1961—2008年贵州暴雨时空分布特征

利用1961—2008年贵州75个测站逐日12 h降水资料,分析了48 a来贵州暴雨的时空分布特征。结果表明:全省多(少)暴雨区与年暴雨量、年降水量多(少)值区的分布一致;年暴雨量占年雨量的12%～32%;年暴雨日数1.6～4.9 d;年暴雨日数、夏季暴雨日数呈上升趋势,春秋两季暴雨日数呈减少趋势;暴雨的季节分布呈明显的"单峰型",6月是暴雨最集中的时段;夜间暴雨多、白天暴雨少。     

贵州夏季暴雨的气候特征

 利用贵州52个测站的1961-2006年历年夏季（6-8月）逐日降水资料,分析了贵州夏季暴雨的时空分布特征、周期振荡及其突变特征。结果表明：46 a来贵州夏季暴雨量呈增加趋势,并存在明显的年际、年代际变化特征;暴雨日数和暴雨量在1985年发生突变;暴雨日数和暴雨量均存在15 a和准10 a的周期振荡;暴雨日数和暴雨量EOF分解的第一特征向量的荷载场空间分布基本一致,表明全省呈偏多（少）的一致型同位相分布。     

贵州夏季暴雨的气候特征

利用贵州52个测站的1961-2006年历年夏季（6-8月）逐日降水资料,分析了贵州夏季暴雨的时空分布特征、周期振荡及其突变特征。结果表明：46 a来贵州夏季暴雨量呈增加趋势,并存在明显的年际、年代际变化特征;暴雨日数和暴雨量在1985年发生突变;暴雨日数和暴雨量均存在15 a和准10 a的周期振荡;暴雨日数和暴雨量EOF分解的第一特征向量的荷载场空间分布基本一致,表明全省呈偏多（少）的一致型同位相分布。     

昌都市近36a暴雨气候特征分析

利用昌都市1980—2015年逐日降水资料统计分析其降水量与暴雨时空分布特征,应用Morlet小波分析、Mann-Kendall检验等方法对暴雨日数时间尺度特征进行分析。结果表明:近36 a昌都市降水量、暴雨量、暴雨日数空间分布一致,总体呈北多南少分布,暴雨强度呈西弱南强分布;暴雨在西北部最早开始,东南部最早结束;降水量、暴雨量、暴雨日数、暴雨强度均呈增加趋势,增加趋势不显著;暴雨日数存在准7 a、准12 a、准22 a三个变化周期,时间域上无明显突变;夏季暴雨逐时分布不均,多发生在晚间。     

博罗县暴雨的时空分布特征

利用博罗国家气象站1960—2019年逐日降雨资料和乡镇区域气象监测站2013—2019年逐日降水资料研究博罗县暴雨气候特征,结果表明:近60年博罗暴雨日数和暴雨量均呈波动增加趋势,年平均暴雨日数和暴雨量分别为8.1 d和676.6 mm,暴雨日数月变化呈双峰型分布,暴雨日数存在5～12和2～3年的显著周期;连续性暴雨日数占暴雨总日数的23.8%,2007年出现了最长的连续5 d暴雨,暴雨初日多在3月30日—5月13日出现,暴雨终日多在8月11日—10月15日出现。     

近50年安徽省暴雨气候特征

利用安徽省71个台站1961—2008年近50年的逐日降水资料,统计出每年各站暴雨量及暴雨次数,通过趋势分析、EOF分析、功率谱分析、小波分析、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法分析安徽省暴雨气候特征。结果表明：安徽省常年暴雨量呈纬向空间分布,常年暴雨次数与其分布非常一致,暴雨量及暴雨站次最多出现在6月下旬和7月上旬;全省绝大部分地区的暴雨量呈现上升趋势,上升幅度较大的地区集中在淮北西部及江南南部,但绝大部分地区未通过显著性检验;暴雨量距平场EOF第1模态全省一致为正,大值区位于安徽西南部,第2模态表明南北暴雨量呈现相反的分布,北多（少）南少（多）,第3模态表明安徽暴雨量有南北多（少）中部少（多）的分布特征;暴雨量存在9～10年的主周期,此外还存在3年左右的次周期,在9～10年的时间尺度上,近50年安徽暴雨量经历了由多到少5个循环交替;在1978年前后暴雨量存在一次突变,1979—2008年年均暴雨量比1961—1978年年均值增加了58.3 mm。     

1981-2010年青藏高原降雪日数时空变化特征

利用青藏高原气象站降雪日数观测资料,分析1981-2010年青藏高原降雪日数的时空变化特点和主要影响因素。结果表明:降雪日数总体上呈青藏高原中东部高寒地区、喜马拉雅山脉南麓和祁连山脉流域降雪日数多,南部河谷和北部湖盆区降雪日数少的空间分布格局;春季降雪日数占全年的45%,其次是冬季（28%）和秋季（22%）,夏季最少（5%）;30年内青藏高原平均年降雪日数呈明显减少趋势,降幅达10.5 d/（10 a）,其中,春季降幅最大（4.8 d/（10 a））,夏季最小（1.2 d/（10 a））;年降雪日数在1997年发生了由多到少的气候突变;降雪日数年内分布呈双峰型,峰值出现在冬夏大气环流的转换季节,青藏高原大气环流的转换期与上升运动相联系的低值天气系统和高空温湿条件均有利于降雪出现;青藏高原降雪日数的明显减少与气温的显著上升呈线性关系。     

中国冻雨的时空分布特征及其对特高压输电线路的影响

掌握冻雨的时空分布特征对于电力、交通、通信、农林等部门具有较高的指导意义。前期冻雨研究多基于站点观测资料,受限于该资料长度较短、分布不均与部分缺失等因素,目前对我国冻雨时空分布特征的认识可能尚存不足。新一代ERA5再分析资料中包含了其他再分析资料所未提供的冻雨资料,为进一步认识我国冻雨时空分布特征提供了可能。本文使用ERA5冻雨资料分析了1979～2020年我国年冻雨日数和年冻雨量的时空分布特征,结果表明:我国年冻雨日数和年冻雨量集中分布在贵州、湖南等地,直接影响7条“西电东送”特高压直流输电线路,影响长度总计约4900 km;冻雨集中分布地区的年冻雨日数及年冻雨量均呈下降趋势;年冻雨日数EOF（Empirical Orthogonal Function）第一模态（方差贡献36.96%）主要分布在黑河—腾冲线以东,总体呈下降趋势,且以秦岭—淮河线为界呈南北反相分布;年冻雨日数EOF第二模态（方差贡献11.56%）反映出中国冻雨集中地区的2个局地反相分布区,位相交替周期为1~5年;年冻雨量EOF模态的时空特征同年冻雨日数类似。     

江西暴雨气候特征及降水极值重现期分析

利用1961—2020年江西省83个国家气象观测站日雨量资料,采用线性倾向估计法、年最大值法以及耿贝尔Ι型极值分布理论,对江西年平均暴雨日数、暴雨降水量、暴雨贡献率、暴雨强度等的变化特征以及不同重现期的降水极值进行了分析.结果表明:1)江西各地年均暴雨日数呈西南向东北递增分布;大部分地区年暴雨日数呈增加趋势,并呈现西部和南部增加略慢,东部和东北部快速增加态势;尤其是江西东北地区既是暴雨高发中心,同时也是暴雨日数增长中心.2)江西各地年平均暴雨降水量和暴雨贡献率均呈东北多、西南少分布;景德镇和上饶为暴雨降水量和暴雨贡献率高值区也是增长中心;赣州北部和吉安南部为暴雨降水量和暴雨贡献率低值区,但呈现明显增长趋势.3)江西各地平均暴雨强度呈现较明显的北部大、南部小的分布特征;暴雨强度呈现西部增强、东部减弱的趋势.4)江西不同重现期的日雨量极值呈现东北大、西南小的分布,高值区主要分布在上饶、景德镇和抚州一带,低值区主要在吉安南部和赣州.     

西藏地区暴雨指标及暴雨事件的时空变化

利用西藏1971-2012年38个站点逐日降水资料,综合应用累积分布函数值、百分位以及标准差等方法,计算了西藏各站点的暴雨指标,在此基础上对西藏暴雨事件的时空特征进行分析。结果表明：（1）西藏暴雨阈值为17.2～41.2 mm,呈自东南向西北逐渐变小的分布规律。最大值位于南部的聂拉木,西部的狮泉河最小;（2）年均暴雨日数在0.3～2.9 d之间,与年雨日、年降水量分布一致,自东向西递减;（3）东部暴雨日数在1971-1995年期间存在4～5 a的显著周期,1995-2012年为2～4 a的显著周期。南部暴雨日数在20世纪80年代至21世纪初存在2～4 a显著周期和8～10 a周期。沿雅江一线在整个时段存在3～6 a的显著周期。（4）在暴雨日数的时间转变上,东部无明显突变;南部地区突变增加开始于1982年,在1988-2012年增加趋势显著;沿雅江一线突变增加始于1976年,1998-2004年暴雨日数增多趋势明显。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.