田黄和鸡血石名称不可泛化和滥用

产于福州寿山的田黄以及产于浙江昌化与内蒙古巴林的鸡血石是我国独有的珍稀宝玉石,它们以其独特的品质、深厚的历史文化积淀和高贵的身价分别被世人奉为“石帝”与“石后”。长期以来,社会各界人士（特别是文化界与知识界的）都以拥有一方上乘的田黄或鸡血石而倍感喜悦与自豪。这种特有的文化也感染了东亚各国,在1972年9月,周恩来总理将一对精美的鸡血石印章（“红云图”）以国礼赠送给日本首相田中角荣时,在日本以及东南亚等地区立即掀起了一股鸡血石收藏热。     

竹山和马鞍山绿松石微量元素和稀土元素特征

对竹山和马鞍山两地绿松石的微量元素和稀土元素特征作了对比研究,同时分析了两地绿松石矿物特征和结构特征。采用X射线能谱、电感耦合等离子体质谱、X射线衍射、红外吸收光谱和扫描电镜等测试技术对竹山和马鞍山地区的绿松石样品进行岩石矿物学特征分析。结果表明,竹山与马鞍山地区绿松石在微量元素的含量上存在较大的差别,但主成分含量基本一致;两地区绿松石的稀土元素均富集重稀土,二者的稀土配分模式图出现镨反向,马鞍山地区的绿松石表现出铕负异常;马鞍山绿松石的结晶程度优于竹山县绿松石。该方法对绿松石产地划分的研究具有应用价值。     

硬玉和透辉石的光吸收谱和颜色

本文报道若干天然硬玉和透辉石的光吸收谱,并在配位场分析的基础上讨论其致色原因。铁离子和铬离子均可使硬玉和透辉石呈现绿色。铬含量低但铁含量较高的样品(如Di-17)呈暗绿色。透辉石(Di-17)的偏振光吸收谱表明,这些样品的颜色与Fe~(2+)(M_1)→Fe~(3+)(M_1)荷移跃迁和配体→金属荷移跃迁密切相关。翠绿色样品含铬量相对地较高,其频色主要取决于Cr~(3+)离子在可见区内的自旋允许跃迁。红色和黄色硬玉的颜色与很强的配体→金属荷移吸收有关。     

孟中榴辉岩形成和演化和P-T轨迹

本文研究了江苏东海县孟中榴辉岩富铝单斜辉石中石榴子石出溶作用,利用温压计对榴辉岩中各阶段矿物组合进行了温压估算,由此建立了孟中榴辉岩形成和演化的P-T轨迹。结果表明,该榴辉岩经历了地幔条件下由于降温和可能的升压作用,富铝单斜辉石中出溶石榴子石并形成榴辉岩;榴辉岩构造侵位到高角闪岩相片麻岩基底中;退化变质这3个阶段的演化过程。      

株洲国土文化“地和人和”

身为国土人，我们熟知土地规划、矿产规划，但鲜闻国土文化规划。湖南省株洲市国土资源局办公楼，以“地和人和”为核心价值的国土文化，影响着这个局的每一名干部职工，感染着每一位走进来办事的群众。     

重视和加强我省金刚石矿普查和找矿

我省开展金刚石普查和找矿的重点地区是大理海东-马关八寨新生代基性-超基性火山角烁岩筒分布地区。其次是腾冲新近纪及第四纪火山群分布地区及腾冲-瑞丽沿瑞丽江两岸冲积层、冲积阶地沉积分布区;第三是姚安及镇源新生代火山岩-次火山喷发侵入及煌斑岩分布区。     

地下水和土壤环境中雌激素运移和归宿的研究进展

环境内分泌干扰物已成为引起全球关注的环境问题;地下水和包气带土壤中雌激素的富集、运移和归宿关系到人类和生态健康。本文通过对环境雌激素的性质、分类、检测方法等方面进行综述,揭示其对生物体乃至环境的多种危害和风险,针对地下水和土壤环境特征分析其迁移转化过程、理解其控制和治理技术方法,进而为降低雌激素的生态和环境风险提供指导。通过论述研究环境雌激素的重要意义,提出对雌激素对地下水系统污染防控可能研究领域进行系统展望。     

世界水资源和用水:当代评价和未来展望

1990～1996,俄罗斯国立水文研究所的科学家,在本文作者的科学指导下,对世界水资源、用水和可用水量的动态变化作了新的综合评价,也对其未来状况进行了预测。依据世界水文站网资料,简明地给出了世界各洲、不同自然地理和经济区,以及一些选定国家的可更新水资源动态数据;给出了满足人口、工农业需要的全球用水量,以及本世纪和未来(2000、2010和2025年)的动态可利用水量;分析了世界水资源、用水和可利用水量变化的长期趋势,后者与气候因素和社会经济因素的有关。本项研究成果将以专着《21世纪初期世界水资源》于1999年由剑桥大学出版社出版。     

Partition of magnesium and iron between Olivine and spinel,and between pyroxene and spinel

Partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg between coexisting (Mg, Fe)₂SiO₄ spinel and (Mg, Fe)SiO₃ pyroxene was investigated at pressures 80 and 90 kbar and at temperatures 840 and 1050° C, using tetrahedral-anvil type of high pressure apparatus. Olivine-spinel solid solution equilibria in the system Mg₂SiO₄-Fe₂SiO₄ were discussed in the light of the partition reaction. Partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg in both olivine-spinel and pyroxene-spinel systems can not be regarded as that between ideal solid solutions. By applying the simple solution model for the partition of Fe²⁺ and Mg, sign of the heat of mixing was estimated to be positive for all olivine, spinel and pyroxene. Relative concentration of Fe²⁺ in spinel in the pyroxene-spinel system is likely to cause some change in the chemical composition of modified spinel () or spinel () in the transition zone of the mantle. A considerable change is also expected in the transition pressure of to ( + ) and ( + ) to .Presented at the symposium Recent Advances in the Studies of Rocks and Minerals at High Pressures and Temperatures held in Montreal, 1972. Jointly sponsored by the International Mineralogical Association and the Commission on Experimental Petrology.     

Tectonics and oil and gas potentials of the Kolyma and Primor'ye lowlands and adjacent shelves

The impact of gigantic meteorites momentarily creates extremely high pressures and temperatures, leading to the formation of distinctive objects — impact breccias and impactites — at the points where they fall. The Zhamanshin crater is one such place. This annular structure has a diameter of about 10 km, contoured by a low rim made up of a body of shattered Paleozoic rocks thrown out from the ring's center, from depths exceeding 100 - 200 m. Among these breccias have been found pieces and lenticular bodies of remelted rocks — impactites, called zhamanshinites. These thermally altered rocks from a series ranging from baked clays to cinder-like, partly recrystallized substances, glass, and black drops and spattered droplets (up to 1 - 5 cm) of isotropic glass that undoubtedly hardened as they fell through the air. The refused neogenic substances formed by selective evaporation are characterized by a considerable deficit of K and Na, excess Al₂O₃ and SiO₂, a lack of H₂O, and a sharp predominance of Fe⁺² over Fe⁺³. Their characteristic shape and distinctive structure and composition suggests that these remelted droplets are tektites, which were called irgizites when first found in the USSR. Their occurrence in the meteorite crater confirms the idea of a genetic unity between tektites and impactites. Selective evaporation of the more volatile elements is characteristic of the surfaces of small planets lacking an atmosphere, but is not characteristic of the earth's surface. The processes and substances occurring at the impact points of gigantic meteorites are therefore unique on the earth, but highly typical of the surfaces of the Moon, Mars, Mercury, and other relatively small celestial bodies.     

RS和GIS技术集成及其应用

本文简要地介绍了ＲＳ（遥感图像处理系统）和ＧＩＳ（地理信息系统）技术及其集成的基本概念和方法。讨论了ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ技术及其集成的内在涵义、相互关系,认为ＲＳ是ＧＩＳ重要的外部信息源,是其数据更新的重要手段,尤其对于全球性的 地理动力学分析,更必须有ＲＳ所提供的覆盖全球的动态数据与ＧＩＳ的结合。反之,ＧＩＳ则可以提供ＲＳ所需要的一些辅助数据,以提高ＲＳ图像的信息量和分辨率,同时,ＧＩＳ可以将实地调查所     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

红藻石和蓝藻石概念及分类归属的综述和修订

在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置。鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属。珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结核,因此也可以被划分到生物碎屑中。蓝藻石作为蓝细菌钙化作用的产物,同时鉴于蓝藻石的广泛存在,把钙化蓝细菌形成的核形石命名为蓝藻石,这一重要概念从提出到现在一直被使用。然而蓝绿藻概念已变更为蓝细菌,蓝藻石的形成与藻类无关,显然将其称作蓝菌石更加确切。因此,应将红藻石和蓝藻石分别归为生物碎屑和核形石当中,并用新的术语蓝菌石替代蓝藻石。其意义在于使红藻石和蓝藻石的概念及归属更为规范,并为碳酸盐岩颗粒的深入研究提供有益线索。     

Nano-Geology and Unconventional Oil and Gas

<正>Numerous Striking achievements have been made in micro and macro geology after the development for hundreds of years.Two trends branches of geology are divided into microcosmic nano-geology and macroeconomic astrono-geology with the enormous technology progress.The unique characteristics related to the nano-particles and nano-pores may be significant for     

Resource-based industrialization and country size: Venezuela and Trinidad and Tobago

There are scale advantages in resource-based industrialization (RBI). Trinidad and Tobago's small size meant that its RBI projects resulted in: relatively low revenue retention, heavy dependence on export markets, skilled personnel shortages and severe ‘Dutch disease’ effects. However Venezuela squandered its size advantage because its RBI strategy was over-ambitious. Instead of taking advantage of its ample scope for risk-reducing diversification, Venezuela concentrated largely on metals processing in a single location. Although it captured more backward linkage than Trinidad and Tobago it did so at high cost as a result of inefficient project execution. Worse, Venezuela's metals projects greatly exceeded its sizeable domestic demand, overtaxed its human resources and exacerbated existing distortions in the economy. Since poorly implemented RBI projects can overwhelm even a large developing economy, RBI is risky and should therefore only be pursued as part of a flexible, broadly-based diversification drive.     

矿物——成矿与找矿

单颗粒矿物微量元素激光原位定量分析测试数据的大量积累和研究,使矿物成为矿床地球化学研究和矿床勘查的重要示踪剂。本文重点选择磁铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、榍石、锆石、绿泥石和绿帘石等的原位分析研究所获得的认识,介绍单颗粒矿物成分组合及变化在矿床类型划分、成矿年龄测定、氧逸度、成矿过程与物质来源、找矿与勘探等方面的应用。不同矿床类型中普遍存在的矿物,如磁铁矿、磷灰石等的微量元素含量及组合差异,提供了矿床类型识别的标志。单颗粒矿物,特别是矿石矿物和密切共生矿物如锡石、铌钽铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴子石、方解石等的原位定年,使成矿年龄的直接准确测定成为现实。矿物中变价元素,如Fe、V、Mn、Ce、Eu含量和/或比值的变化,指示了成矿过程氧逸度及其变化特点。从矿物核部向震荡环带与边部的微量元素含量或同位素组成的变化,示踪了成矿过程中流体来源或性质的变化。斑岩和矽卡岩矿床中与成矿作用关系密切的蚀变矿物,如绿泥石、绿帘石的形成温度、特征微量元素比值,如Ti/Sr、Ti/Co、V/Ni、Mg/Sr等,与距矿床中心距离呈线性函数关系,可定量预测距矿床中心的距离,使以绿泥石、绿帘石为代表的找矿指示矿物研究迅速发展。