不采用同位素示踪剂测定地质样品中^234U,^238U,^230Th和^232Th比活…

本提出了不采用同位素示踪剂测定铀，钍同位素比活度的方法。用标准方法准确的测定地质样品中的铀，钍含量及＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ，＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ的活度比值，再应用铀，钍系的衰变特性，推导出计算样品中＾２３４Ｕ，＾２３８Ｕ，＾２３０Ｔｈ和＾２３２Ｔｈ经活度的方法，本方法计算所得之结果与＾２３２Ｕ示踪法对比。均在１σ范围内，符合很好。     

不采用同位素示踪剂测定地质样品中~（234）U，~（238）U，~（230）Th和~（232）Th比活度的方法研究

本文提出了不采用同位素示踪剂测定铀、钍同位素比活度的方法。用标准方法准确的测定地质样品中的铀、钍含量~［１］及~（２３４）Ｕ／~（２３８）Ｕ，~（２３０）Ｔｈ／~（２３２）Ｔｈ的活度比值~［２］，再应用铀、钍系的衰变特性，推导出计算样品中~（２３４）Ｕ，~（２３８）Ｕ，~（２３０）Ｔｈ和~（２３２）Ｔｈ比活度的方法。本方法计算所得之结果与~（２３２）Ｕ示踪法对比，均在１σ范围内，符合很好。     

应用中子活化分析技术测定铀和钍放射性同位素的α能谱内标法

开发了一种用＾２３８Ｕ和＾２３２Ｔｈ作为内标的α能谱测定铀和钍放射性同位新方法。应用中子活化分析技术精确地测定样品中的＾２３８Ｕ和２３２Ｔｈ。将其他部分样品全部溶解,采用阴离子交换法分离铀和钍,制备为α能谱测定的电镀薄（低强度）源。人已知的＾２３８Ｕ和＾２３２Ｔｈ质量浓度,求得它们的活度浓度,之后据α能谱,从Ｕ（＾２３Ｕ、＾２３５Ｕ、＾２３８Ｕ）和Ｔｈ（＾２２８Ｔｈ、＾２３０Ｔｈ、２３２Ｔｈ）放射     

赣东北地区重要火成岩的40Ar／39Ar年龄

在赣东北蛇绿混杂岩带发现含晚古生代放射虫硅夺，测定了该带内的和带外几个关键地点的火山岩和辉长岩的＾４０Ａｒ／＾３０Ａｒ同位素地南年龄，获得了以下结果：火山岩的坪年龄为４３４．９－４８６．７Ｍａ，辉长岩的坪年龄为２３２．５－２６６．３Ｍａ，因此可以肯定赣东北地区有早生代晚期的火山活动，证实了上述火成冉不是中、新元古代的产物，它们中的一部分与晚古生代硅质岩都是蛇绿岩套的成员，属该区晚古生代洋壳的组成部     

ε_（Nd）－La／Nb、Ba／Nb、Nb／Th图对地幔不均一性研究的意义──岛弧火山岩分类及EMII端元的分解

本文提出一组εＮｄ－Ｌａ／Ｎｂ、εＮｄ－Ｂａ／Ｎｂ和εＮｄ－Ｎｂ／Ｔｈ图。在这些图中岛弧火山岩呈三角形分布，从而将其源区的三个主要端元（ＭＯＲＢ型亏损地幔、俯冲洋壳析出流体、陆源沉积物）同时显示在一张图上。据此，岛弧火山岩可根据其源区特征划分成两类：二端元型（无陆源沉积物）和三端元型。此外，ＥＭＩＩ型幔源岩石在这些图中也被分成两类：与岛弧火山岩类似的，具有高Ｌａ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｎｂ和低Ｎｂ／Ｔｈ的大陆溢流玄武岩和某些橄榄岩包体；具有低Ｌａ／Ｎｂ、Ｂａ／Ｎｂ和高Ｎｂ／Ｔｈ的萨莫德型海岛玄武岩。它们对应的ＥＭＩＩ富集地幔端元也可分为两种：ＥＭＩＩＭ，由俯冲洋壳析出流体交代楔型地幔而成；ＥＭＩＩＳＲ，与陆源沉积物再循环进入对流上地幔有关。     

εNd—La／Nb,Ba／Nb,Nb／Th图对地幔不均一性研究的意义──岛弧火山岩分...

本文提出一组εＮｄ－Ｌａ／Ｎｂ，εＮｄ－Ｂａ／Ｎｂ和εＮｄ－Ｎｂ／Ｔｈ图。在这些图中岛弧火山岩呈三角形分布，从而将其源区的三个主要端元（ＭＯＲＢ型亏损地幔，俯冲洋壳析出流体，陆源沉积物）同时显示在一张图上。据此，岛弧火山岩可根据其源区特征划分成两类：二端元型（无陆源沉积物）和三端元型。此外，ＥＭＩＩ型幔源岩石在这些图中也被分成两类：与岛弧火山岩类似的，具有高Ｌａ／Ｎｂ，Ｂａ／Ｎｂ和低Ｎｂ／Ｔｈ的大     

裂变径迹定年法中国际标样的年龄测定

第６届国际裂变径迹测定地质年代学术讨论会上推荐标准化刻度裂变径迹定年法，并推荐了几种定年标样。本文通过标准铀玻璃刻度系数定出值，利用外探测器法测定了国际标样中的３种桔石和两种磷灰石的年龄（ＦＣＴ２７．７±０．８Ｍａ，ＢＭ１６．１±０．５Ｍａ，ＴＲ６０．０±３．ＯＭａ，Ｄｕｒａｎｇｏ３０．８±１．９Ｍａ），在误差范围内与参考年龄一致。     

热电离质谱铀系法测定碳酸盐标样

用高精度热电离质谱（ＴＩＭＳ）铀系法测定碳酸盐标样的年龄,测定结果与α谱仪铀系法进行比较,铀含量和年龄值均吻合。方法对Ｕ的回收率可达９５％,Ｔｈ为９２％。ＴＩＭＳ铀系法具有样品用量少、测试时间短、精度高的优点。     

青海察尔汗盐湖达布逊区段和别勒滩区段的成盐年代

８８－０１孔和８９－０４孔是１９８９年后笔者用14Ｃ和230Ｔｈ两种方法较为系统的测定了年龄的钻孔剖面。本文以此两孔为主，结合已有年龄数据的钻孔，重点讨论了达布逊区段的成盐年代，并根据８８－０１孔校正后的年龄，将达布逊区段四个大盐层的底板年龄大致划分为:Ｓ₁约５００００ａ.Ｂ.Ｐ.左右；Ｓ_２约为３６０００ａ.Ｂ.Ｐ.左右；Ｓ₃约３００００ａ.Ｂ.Ｐ.左右；Ｓ₄约１８０００ａ.Ｂ.Ｐ.左右。根据别勒滩区段ＣＫ₂₀₂₂，ＣＫ₆和ＣＫ₁₃₀₈三个钻孔剖面，讨论了此区约２５０００ａ.Ｂ.Ｐ.成盐年代。     

确定砂岩型铀矿矿化地段的铀、钍同位素证据

根据铀、钍同位素地球化学基本原理,对新疆伊梨盆地５１２矿床含矿砂岩的Ｕ、Ｔｈ含量及其＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３２Ｔｈ进行了测试,并在此基础上对含矿砂岩的氧化带、还原带和氧化还原过渡带特征进行了研究。研究表明,与氧化带、还原带相比,氧化－还原过渡带具有较高Ｕ含量和＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ比值,较低Ｔｈ／Ｕ比值;矿石样品中的＾２３４Ｕ／＾２３８Ｕ、＾２３０Ｔｈ／＾２３８Ｕ比值位于过渡带     

洞穴碳酸盐230Th-234U-238U测年初始钍校正的等时线研究

初始钍的校正是不纯沉积碳酸盐230Th 234U 238U测年的一个重要方面，洞穴石笋初始Th校正通常采用230Th/232Th的原子比值为（4.4±2.2）×10-6。多年来4种不同的等时线方法应用到不纯碳酸盐测年初始Th的校正中，其中全样品的等时线方法是目前公认的较为完善的一种方法。通过测定云南同一石笋2个不同层位的9个样品的U、Th同位素组成,并进行等时线分析，结果表明2层样品初始钍230Th/232Th原子比值分别为（3.5±2.8）×10-6和（10.6±2.2）×10-6，这说明即使在同一地区，由于其混入Th来源的复杂性，230Th/232Th初始比值在同一样品不同层位仍可能有较大的差异，因此不能够完全采用单一层位等时线获得的初始值对整个样品进行校正。考虑到在实验测量过程中，232Th含量的过高对于230Th的准确测定也有很大的影响，应尽量选择纯净石笋样品进行测年研究，在样品的选择和前处理过程中就减少初始钍的影响，这对获得高精度的测年结果有着重要的意义。     

宁芜地区玢岩铁矿Pb同位素研究

本文对宁芜地区铁矿床中磷灰石和矿石进行了Pb同位素测定。磷灰石的208Pb-232Th等时线年龄为124Ma,与辉长闪长(玢)岩和钠长石岩的形成年龄均相吻合,为成矿时代与成岩时代相近提供了佐证。岩体长石Pb同位素显示,宁芜地区中生代火成岩的原始岩浆受到了大陆壳深部3.3Ga的古老岩系的混染。矿床中矿石铅主要来自赋矿母岩浆。成矿流体具有异常高的Th/U值,表明Th相对U的明显富集,这可能反映了流体中卤素为主要的矿物质迁移载体。     

高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定铀矿石样品中234U/238U、230Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素比值 

采用氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸混合酸密闭消解含铀矿石样品,用阴离子交换树脂、阳离子交换树脂和锶特效树脂逐级分离富集铀、钍和镭。使用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICPMS)测定分离纯化液中234U/238U2、30Th/232Th和228Ra/226Ra同位素。比值的测量精密度取决于比值的大小和对应核素浓度的大小。对质量浓度为10 ng/mL天然铀测量液,234U/238U的测量精密度优于1.2%;对230Th质量浓度为0.6ng/mL且230Th和232Th质量浓度接近的测量液,230Th/232Th的测量精密度为1.2%;对228Ra质量浓度为0.48 pg/mL且228Ra和226Ra质量浓度接近的测量液,228Ra/226Ra的测量精密度为4.0%。     

U-series evidence for crustal involvement and magma residence times in the petrogenesis of Parinacota volcano, Chile

In this study, we present Th–U disequilibria as well as radiogenic and trace element data for recent volcanic rocks from the Nevados de Payachata volcano which erupted through ∼70 km of continental crust in the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes (18°S, 69°W). Both lavas and mineral separates were analyzed by mass spectrometry for ²³⁸U–²³⁰Th disequilibria. The lavas are characterized either by ²³⁰Th enrichment or depletion relative to its parent nuclide ²³⁸U. Mineral separates are used to derive U–Th isochron ages and these ages compare favorably with inferred stratigraphic ages or K–Ar ages, although in one case the U–Th age is significantly older than the stratigraphic age. Despite relatively constant Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope ratios, the lavas display inverse trends in ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U versus Ce/Yb or Ba/Hf diagrams. These trends cannot be interpreted by simple two-component mixing. Rather, there must be three (and perhaps four components) involved in the genesis of the Parinacota lavas. A mantle wedge, a slab fluid, and a lower crustal component can be identified. A sediment component is more difficult to detect as it is difficult to decipher its signature because of the strong crustal influence. The existence of binary arrays can be explained by variable amounts of crustal material. The process of crust–mantle interaction must have been short enough to preserve U–Th disequilibrium (<300 ka). Received: 21 April 1999 / Accepted: 11 March 2000     

Migration of Some Elements and Radionuclides across aGranite-Granite Contact Zone: A Natural Analoguefor Safe Disposal of High-Level Radwastes

Elements and natural radionuclides in the contact zone of two granites with different ages would migrate from one to the other because of the difference in their chemical contents and later water-rock interactions. This migration could serve as an analogue for the near-field process of radwastes in a high-level radwaste deep geological disposal repository.In the contact between the Indosinian granite (whole-rock Rb-Sr isochron age at 214@3 Ma) and Hercynian granite (zircon U-Pb isochron age at 296@31 Ma) located in Ziyuan County, Guangxi, the O and Pb isotope characteristics and the activity ratios of 234U/238U, 230Th/238U, 230Th/234U and 226Ra/230Th show that, based on the whole-rock chemical contents, both of the two granites have maintained a relatively open chemical system in their evolution processes. However, as there is no obvious open fault, the migration of major elements, trace elements and natural U-series nu-clides takes place within only 1-2 m in the contact zone, and water-rock interaction     

不纯碳酸盐U-Th等时线定年及同位素分馏对年龄的影响

应用U-系L/R等时线模式测定了用天然碎屑沉积物与已知年龄的纯CaCO3按不同比例混合而成的不纯碳酸盐样品的年龄。实验分两个序列进行:其一研究碎屑沉积物化学前处理过程中U、Th同位素的萃取行为及其分馏效应。另一序列用不同浓度的溶剂对均匀混合的不纯碳酸盐样品进行溶解,确定稀酸淋滤碳酸盐的效率。各组分的238U、234U、230Th和232Th含量分析数据表明,稀酸溶解碎屑沉积物样品将U和Th同位素等比例的提取出来,不会发生U和Th同位素分馏现象。对于不纯碳酸盐样品,所有数据点落在一条直线上,良好的线性关系反映真实年龄含意。3个不纯碳酸盐样品的等时线年龄与纯碳酸盐年龄一致表明实验技术是可信的。同时,也证明对于碎屑含量较高的不纯碳酸盐U-Th定年,L/R等时线技术是适应的。     

TIMS测定铀矿石样品中^234U/^238U、^230Th/^232Th、^228Ra/^226Ra的方法研究

研究了TIMS测定铀矿石样品中234U/238U、230Th/232Th、228Ra/226Ra的方法。建立了铀矿石密闭混酸一次溶样的方法和采用阴离子、阳离子和Sr特效树脂逐级离子交换分离纯化U、Th和Ra的流程,满足了TIMS测量要求。测定结果表明：100～1000 ng的天然铀中234U/238U,其测量精密度从静态多接收的2.34%提高到动态多接收的0.47%;对230Th与232Th丰度接近、质量为1μg左右的钍,采用三带点样技术和法拉第多接收技术测定230Th/232Th,其内精度平均值为0.0048%,外精度为0.028%;采用单带加钽发射剂,ETP跳峰测定50～100 fg镭-228稀释剂中的228Ra/226Ra,其内精度小于0.10%,外精度小于0.20%。比较TIMS和HR-ICP-MS、α能谱法测定234U/238U、230Th/232Th、228Ra/226Ra结果,三者结果相吻合。TIMS测量法样品用量少、快速、准确、精密度高,是U、Th、Ra同位素比值测定方法的又一补充。     

Crystallization history of rhyolites at Long Valley, California, inferred from combined U-series and Rb-Sr isotope systematics

In this study, we present ⁸⁷Rb/⁸⁶Sr and ²³⁰Th/²³⁸U isotope analyses of glasses and phenocrysts from postcaldera rhyolites erupted between 150 to 100 ka from the Long Valley magmatic system. Both isotope systems indicate complex magma evolution with preeruptive mineral crystallization and magma fractionation, followed by extended storage in a silicic magma reservoir. Glass analyses yield a Rb-Sr isochron of 257 ± 39 ka, which can be explained by a feldspar-fractionation event ∼150 ky before eruption. Individual feldspar-glass pairs confirm this age result. A mineral ²³⁰Th-²³⁸U isochron in a low-silica rhyolite from the Deer Mountain Dome defines an age of 236 ± 1 ka, but the glass and whole rock do not lie on the isochron. U-Th fractionation of the rocks is controlled by the accessory minerals zircon and probably allanite, which crystallized at 250 ± 3 ka and 187 ± 9 ka, respectively. All major mineral phases contain accessory mineral phases; therefore, the mineral isochron represents a mixture of zircon and allanite populations. A precision of ±1 ka for the mixing array implies that the minor phases must have crystallized within this timescale. Longer periods of crystal growth would cause the mixing array to be less well defined. U-series data from other low- and high-silica rhyolites indicate younger accessory mineral crystallization events at ∼200 and 140 ka, probably related to the thermal evolution of the magma reservoir. These crystallization events are, however, only documented by the accessory minerals and had no further influence on bulk magma compositions. We interpret the indistinguishable age results from both isotope systems (∼250 ka) to record the fractionation of small magma batches by filter pressing from a much larger underlying magma volume, followed by physical isolation and extended storage at the top of the magma reservoir for up to 150 ky.     

Precise geochronology of phoscorites and carbonatites:: The critical role of U-series disequilibrium in age interpretations

We present the results of a comparative study of several geochronometer minerals (baddeleyite, zircon, apatite, phlogopite and tetraferriphlogopite) and isotopic systems (U-Pb, Th-Pb and Rb-Sr) from phoscorites (magnetite-forsterite-apatite-calcite rocks) and carbonatites of the Kovdor ultramafic-alkaline-carbonatite massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. Uranium, thorium and their decay products are extremely fractionated by minerals that crystallise from carbonatite and phoscorite magma. We obtain high-precision ages from different chronometers, compare their accuracy, and evaluate the role of geochronological pitfalls of initial radioactive disequilibrium, differential migration of radiogenic isotopes, and inaccurate decay constants.Apatite yielded concordant U-Th-Pb ages between 376 and 380 Ma. The accuracy of the apatite ²³⁸U-²⁰⁶Pb ages is, however, compromised by uncertainty in the amount of radiogenic ²⁰⁶Pb produced from initial excess ²³⁰Th. The ²³⁵U-²⁰⁷Pb ages are relatively imprecise due to large common Pb correction and the uncertainty in the initial Pb isotopic composition. The Th-Pb system yields a more precise age of 376.4 ± 0.6 Ma.Zircon from two carbonatite samples is characterised by moderate to low U contents, high Th contents, and very high Th/U ratios up to 9000. The ²⁰⁶Pb*/²³⁸U systems in the zircon are strongly affected by the presence of excess ²⁰⁶Pb*, produced by decay of initial ²³⁰Th. The ²⁰⁸Pb*/²³²Th ages of zircon from both carbonatite samples are uniform and yield a weighted average of 377.52 ± 0.94 Ma.Baddeleyite U-Pb analyses are 3 to 6% normally discordant and have variable ²⁰⁷Pb*/²⁰⁶Pb* apparent ages. Eleven alteration-free baddeleyite fractions from three samples with no evidence for Pb loss yield uniform ²⁰⁶Pb*/²³⁸U ages with a weighted average of 378.54±0.23 Ma (378.64 Ma after correction for initial ²³⁰Th deficiency), which we consider the best estimate for age of the phoscorite-carbonatite body of the Kovdor massif. The ²⁰⁶Pb*/²³⁸U ages of baddeleyite fractions from five other samples spread between 378.5 and 373 Ma, indicating a variable lead loss up to 1.5%. The anomalously old ²⁰⁷Pb/²³⁵U and ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages are consistent with the presence of excess radiogenic ²⁰⁷Pb* in the baddeleyite. We interpret this as a result of preferential partitioning of ²³¹Pa to baddeleyite.Fifteen phlogopite and tetraferriphlogopite fractions from five carbonatite and phoscorite samples yielded precise Rb-Sr isochron age of 372.2 ± 1.5 Ma, which is 5 to 7 m.y. younger than our best estimate based on U-Th-Pb age values. This difference is unlikely to be a result of the disturbance or late closure of Rb-Sr system in phlogopite, but rather suggests that the accepted decay constant of ⁸⁷Rb is too high.Comparative study of multiple geochronometer minerals from the Kovdor massif has revealed an exceptional complexity of isotopic systems. Reliable ages can be understood through systematic analysis of possible sources of distortion. No single geochronometer is sufficiently reliable in these rocks. Th-Pb and Rb-Sr can be a very useful supplement to U-Pb geochronometry, but the routine use of these geochronometers together will require more precise and accurate determination of decay constants for ²³²Th and ⁸⁷Rb.     

The behavior of 232Th and the 238U decay chain nuclides during magma formation and volcanism

Concentrations of the members of the ²³⁸U decay chain and ²³²Th were determined in volcanic rocks from convergent plate margins, intraplate volcanoes and oceanic spreading centers. Contemporary and historical volcanic rocks from Mt. St. Helens, Arenal, El Chichon, Hawaii and Iceland and submarine basaltic glass from the Galapagos spreading center all show no fractionation of U and Th in the mantle source or during magma formation at least for the past 300,000 years. Mauna Kea (Hawaii) rocks of alkaline composition greater than 4000 years old and an old submarine basalt show disequilibrium for several of the nuclides in the ²³⁸U decay chain. We interpret these as resulting from post-emplacement processes.