西秦岭大草滩群的沉积环境及构造意义

沉积序列、沉积相、古水流和物质组成的研究结果表明,西秦岭大草滩群和铁山群分别是由冲积扇和近岸浊积扇形成的陆相碎屑岩组合和滨海相浊积岩.李子园群岛弧火山岩不仅是形成大草滩群的沉积物源,而且也是大草滩群沉积盆地的基底.构造变形特征和与上、下地层接触关系综合研究显示,大草滩群是秦岭晚古生代弧前增生过程中形成的一个逆冲席顶盆地.大草滩群可与祁连山中晚泥盆世沙流水群和雪山群相比较,向东、南分别与同期异相桐峪寺组、铁山群相对应,显示出由北向南、由西向东的构造迁移特征.     

西秦岭造山带泥盆纪沉积地质学和动力沉积学:西秦岭北带泥盆纪前陆盆地的沉积特征及盆地格局

秦岭造山带是横亘于华北、扬子两板块之间的巨型造山带，在中国古大陆地壳形成演化中占有十分重要的地位。作为连接造山带加里东一海百、印支阶段重要一环的泥盆系对恢复造山带沉积和构造演化意义重大。本文仅从西秦岭北带泥盆系地层和沉积学人手，探讨该区早海西期的盆地格局和构造特征。西秦岭北带泥盆系包括舒家坝群和大草滩群（包括红相和绿相两种类型），前者以临滨－陆棚－半深海背景沉积和风暴流、重力流事件沉积为特色；后者以辫状河和网状河（红相）和湖泊－水下冲积扇和深湖重力流（绿相）沉积为特征。沉积特征和充填序列都反映其形成于压性的前陆盆地背景下。该前陆盆地是由于北秦岭造山带的向南仰冲，在中秦岭微板块北缘形成的。     

南秦岭北缘镇安盆地晚泥盆世浊积岩系及盆地发展

南秦岭北部山阳断裂和板岩镇断裂之间的镇安盆地在晚泥盆世发育一套浊流沉积。通过对这套浊积岩系内部岩相，相组合，古流向等详细研究，结果证明其内部由斜坡沉积、水道天然堤沉积，舌状体沉积以及盆地平原等单元组成，然而它们的空间组合及内部特征并不代表一个典型的水下扇沉积体系。而是反映一个由线状物源供给的缓坡型浊积岩体系。     

新疆哈密大草滩地区早—中泥盆世浊积岩的发现及其沉积大地构造背景

新疆吐哈盆地南缘大草滩一带出露一古生代基岩“天窗”,主要为一套火山岩—火山沉积岩,前人将其归为泥盆纪大南湖组。在该区新发现的大草滩蛇绿岩两侧识别出了两套厚度较大、时代为早—中泥盆世的复理石沉积,缺乏火山熔岩和碳酸盐岩夹层,与大南湖组层型剖面存在一定的差别。北侧复理石沉积可划分为三段,南侧受构造改造,仅发育上下两段。两侧砂岩样品的粒度参数呈现典型浊积岩特征,且自下而上水动力存在增强的趋势。通过岩性组合、沉积构造、粒度特征对该浊积岩进行沉积相分析,共识别出9种浊积岩相,进而识别出浊积扇中的3种沉积环境,其中在内扇和中扇环境中各识别出3种沉积亚环境。沉积相在垂向上的分布规律显示南北两侧的复理石分别为外扇—中扇和外扇—中扇—内扇的两套进积序列,结合碎屑颗粒组分和区域大地构造背景,推断该浊积岩形成于大南湖岛弧的弧前盆地。     

吉林省松江盆地下白垩统大砬子组上段浊积岩沉积特征及地质意义

松江盆地为一中生代山间沉积盆地,盆地内大砬子组上段普遍发育浊流沉积。通过对浊积岩体的沉积环境特征、岩性特征、沉积构造特征、粒度结构特征及层序特征等进行的研究表明:发育于盆地扩张时期的大砬子组上段浊积岩具有稳定型浊积岩的沉积特征,并将其划分为中心微相及边缘微相。应用沉积岩碎屑物质成分对浊积岩进行统计并结合前人的研究成果表明,大砬子上段沉积时期,源区构造背景为稳定陆块区,构造环境较为稳定。大量浊积岩所形成的岩性圈闭可构成良好的储集体。     

西藏冈底斯构造带侏罗纪浊积岩特征及构造环境判别

侏罗系浊积岩在冈底斯构造带多个沉积分地中均有分布，以发育较为典型的浊积岩鲍马序列为特征 ，可划分为近源砂质浊积岩、远源细屑浊积岩、碳酸盐浊积岩和滑塌角砾岩等4种主要浊积岩类型。论文对泥质浊积岩的主元素和微量元素地球化学特征进行了研究，在构造环境判别图上投均落入活动大陆边缘区，稀土分布曲线呈近水平状，负Ce异常不明显，显示出冈底斯构造带侏罗纪浊积岩形成于活动大陆边缘的弧后盆地环境，其物源为沉积盆地两侧有古老变质岩出露和弧火山活动的岛弧带。     

西秦岭大草滩群的形成时代和构造意义探讨

大草滩群a岩组中最年轻的一组锆石206Pb/238U年龄加权平均值为404.9±4.8 Ma（MSWD=0.11）,b岩组中最年轻的锆石206Pb/238U年龄值为385±5 Ma,c岩组样品中最年轻的锆石206Pb/238U年龄值为375±6 Ma,这一结果将大草滩群的最大沉积时代有效地限定在405~375 Ma之间。结合生物化石组合资料,大草滩群的时代归属于晚泥盆世。根据岩石组合、沉积相、构造变形、形成时代和物源分析等资料综合研究表明,晚泥盆世大草滩群河湖相粗粒碎屑岩形成时的大地构造背景是位于安第斯型活动大陆边缘的弧前拉张—裂陷盆地,作为北秦岭微陆（+岩浆弧）与华北大陆西南缘碰撞的沉积响应,是碰撞造山作用以后南部洋壳持续俯冲阶段同火山—岩浆活动的弧前沉积体系。     

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系—晚古生代发育于扬子板块被动陆缘上的弧前盆地充填物

南秦岭横丹浊积岩系是一套巨厚的浊流沉积，以向南或南东倾的单斜构造产出。由下而上，该沉积层序包括深水盆地、深水浊积扇和斜坡水道3个相序。相应地，沉积物粒度变粗，厚度变大，火山质组分含量增加，凝灰层大量发育，表明横丹浊积岩系为活动型浊积岩；其古水流方向为NNW－NNE向，物源区为南侧的碧口火山岩系。另外，横丹浊积岩系内还见石英岩、重结晶大理岩成分的砾石，说明其物源还包括被动陆缘环境的沉积物。相序、组构、沉积特征和物源区综合分析表明，横丹浊积岩系为弧前盆地充填物。构筑这一弧前盆地的动力学机制是洋壳板块向南俯冲于扬子板块被动陆缘之下，时代可能晚于中晚泥盆世。     

甘肃岷县－宕昌地区下二叠统粗碎屑硅质浊积岩

甘肃岷县－宕昌地区属酉秦岭的中秦岭分区南带。下二叠统的硅质岩主要有：砾屑硅质岩、砂屑硅质岩、放射虫硅质岩和条带状硅质岩。本文主要讨论了碎屑硅质岩的沉积特征、岩石特征、沉积构造、颗粒大小、地球化学特征及沉积序列特征．从而论证了该地区的粗碎屑沉积是拉张环境深海盆地中的内源碎屑硅质浊积。通过与Ｓｔｏｗ等硅质浊积模式和经典的陆源碎屑浊积模式的对比，讨论了它的新特点，并由此进一步建立了一个深海硅质法积岩的完整沉积序列。粗碎屑硅质岩在国内外的报道还不多见，它的发现对丰富深海沉积类型及了解西秦岭的古海洋演化具有重要意义。     

西秦岭造山带北缘大草滩群物源研究——LA-ICP-MS碎屑锆石U-Pb年龄证据

选取甘肃东部西秦岭造山带北缘晚泥盆世大草滩群碎屑岩为研究对象,运用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素年代学方法,探讨大草滩群的物质来源。结果表明,大草滩群碎屑锆石年龄谱明显分为4组:422～518Ma、756～887Ma、1100～1231Ma和2417～2736Ma。其中,422～518Ma的年龄数据约占总体的67%,所占比例最大,年龄相对集中,且呈现出最强烈的峰值,其余年龄段所占比例则较少。422～518Ma年龄组分指示其物源可能以邻近地区的西秦岭北缘构造带和北祁连造山带为主,该组分年龄是加里东期中南祁连和西秦岭微地块分别向北俯冲、碰撞产生的一系列火成岩在造山剥蚀后的沉积响应。碎屑锆石同位素年龄中756～887Ma年龄组分反映其物源可能来自祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带。1100～1231Ma年龄组分反映其物源可能主要来自祁连造山带。2417～2736Ma年龄组分反映了物源来自北祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带的结晶基底,部分物源也有可能来自于华北板块基底。综合分析显示,大草滩群碎屑沉积物质来源较为复杂,具有明显的多元性,存在西秦岭北缘构造带、祁连造山带和华北板块基底3个物源区,祁连造山带和西秦岭北缘构造带对大草滩群的沉积有重大的物源贡献。两者相比较,祁连造山带应为大草滩群最主要的物源区。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。