainebleau sand is compared with the behaviour of a Fontainebleau sand grouted with a silicate grout, a micro-fine cement grout and a mineral grout. The effects of the grouting treatment, the type of grout, the confining pressure, and the strains, on the shear modulus and the damping ratio are studied. The test results have shown that grouting improves the stiffness of the sand especially for small strains. Whatever the type of material, confining stress improves the shear modulus whereas it has a negligible effect on the damping ratio. When strain increases, the shear modulus decreases and the damping ratio increases.     

粗粒土等压固结与K0固结三轴试验比较

对某堆石坝覆盖层砂卵砾石料进行了不同干密度试样中型三轴试验,试验包括常规各向等压固结的三轴排水剪试验（CID试验）和各向不等压（K0）固结的三轴排水剪试验（CK0D试验）,对试验结果进行对比分析,研究2种试验方法对试验结果的影响。结果表明,2种试验所得到的应力—应变关系曲线总体规律比较一致,大小略有差异,CK0D试验的剪胀性比CID试验明显;不同围压下,2种试验的偏应力峰值差异（相对峰值）平均幅值为3.9%;对应3种密度（2.17、2.22、2.40g/cm3）,CK0D试验各围压下的平均内摩擦角分别比CID试验的内摩擦角大0.88°、0.48°、0.43°;随着密度增大,2种试验的强度均显著增大,且强度指标随密度近似线性增大。列出并比较了2种试验的邓肯模型参数,两者没有显著的差异。     

制样方法对非饱和压实黄土强度变化影响的试验研究

为研究不同制样方法对非饱和压实黄土抗剪强度指标的影响规律,进行不同干密度压实土在预湿及加湿两种制样方法下的剪切试验研究。结果表明:预湿制样试验中,存在一个临界含水率影响着试验黄土的黏聚力、摩擦角,当试样的含水率低于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率增加而提高,而当含水率高于临界含水率时,抗剪强度随含水率的增加而降低;抗剪强度指标总体随试样干密度的增大而增大。加湿制样试验中,随着试样含水率的增加,黏聚力连续降低,摩擦角随含水率的增加先提高后降低,对比预湿试样而言,含水率对摩擦角的折减程度降低。可以看出制样方法对非饱和压实黄土黏聚力的影响特征比较突出,当含水率低于临界含水率时加湿试样的黏聚力比预湿试样大,而当含水率高于临界含水率时预湿试样的黏聚力较高,认为加湿试样存在类似"木桶效应",而预湿试样则与试样整体水平有关。研究结果对于进一步加深非饱和黄土抗剪强度指标的适用性研究具有一定参考价值。     

加筋土动弹性模量的动三轴试验研究

采用动三轴试验系统对加筋土试样进行固结不排水三轴剪切试验。研究了在不同加筋材料、不同加筋层数、不同围压、不同固结应力比条件下的加筋土的动弹性模量变化规律,并与素土试样试验结果进行对比。研究结果表明,加筋土的动弹性模量随围压和固结应力比的增加而增大,窗纱加筋试样的最大动模量相比素土有了较大的提高,并随着加筋层数的增加而增大,土工布加筋土试样最大动弹模量与素土的最大动弹模量增减趋势不明确。     

Shear moduli of volcanic soils

The shear modulus of soils is one of the important parameters in small strain level geotechnical problems (i.e. the study of earthquake effects and soil–structure interaction). In this paper, the shear moduli of crushable volcanic soils at small strain level were investigated in bender element and cyclic undrained triaxial tests. Comparison of results shows that the shear moduli from bender element tests agree well with those determined in cyclic triaxial tests. The influence of particle breakage, effective confining pressure, consolidation time, void ratio and fines content on the shear modulus are also discussed. In the present study, empirical equations for evaluating the shear modulus of granular materials with particle breakage are proposed based on the test results.     

Shaking table experimental study of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures

In this study, four 1/5 scaled shaking table tests were conducted to investigate the seismic performance of recycled concrete frame-shear wall structures with different recycled aggregates replacement rates and concealed bracing detail. The four tested structures included one normal concrete model, one recycled coarse aggregate concrete model, and two recycled coarse and fi ne aggregate concrete models with or without concealed bracings inside the shear walls. The dynamic characteristics, dynamic response and failure mode of each model were compared and analyzed. Finite element models were also developed and nonlinear time-history response analysis was conducted. The test and analysis results show that the seismic performance of the recycled coarse aggregate concrete frame-shear wall structure is slightly worse than the normal concrete structure. The seismic resistance capacity of the recycled concrete frame-shear wall structure can be greatly improved by setting up concealed bracings inside the walls. With appropriate design, the recycled coarse aggregate concrete frame-shear wall structure and recycled concrete structure with concealed bracings inside the walls can be applied in buildings.     

Experimental Study on the Stick-slip Phenomenon of Intact Granite under Solid Confining Pressure

In this paper,compression tests of intact granite samples have been made in a triaxial testing machine with solid confining pressure.From the tests,the influences of confining pressure and loading rate(axial strain rate)on the deformation and fracture process of rock samples,on the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events,and on the geometric distribution of the main fracture have been studied.The experimental results show that the loading rate influences the stress drop and recurrence interval of stick-slip events greatly.At lower loading rates,the stress drop of stick-slip events is greater,their recurrence interval is longer and shows no regularity in distribution.When the loading rate goes higher,the stress drop will become smaller and the recurrence interval will tend to be constant and stick-slip events show a quasi-periodicity.At lower confining pressures and strain rates,the main fracture may evolve into 2 X-shaped conjugate shear faults; whereas at higher confining pressures and