Sonification of geophysical data through time–frequency analysis: theory and applications

In this paper, we introduce a new method of geophysical data interpretation based on simultaneous analysis of images and sounds. The final objective is to expand the interpretation workflow through multimodal (visual–audio) perception of the same information. We show how seismic data can be effectively converted into standard formats commonly used in digital music. This conversion of geophysical data into the musical domain can be done by applying appropriate time–frequency transforms. Using real data, we demonstrate that the Stockwell transform provides a very accurate and reliable conversion. Once converted into musical files, geophysical datasets can be played and interpreted by using modern computer music tools, such as sequencers. This approach is complementary and not substitutive of interpretation methods based on imaging. It can be applied not only to seismic data but also to well logs and any type of geophysical time/depth series. To show the practical implications of our integrated visual–audio method of interpretation, we discuss an application to a real seismic dataset in correspondence of an important hydrocarbon discovery.     

西昌-渡口-牟定地带二维地壳结构的爆炸地震研究

本文根据中国科学院地球物理研究所1984年在攀西地区进行综合地球物理考察期间,所取得的西昌-渡口-牟定地带爆炸地震资料,进行了二维射线追踪处理,得到该地带的二维地壳结构和速度分布图.研究结果表明,该地带地壳平均速度为6.25km/s,地壳厚度为55km.但在永仁-渡口一带的地壳厚度为52km,地幔有上隆的趋势.浅层结构清楚地勾画出了该地带内的盆地和断裂的构造,结合该地区大地构造演化和矿产的分布进行了讨论.     

Point-to-curve raytracing by algebraic rasterization

Boundary-value raytracing problems can be concatenated to a smooth one-parameter family of problems, that can be solved by continuation. This has been the purpose of point-to-curve raytracing. A global approach, based on algorithms taken from computer graphics (algebraic rasterization of implicit curves), has several advantages. Subject to relatively mild assumptions-Lipschitz continuity of the emergence point as function of initial parameters-all solution branches are found, there are no problems with initialization, bifurcation, or closed loop solutions. The algebraic rasterization benefits to boundary value raytracing problems in a wide range of applications: shot-to-profile shooting, VSP raytracing, normal raytracing, and more. The algorithm is sufficiently robust to continue even beyond points where the Lipschitz continuity does not apply, such as faults.     

地球物理勘探技术的进展

近年来，地球物理技术发展非常快，其重点可从下列几个方面进行综述：１）电子和计算机技术的迅猛发展是推动物探技术发展的源泉。２）地震装备和采集技术的时展是基于三维和高分辨率勘探的需求。３）地震资料处理从传统批处理向勘探、开发交互处理方向演变。４）面临当今信息爆炸的情况下，地震解释将综合更多的信息以降低石油勘探开发的风险。５）开采地球物理和地震反演近年来有长足的进展。６）其他学科的一些新理论和新算法已在     

Models of the Earth’s crust from controlled-source seismology — Where we stand and where we go?

Controlled-source seismology (CSS) is the primary source of information regarding the fine structure of the lithosphere. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the methods that are commonly used to derive Earth models from CSS data with the focus on the wide-angle reflection/refraction method. Some outlook on the future of the CSS is presented with the special emphasis on the full-wavefield based methods like full-waveform inversion, which brings high level of objectivity into modeling, as well as significantly increases spatial resolution. It is stressed that the researchers should be aware of the limitations of how the elastic parameters transcribe into the actual rock properties which should stimulate them to go beyond the simple P-wave modeling and to build multiparameter Earth models based either on the seismic data or constrained by additional geophysical fields in order to derive sound geological interpretation of their models.     

Reflection point sideslip and smear in imaging below dipping anisotropic media

Dipping anisotropic clastic strata are ubiquitous in fold and thrust belts. Geological structures below these strata will be mispositioned laterally and vertically on seismic images if we do not properly correct for seismic anisotropy during migration. The magnitude of this lateral mispositioning of a target structure varies with source‐receiver offset, so reflection points will be smeared in the final stacked image. Raytracing demonstrates the lateral‐position and smear phenomena when imaging structures below tilted transversely isotropic media. Analysis of the raytracing results predicts the quantity of lateral‐position error and reflection‐point smear on a seismic image. We created numerical‐model seismic data to show reflection‐point smear on synthetic seismic images and to evaluate the accuracy of the predictions from raytracing.     

地震波传播的微分几何描述

本文以复杂介质中的走向函数为基础,引入走时场的微分流形,从微分几何观点看,复杂介质中的射线方程即为流形上的测地线方程,复杂介质中的标量波动方程即为流形上的协变标量场方程,从而建立起复杂介质中地震波传播的微分几何描述,文中还讨论该方法在射线追踪,波场变换等方面的应用。     

国内外地震科学钻探与测井技术应用

大地震发生后, 在断裂带开展科学钻探是研究地震发震机理的快速反应和科学计划手段。 测井技术是重要的井中地球物理探测方法。 本文结合日本Nojima断层科学钻探、 美国San Andreas科学深钻、 台湾车笼埔钻探和中国汶川地震科学钻探研究成果, 综述了国内外地震科学钻探计划实施和研究进展, 对比和分析了测井技术在其中发挥的作用和取得的成果。 最后, 对地震科学钻探井中观测研究提出了建议, 并展望了测井技术在地震科学钻探中的应用。     

海试引发深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考

深水地球物理采集技术随着国际海洋油气勘探的不断升温,技术水平不断提高.本文结合我国的地球物理海试实践,提出深水油气综合地球物理采集的几点思考,地震采集参数的选择,重磁震采集过程的实时监控,总结海试过程深水地球物理采集的两方面进展,一是精确定位的长缆二维地震采集技术,二是高精度的重磁震联合质量监控的综合地球物理测量技术,为深水油气勘探提供采集技术保障.     

深度学习在地震定位中的应用综述

近年来,深度学习的发展给科研人员开辟了地震定位研究的新思路,科研人员将深度学习技术应用于地震定位并取得了较好的效果。文章首先介绍根据神经网络的编码与解码对深度神经网络的分类,然后对深度学习的基本流程进行总结,最后对深度学习中广泛应用于地震定位的方法进行综述,总结不同方法的特点和实际应用情况。结果表明：深度学习方法能够实现地震事件的自动定位,且定位的精度较高,缩短了地震定位所需时间,在处理地震大数据方面也具有明显优势,能够克服目前传统地球物理方法在地震定位方面的一些不足之处。相信随着深度学习技术的进一步发展,必将更为广泛地应用于地震定位研究中。     

A numerical laboratory for simulation and visualization of seismic wavefields1

Computational seismic modelling (CSM) plays an important role in the geophysical industry as an established aid to seismic interpreters. Numerical solution of the elastic wave equations has proved to be a very important tool for geophysicists in both forward modelling and migration. Among the techniques generally used in CSM, we consider the finite-element method (FEM) and investigate its computational and visualization requirements. The CSMFEM program, designed for this purpose and developed on an IBM 3090 computer with vector facility, is described in detail. It constitutes a numerical laboratory for performing computer experiments. Two Newmark type algorithms for time integration are compared with other time integration schemes, and both direct and iterative methods for solving the corresponding large sparse system of linear algebraic equations are analysed. Several numerical experiments to simulate seismic energy propagation through heterogeneous media are performed. Synthetics in the form of common shot gathers, vertical seismic profiles and snapshots are suitably displayed, since with the large amounts of data obtained from CSM research, methods for visualization of the computed results must be developed. The FEM is compared with other numerical tools, such as finite-difference and pseudo-spectral methods.     

节点地震采集系统发展现状

地震仪器是地球物理勘探的核心装备,伴随地震勘探技术的进步,几年即可推出一代新设备。近年来,随着节点技术的发展,节点地震采集系统逐步应用在各个领域,且效果较好。结合地球物理勘探技术的发展需求,介绍主流陆地节点地震仪器的特点与应用,分析存在的问题及改进方向,希望促进对节点仪器的了解和应用。     

基于交叉梯度交替结构约束的二维地震走时与全通道直流电阻率联合反演

在利用不同的地球物理勘探方法对地下复杂介质成像时,因观测系统的非完备性及数据本身对某些岩石物性的不敏感性,单独成像的结果存在较大的不确定性和不一致性.对于地震体波走时成像与直流电阻率成像,均面临着成像阴影区问题.对于地震走时成像,地震射线对低速区域覆盖较差形成阴影区,造成低速区域分辨率降低.对于电阻率成像,电场线在高阻区域分布较少,造成高阻区域分辨率较低.为了提高地下介质成像的精度,Gallado和Meju(2003)提出了基于交叉梯度结构约束的联合地球物理成像方法.在要求不同的物性模型拟合各自对应的数据同时,模型之间的结构要求一致,即交叉梯度趋于零.为了更有效地实现基于交叉梯度的结构约束,我们提出了一种新的交替结构约束的联合反演流程,即交替反演不同的数据而且在反演一种数据时要求对应的模型与另一个模型结构一致.新的算法能够更容易地把单独的反演系统耦合在一起,而且也更容易建立结构约束和数据拟合之间的平衡.基于新的联合反演流程,我们测试了基于交叉梯度结构约束的二维跨孔地震走时和直流电阻率联合成像.合成数据测试表明,我们提出的交替结构约束流程能够很好地实现基于交叉梯度结构约束的联合成像.与单独成像结果相比,地震走时和全通道电阻率联合成像更可靠地确定了速度和电阻率异常.     

一种低成本无缆地震仪采集站的研制

随着电子技术的发展,许多新技术被应用到地球物理仪器之中.其中,无缆地震仪采集站具有重量轻、易搬运的特点,适宜应用于如森林、沼泽、沙漠等地面状况复杂的区域,可以在复杂地质条件下方便地进行地震数据采集,是未来地震仪发展的方向.本研究研发了一种低成本无缆地震仪采集站,通过分析无缆地震仪的发展方向,确定了采集站的设计方案,该系统采用了微功耗设计,GPS授时同步与低成本晶振相结合的时钟机制,并设计了基于多项分解的软件滤波器提高24位Σ-ΔADC的动态范围,其低成本、小体积、低功耗的特点使其非常适用于复杂区域下的资源勘探,并可应用于高密度、宽方位等物探新技术当中.     

最短路径射线追踪方法及其改进

综述了用网络最短路径算法求解地震射线追踪问题的原理、方法技术以及存在问题和改进措施。特别介绍了作者在最短路径算法基础上，提出的动态网络最短路径地震射线追踪方法。该方法先采集从炮点到整个模型所有节点上的初至旅行时，其中，在一个单元内，对相邻每对已计算出最小旅行时的节点进行线性插值，并利用Fermat原理计算未知节点的最小旅行时；然后，利用同样的方法，从接收点开始，反向追踪炮点到接收点的射线路径、该方法能适于各种复杂的非均匀介质，极大地提高了射线追踪的精度。     

对《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则(试用)》的评述

《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则（试用）》（以下简称《通则》）是一部对我国抗震设计规范修订具有重大指导意义的试用标准.本文对《通则》和现行规范的某些不同和改进之处进行了比较,讨论了《通则》所具有的先进性和行业指导性,同时也对应用《通则》的原理,对修订和完善下一代规范还需要研究的问题提出了若干建议.     

发挥物探作用提高勘探效果

在煤田地质勘探中,钻探、地震、测井等多种勘查手段有机结合,提交综合研究成果,是山东省煤田地质局走出的综合勘探的成功道路.发挥物探的作用是取得最佳勘探效果的关键.本文系统总结了煤田综合勘探方法,分析了物探方法的应用.以中日合作勘探实例阐明了发挥物探作用,提高构造勘探精度,开拓岩性勘探领域,促进勘探方法改革,取得显著的经济效益和社会效益的新型勘探道路.     

SHIP-TOWED MAGNETICS IN PETROLEUM EXPLORATION*

In one geophysical survey over a salt dome in the Gulf of Mexico, data taken from a single magnetic and seismic shipborne traverse demonstrated significantly the importance of magnetic measurements. The reduced magnetic and seismic profiles were integrated with gravity measurements from an earlier survey demonstrating the value of obtaining simultaneous geophysical data. The traverse was approximately 25 miles in length, 135 miles southeast of Galveston, Texas. The observed gradient averaged approximately 2 gammas per 1000 feet and crosses the southwest corner of a large shallow salt dome called the Way Dome. The recorded magnetic profile over the salt dome shows a negative magnetic anomaly extending for approximately 12 miles with a maximum amplitude of approximately 20 gammas. This negatively anomaly is due to the negative susceptibility contrast between the salt and cap rock that truncates the surrounding parent sediments. The shape of the negative anomaly correlates well with the continous seismic record and clearly delineates the topographical and structural features of the salt dome. The recorded analog magnetic profile was replotted, with both the regional gradient and time variations removed, which makes the observed anomaly much sharper than is noticeable on the original recorded strip chart record. A theoretical magnetic anomaly was calculated using a computer program for comparison to the observed anomaly. The results showed good correlation.     

新发现的唐山地震大断层

在对唐山地面塌陷的研究中发现了一条与唐山地震相关的大断层,该断层至少长90km,地面垂直错距3m,明显具有铲形正断层特点。该断层倾向NW,可分为南、北2段。南段的确定主要依据震后地面形变野外调查、水准形变资料、航片解译和石油地球物理勘探资料;北段的存在则有强烈线状喷沙冒水分布以及地震反射测深资料作为证据。唐山地震主震的余震大致分布在该断层地表出露迹线的NW侧,这种位置关系显示了新发现的断层对唐山地震的控制性     

Structural features of crust-mantle assemblage in the lithosphere along the longitudinal Seismic Belt of China and their tectonic effect

The 1° × 1° distribution map of crust-mantle structural ratio R for the lithosphere along the Longitudinal Seismic Belt of China has been compiled using computer based on the results of geophysical prospecting by previous researchers, and the latest results by the present authors. Based on this map, an insight into the structural features of the crust-mantle assemblage along the Longitudinal Seismic Belt has been gained, while their relation to seismic activity and the distributions of geothermal flux and intracrustal high conductivity-low velocity layers, as well as their tectonic effect to seismicity have been discussed. Contribution No. 97A0079, Institute of Geophysics, State Seismological Bureau, China.