黄淮海平原地貌结构特征及其演化

本文对黄淮海平原地貌从地表到地下随时间变化进行了四维空间的研究，着重探讨了平原地貌结构和它的发育、演化规律，为本区地下水资源评价、国土整治和环境保护提供了一定的理论依据。     

The value of teaching about geomorphology in non-traditional settings

Academics usually teach about geomorphology in the classroom, where the audience is enthusiastic, but generally small. Less traditional settings offer opportunities to reach a wider audience, one that is equally enthusiastic, given its love of geomorphic features in the National Parks, but one which has little knowledge of the science behind what they are seeing. I have “taught” geomorphology in four non-traditional settings: at a summer camp, a state wildlife refuge, on community field trips, and at meetings for clubs and government boards. This paper discusses my experiences and offers suggestions to others who may wish to follow this less-traveled educational path.As Head of Nature Programs at Camp Pemigewassett in New Hampshire, I have worked, over the last 33 years, with thousands of campers ranging from 8 to 15 years old. Our setting, in a glaciated valley on a small lake, exhibits a wide range of geomorphic features and offers many opportunities for direct learning through field investigations. I have found that even 8-year olds can do real science, if we avoid the jargon. Once “taught” they carry their knowledge about landforms and processes with them and eagerly share it with their friends and family on outings and trips, thus reaching an even wider public.Parks, wildlife refuges, nature preserves, and other similar areas generally have nature trails, often with educational information about the environment. Generally, interpretive signs are prepared by biologists and the content ignores the site's physical features, as well as the connections between ecological communities and the underlying geology and geomorphology. My students and I have addressed this situation at two places in Connecticut, one a state wildlife management area, also used for training teachers to teach Environmental Education, and the other, a town recreation area. We catalogued the geomorphic features, looked at relationships of the community level ecology to those features, and prepared interpretive signs that added this perspective to the trails. The public response has been extremely favorable.Geomorphology can also be taught by leading field trips for community organizations. I have done this twice, once for the Manchester (NH) Historical Society and once for a small watershed association. The attendance and interest surprised me. We finally had to limit the Manchester trip to one full busload (45) and the watershed trip, which was part of a “trails day,” drew over 90 people.Finally, I have found that organizations such as Sierra Club chapters and town conservation boards are frequently looking for speakers for their periodic meetings. Why not a geomorphologist? After all, much of what conservationists do is related to what geomorphologists do. I have given several of these presentations and the receptions have always been enthusiastic.While the work involved in preparing to teach in one of these non-traditional settings is frequently substantial, the rewards are equally large. It is a way to reach masses of people who know little about the science of geomorphology and to demonstrate its importance to them. Taking our message directly to the public in these settings is an effective way to put geomorphology in the public eye.     

美国西部红层地貌发育及与中国东南部丹霞地貌的对比

美国西部和中国东南部都是世界上中生代红层的主要分布区,形成了以赤壁丹崖为特征的地貌景观,具有很高的对比研究价值。通过地质资料分析和野外考察,对美国西部红层的分布和形成年代,地质构造背景,岩性和地貌特征等进行梳理,并和中国东南部丹霞地貌进行对比。结果表明：美国西部红层地貌和中国东南部丹霞地貌都是发育在红层基础上的侵蚀地貌,都有显著的红色陡崖坡,但受控于区域地质构造、物质基础、及主导外营力等因素的差异,两地具体的地貌特征并不完全一致。美国西部红层主要形成于三叠纪和侏罗纪,红层堆积的构造环境为大型弧后盆地,沉积环境复杂多变,以陆相为主,尤以风沙沉积最为典型,岩性以细砂—粉砂岩和泥岩为主,砾岩很少,主导外营力为流水下切,红层发育的地貌类型相对单一,总体以高原—峡谷景观为主。中国东南部丹霞地貌区的红层多形成于白垩纪,构造环境为内陆中小型断陷/拗陷盆地,沉积环境全部为陆相,以粗碎屑混杂堆积为主,主导外营力以流水冲刷侧蚀为主,发育的地貌类型较为多样,整体以簇群式峰丛—峰林景观为主。     

A review on anthropogenic geomorphology

With the continuous development of man’s ability to reshape nature, human activities have become the third geomorphologic agent in the modern geomorphological process. Man-made landform is a landform unit characterized by human activities and is a result of synergizing human and nature geomorphologic agents under the physical geographical background. This article provides an overview on the major progresses in research on anthropogenic geomorphology from aspects like the origin of anthropogenic geomorphology, man-made landform agents and classification, man-made landform evolution and its influencing mechanism, map presentation of man-made landform, and environmental impact of man-made landforms. In addition, in the article, the future development of anthropogenic geomorphology is forecasted. It is pointed out that future studies on anthropogenic geomorphology should pay more attention to the following directions: construction of discipline system of anthropogenic geomorphology, material composition and morphological features of man-made landforms, spatial expansion process and development laws of man-made landforms, regional disparity and accumulative environmental effects of man-made landforms, and environmental management on man-made landforms and comparative analyses of relevant international management policies.     

Campus Field Exercises for Introductory Geoscience Courses

Abstract

Field trips are essential for learning geoscience, but can be logistically challenging for introductory-level courses with large enrollments. Transporting large numbers of undergraduate students to roadway or stream bank exposures can be time consuming, expensive, and unsafe. To address this problem, the author designed three campus-based field exercises for an introductory geoscience course. Students collected and analyzed data from campus features to learn about rock weathering, retaining wall stability, and stream flow. They preferred outdoor campus exercises over indoor exercises, because they were more realistic, interesting, and interactive. The outdoor exercises utilized features common to many college campuses and thus could easily be implemented elsewhere. While the campus exercises do not replace a need for conventional road trips in upper-level courses, they are an effective way to introduce fieldwork in large introductory-level courses.     

地貌过程研究回顾与展望

地貌学是现代地理科学的一个重要分支学科。本文对中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所建所以来在地貌研究领域的主要研究成果进行了综述,包括河流地貌、黄土高原与坡地地貌、青藏高原及南极地貌与第四纪、喀斯特与旅游地貌、地貌实验与模拟、地貌制图共六个方面,对地理资源所地貌研究团队目前的研究方向进行了介绍,并就提高地理资源所地貌研究在学科发展和服务国家建设中的作用提出了建议。     

新疆地貌空间分布格局分析

以高分辨率遥感影像为本底数据的最新新疆地貌数据,能提高定量化地貌格局分析结果的准确性、客观性和科学性。本文利用地学统计和GIS空间分析方法,基于最新新疆地貌数据,定量化分析了地貌的分布特征、空间格局。结果表明:(1)大地貌单元中,平原地貌约占新疆总面积的1/3;(2)地势分级,中海拔地貌占绝对优势,约占全疆总面积1/2;(3)形态类型中,丘陵地貌在地势起伏中占主导地位,面积最大,主要分布在两大沙漠中,以沙丘形式分布;(4)基本地貌类型,中海拔丘陵最多,占总面积的21.417%;(5)成因类型中,流水、风成和干燥作用占主导地位;(6)受不同形成条件和控制范围的影响,新疆成因类型的分布特征随着海拔和起伏的变化而变化;(7)总体上,新疆地貌的空间格局呈现出两大特征:水平环形特征和垂直地带性特征。     

Geologically constrained changes to landforms caused by human activities in the 20th century: A case study from Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan

Human activity has been recognized to be an important geomorphic agent, and the resulting changes to landforms and land cover are regarded as a global problem. Although there has been much research into the relationships between geomorphic processes and types of land use such as agriculture, mining, and urbanization, it is important to clarify spatiotemporal human impacts on topography on a regional scale when predicting future changes in land cover.This study examined changes in land use to clarify the distribution and impact of anthropogenic changes to landforms, as well as the influence of geology on the extent of these changes. In a case study from Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan, changes in land use over the last century were analyzed using a geographic information system (GIS). The study area, which covers approximately 4930 km², has experienced urban development since 1950 and has a current population of over 5 million. Land use data were prepared using paper-based early editions of topographic maps. Subsequently, the distribution of anthropogenic landforms was evaluated by comparing landforms with regional geological data.GIS analysis using our prepared land use data, landform data, and regional geological data has clarified the following characteristics of the study area. (1) Land uses prior to 1950 were constrained by topographic relief. After 1950, land use was characterized by urban sprawl. Urban areas expanded and contained both higher elevations and steeper slopes at their margins. The relationships between land uses and landforms during this urbanization are unclear. (2) The area of urban land increased in the geological regions with Paleogene sedimentary rocks (PSD) and Mesozoic granitic rocks (GR) during the 20th century. The largest coal mining area in Japan was located in the PSD geological regions, and ancient iron working was common in the GR geological regions, particularly during the 7th century. This result indicates that the land use distribution, especially urban areas in sloping terrain, is related to the regional geology. (3) Deforestation related to land use resulted in steeper terrain in forest land in the PSD and GR geological regions. These changes to landforms in forest areas occurred as a result of rapid urban sprawl and have created many new boundaries between forest areas with steeper slopes and urban areas with gentler slopes. This phenomenon may have caused an increase in the frequency of sediment-related disasters.This case study indicates that predictions of anthropogenic changes to landform, which are important for the assessment of global climate change and natural hazards, must clarify the relationships between land uses, landforms, and regional geology.     

Teaching about relict, no-analog landscapes

Only a few very young landforms are the result of currently operating geomorphic processes. Because the time scale for landscape evolution is much longer than the time scale for late Cenozoic climate changes, almost all landscapes are palimpsests, written over repeatedly by various combinations of climate-determined processes. Relict glacial and periglacial landforms are widely identified in mid-latitude regions that have been traditionally described as having been shaped by the “normal” processes of fluvial erosion. Less confidently, deeply weathered regolith and associated relict landforms in the middle and high latitudes are attributed to early Tertiary warmth. However, assemblages of geomorphic processes specific to certain climatic regions, like faunal and floral assemblages, cannot be translated across latitude, so in spite of the many books about the geomorphology of specific modern climate regions, there are few sources that discuss former warm high-latitude, or cold low-latitude, low-altitude geomorphic processes that have no modern analogs. Students and teachers alike who attempt to interpret landforms by extrapolating modern climatic conditions to other latitudinal zones will find their outlook broadened, and they become better prepared to consider the geomorphic impacts of global climate change.     

简析城市地貌环境脆弱带

论述了城市地貌的脆弱性,分析了其脆弱带的特点,认为环境的变异敏感度高、持续利用性降低和对灾变的承受弹性减小是城市地貌环境脆弱带的重要特征。     

Multi-scale landform characterization

One fundamental objective in geomorphometry is to extract signatures of geomorphologic processes on different spatial scales from digital terrain models (DTMs) and to describe the complexity of landforms as the synthesis of those individual imprints. We present an approach for characterizing land surfaces on multiple, spatially varying local scales. We approximate terrain surfaces locally to calculate surface derivatives at different window sizes. Local scale behaviour diagrams are used to define dominant scale ranges and multiple curvatures for each surface point. Multi-scale landform analysis leads to improved models of surface derivatives and new landform classifications, applicable in geomorphology, soil science and hydrology.     

地貌发育演化研究的空代时理论与方法（英文）

Geomorphic evolution often presents a spatial pattern of a "young to old" distribution under certain natural environmental conditions, whereby sampling the geomorphic types and characteristics in spatial sequence can provide evidence for the individual landform evolution and change. This so-called space-for-time substitution has been a methodology in geomorphologic research. This paper firstly introduced the basic concepts and background of the space-for-time substitution, then a full review has been conducted of recent research progress in geomorphic evolution based on the space-for-time substitution, such as fluvial landform, structural landform, estuarine landform and coastal landform. Finally, the basic principle of space-for-time substitution in geomorphology is developed. This review is intended to introduce the achievements of geomorphic evolution research using space-for-time substitution method and to point out the critical research needs to better understand and predict the geomorphic evolution in the future.     

中国丹霞地貌空间格局

通过分析中国丹霞地貌的空间分布格局,把我国丹霞地貌划分东南、西南和西北三大集中分布区。主要研究了三大丹霞地貌集中分布区的景观异质性。东南区 (包括浙、闽、赣、粤、湘、桂等省区) 多发育临溪丹霞峰林、丹霞赤壁、一线天、天生桥等景观;西南区 (云贵高原与四川盆地过渡带) 以赤壁与急流瀑布相伴为主要景观特色;西北区 (包括陇山周围、河湟谷地) 则呈现出特有的干旱区丹霞地貌景观,区内由于自然条件的复杂性,如小气候及流水作用,黄土盖层成分及其存在与否的差异性,区内景观异质性显著。从三区的构造运动上升速度、降水强度、植被等生物作用、河川过程以及黄土作用等地质地理、气候条件、生物、理化等内外动力作用,分析了形成这种景观差异性的原因、形成机理和过程。     

干旱区沙漠与河流复合地貌过程研究进展

沙漠-河流过渡带是独特的地理单元,在世界主要沙漠中普遍存在,河岸沙丘地貌发育过程是其独特性的突出表现。一方面,河流通过提供物源和场所控制河岸沙丘地貌的发育过程与格局,另一方面,沙丘发育过程改变河道。本文回顾了沙漠与河流复合地貌过程研究取得的重要进展,包括沙漠与河流交互关系、沙漠和河流交互尺度以及河岸沙丘地貌形成与发育过程等。但水系变迁与沙漠演化、沙丘复杂性与河谷形态之间的关系,以及如何建构沙漠河岸风水复合地貌过程模型等问题,将是未来需要突破的难题,这有助于促进风沙地貌与流水地貌的高度融合,丰富沙漠科学和干旱区水文的理论体系。     

广州莲花山的人工丹霞地貌和旅游开发

通过实地考察,概述广州番禺莲花山与粤北丹霞山地质地貌的异同,从丹霞地貌角度阐述这座古石矿场“人工无意夺天工”形成的陡崖,岩洞,石墙,石巷,岩湖,石柱,石门,石桥等人工丹霞奇观,并对这座以全国罕有古石矿场为主景的莲花山旅游区的进一步开发,提出了讨论意见。     

地貌发育演化研究的空代时理论与方法

地貌的发育在特定的条件下往往呈现空间分布上由“新”至“老”的过渡,据此,对地貌类型与特征在空间上的序列采样,即可为研究某种地貌的个体发育提供基本依据。该方法即为地貌学研究中的空代时。本文首先介绍了空代时方法产生的背景与基本概念。分析了近年来空代时方法应用于河流地貌、构造地貌、河口海岸地貌等不同地貌类型演化过程的研究进展。在此基础上,明确了空代时方法在地貌学研究中的适用条件、影响因素及分类体系,并提出了地貌学空代时的研究范式。本文认为今后的研究工作一方面应充分利用海量的地理空间数据,运用空代时方法研究多种空间尺度下的地貌演化的问题;另一方面,应结合现有的物理机制和统计规律,构建集形、数、理一体化的地貌演化模型。     

全球视野下崩岗侵蚀地貌及其研究进展

典型的崩岗具有“圆形露天剧场”般的沟头,发育在深厚的红色花岗岩风化壳上,通常包括集水坡面、崩壁、崩积体、沟道、洪积扇5个地貌组成部分;崩壁自上而下可分为表土层、风化红粘土层(红土层)、风化砂质红粘土层(砂土层)、风化粗碎屑层(碎屑层)。中国的崩岗与马达加斯加的lavaka属于同类地貌,两者具有地貌学上的可比性。崩岗群是劣地的表现形式之一,但与欧洲的badland有不同的侵蚀过程,也不同于意大利和巴西的两种沟谷侵蚀地貌calanchi和vocoroca。崩岗主要发育在华南和东南热带和亚热带湿润季风气候区中等偏缓的丘陵坡地上,由沟谷侵蚀发展而成,是沟谷侵蚀的高级阶段。崩岗沟道侵蚀产沙量占崩岗沟谷流域侵蚀产沙量的一半以上,其中沟道沟壁崩塌侵蚀产沙量与沟床下切侵蚀产沙量又各占崩岗沟道侵蚀产沙量的一半左右。野外人工模拟降雨试验是研究崩岗流域侵蚀、产流和产沙过程的有效手段。崩岗流域侵蚀产沙量可以通过崩岗沟谷和洪积扇地形测量加以估算。     

滇东北蒋家沟粘性泥石流堆积地貌

据成因,把泥石流堆积地貌分为自然堆积地貌和人为堆积地貌。据堆积过程,把自然泥石流堆积地貌分为古泥石流台地、老泥石流台地和近代泥石流长柄扇。据建筑物引起的堆积形态,把人为堆积地貌分为泥石流堆积扇(锥)、回淤泥砾滩、侧积泥砾堤和堰塞洼地。     

Hydrologic and geomorphic processes in the Colville River delta, Alaska

The Colville basin drains the North Slope of Alaska and is one of several large Arctic river systems located within permafrost. The timing and style of fluvial processes in the earth's permafrost regions differ from those occurring in midlatitude settings. Moreover, in comparison to temperate-zone systems, rivers located entirely within permafrost perform most of their work during relatively short periods of time. This paper examines river ice hydrology and the resulting geomorphic processes that occur within the Colville delta, Alaska. Fluvial processes and landform development within the Colville delta occur after the flood-pulse is initiated by the breakup of river ice. During this 4-month period, the geomorphic processes are largely influenced by the movement of ice. The flood-pulse and accompanying river ice influences erosional and depositional processes and results in unique styles of sediment transport, deposition, and riverbank erosion.