大气CO2浓度升高对海洋浮游植物影响的研究进展

工业的迅速发展、化石燃料的燃烧、森林的大量砍伐等引起大气中温室气体，特别是CO2的浓度逐年上升，据预测，到本世纪中叶大气CO2浓度将达到目前的2倍，即达到700μL L^-1。由CO2等微量气体浓度增加所造成的“温室效应”已成为影响全球变化的一个重要而又不可忽视的因素。近几年来通过“全球海洋通量的联合研究”表明，海洋对大气中CO2的净吸收主要是通过一系列被称为“生物泵”的生物学过程来实现，其中海洋浮游植物通过光合作用把海水中溶解态CO2转化为颗粒态是“生物泵”中一个重要的生物化学过程，可见海洋浮游植物对海洋回收大气CO2举足轻重。大气CO2浓度升高将导致海水中CO2浓度升高和pH值下降，进而对海洋浮游植物产生一定的影响，因此了解海洋浮游植物对大气CO2浓度升高的响应机制，对于预测未来大气CO2升高对海洋生态系统的影响和全球气候变化具有重要意义，有关大气CO2浓度升高对海洋浮游植物的影响研究已经成为当今国际海洋科学研究领域的重要内容。     

大气CO_2浓度升高对海洋浮游植物影响的研究进展

工业的迅速发展、化石燃料的燃烧、森林的大量砍伐等引起大气中温室气体,特别是CO2的浓度逐年上升,据预测,到本世纪中叶大气CO2浓度将达到目前的2倍,即达到700μL L-1[1]。由CO2等微量气体浓度增加所造成的“温室效应”已成为影响全球变化的一个重要而又不可忽视的因素。近几年来通过“全球海洋通量的联合研究”表明,海洋对大气中CO2的净吸收主要是通过一系列被称为“生物泵”的生物学过程来实现,其中海洋浮游植物通过光合作用把海水中溶解态CO2转化为颗粒态是“生物泵”中一个重要的生物化学过程[2],可见海洋浮游植物对海洋回收大气C…     

炔诺酮短期暴露对海洋青鳉仔鱼的毒性效应

【目的】研究低浓度炔诺酮（Norethisterone,NET）短期暴露对海洋青鳉（Oryzias melastigma）仔鱼的毒性效应。【方法】海洋青鳉仔鱼在8.96 ng/L的NET暴露10 d,分析仔鱼游泳行为,氧化-抗氧化相关酶活性,性激素、甲状腺激素水平,以及基因转录模式;NET处理后仔鱼在人工海水中饲养至5月龄,统计性别比例。【结果】NET短期暴露后,海洋青鳉仔鱼的游泳行为有显著的抑制效应,仔鱼在静止状态的时间减少,处于小运动和大运动状态的时间极显著增加（P <0.01）;丙二醛（MDA）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-PX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性变化不显著（P> 0.05）;仔鱼雌二醇（E2）水平显著降低（P <0.05）,睾酮（T）水平极显著提升（P <0.01）,群体中雌雄比例无影响;132个基因的转录模式发生改变,主要涉及节律调节、物质代谢和免疫等生物学过程。【结论】海洋青鳉在低浓度NET环境短期暴露可引起仔鱼游泳行为、激素水平及基因转录模式的变化;海洋环境残留的NET对鱼类健康有潜在风险,进而破坏海洋渔业资源。     

珠江河口经济动物体铜铅锌镉的含量

分别于2000年4月、2001年4月和2002年8月对珠江河口水域海洋经济动物体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd四种重金属元素的含量进行了调查分析,结果表明,14种经济动物体肌肉Cd、Cu、Pb、Zn各元素的平均含量分别是0.08、2.67、0.05、5.69mg·kg~(-1),其变化范围为nd～0.46mg·kg~(-1)、0.24～11.85mg·kg~(-1)、nd～0.26mg·kg~(-1)、1.55～18.36mg·kg~(-1)。甲壳类与头足类生物体内铜铅锌镉含量比较接近,远远高于鱼类的含量。所检测的14种经济类海洋动物中,虾姑、乌贼Cu的含量高于其余三种元素的含量,其余12种生物Zn的含量比另三种元素含量高。三次调查该水域经济类海洋动物体铜铅锌镉的含量基本一致。与水产品中有毒有害物质限量标准比较,14种被测样品铜、铅和镉的含量全部符合该标准的要求。     

中国近海浮游植物叶绿素、初级生产力时空变化及其影响机制研究进展

综合分析中国近海不同海域浮游植物的时空分布和季节变化特征研究,概述该海域浮游植物叶绿素和初级生产力研究。受复杂的物理环境场、生物地球化学作用等综合影响,不同海域Chl-a和初级生产力具有显著的时空变化特征:空间上,叶绿素浓度表现为近岸高离岸低、离岸海域随纬度增加呈升高趋势;时间上,大体呈现明显的季节变化特征,北部季节特征尤为明显,其中叶绿素浓度及生产力的季节最大值在南海出现在冬季,而在中国北部海域逐渐变化为春季。影响浮游植物生长的主要因素有营养盐、温度、光照、陆源输入、季风、环流、涡旋等,不同海域、不同季节浮游植物生长的限制因子有差异。另外,由于遥感数据的精度以及现场观测航次的频率较低和站位布置较为稀疏影响了上述机制的探讨,因而浮游植物生长的主要调控机制仍待进一步研究。     

海洋石油勘探开发污染物对海洋生物的影响与生物监测的研究进展

海洋石油勘探开发过程中产生的污染物主要包括溢油、燃料、洗压舱水、油田生产水、钻井泥浆等。生物监测是利用生物体检测污染物或其它危害因子引致的毒害效应水平 ,以评价污染物对环境影响的一种方法。石油开采业对海洋生物的影响是肯定的 ,不同的只是程度上的差别。在平台或排污源附近 ,生物体受影响的程度比较严重 ,表现在生理代谢异常、组织生化改变等 ,从而扰乱物种的生物繁殖 ,改变生物群落的生态结构和生活特性 [1] ,有些改变可能是不可逆的或致死性的。研究海洋石油开发污染物对海洋生物的影响以及利用海洋生物监测污染已成为一项重…     

镉的生物危害效应与水分变化的关系

阐述了镉（Ｃｄ）的生物危害性与水分运移、水量变化和作物含水量之间的内在联系，揭示了镉的生物毒性危害与水分变化作用的机制，这对于治理镉污染土地、减轻和控制其生物毒性危害作用具有重要意义。     

原子吸收分光光度法测定肉类样品中微量的铜铅锌镉

采用原子吸收法对肉类样品微量铜铅锌镉进行测定，重点对样品的前处理进行实验，拟订测试操作规程和仪器测量最佳条件，实验证明本法操作简便，准确快速，结果满意。     

国际海洋新秩序及其对我国海洋经济的影响

国际海洋新秩序的形成以<联合国海洋法公约>的生效为标志.<公约>不仅赋予了沿海国对200 n mile专属经济区的主权权利等海洋权益,带来国际海洋形势的新趋势,而且会对我国海洋经济产生重要影响.<公约>的生效一方面促进了我国海洋法律的建设进程,扩大了海洋管辖;另一方面又使我国海洋经济权益受到新的威胁.专属经济区制度对我国海洋渔业生产和管理也将产生重要影响.     

TOXIC EFFECTS OF Zn~(2+), Cu~(2+), Cd~(2+)and NH_3 ON CfflNESE PRAWN

This study deals with the toxic effects of Zn2+, Cu2+, Cd2+ and NH3 on Chinese prawn (Penaeus orientalis). The median lethal concentrations of the toxic matters on Chinese prawn were determined. Cd2+>Cu2+>Zn2+>NH3-Nm is the toxic order of these chemicals to Chinese prawn. The toxic order of concentrated Zn2+ and Cd2+ in tissues and organs of Chinese prawn is in the order gill > shell + appendage>viscera > muscle..     

4种重金属离子及其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫的急性毒性试验

研究了铜、锌、镉、铅离子及其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫(Brachionusurceus)的急性毒性影响,实验结果表明,Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+、Pb2+对壶状臂尾轮虫的24hLC50分别为83 .18μg/L、4 .27mg/L、7. 60mg/L、23 44mg/L,将4种离子按照质量比120∶20∶6∶1的比例配成混合金属溶液,其混合液对壶状臂尾轮虫的24hLC50为0 42mg/L。     

Heavy metal concentration and its evaluation in the organisms from Meizhou Bay

The present paper reports Zn,Cu,Pb,Cd,Ni,Fe,Mn and Co contents in the tissues of oyster,solen,red-tail prawn,sea eel and kelp,taken from Meizhou Bay(and analysed by flame atomicabsorption spectrophotometry after wet digestion)in June 1992,and also the concentration factors esti-mated from the mean metal concentrations in the organisms and water there.Heavy metal concentrationsin every species of the organisms followed the pattern:Fe,Mn,Cu,Zn>Pb,Cd,Ni,Co and in variousorganisms showed considerable variation.In general,levels of most of these metals were in the order:softtissues of the bivalves>the kelp>muscles of the red-tail prawn,the sea eel.The greatest concentrationof most metals was found in the gill or viscera of the sea eel,whereas the muscle tissues,in general,con-tained only low concentrations of them.The Cu,Zn concentration factors of the oyster were higher by1—2 orders of magnitude than that of the other organisms.The observed heavy metal levels were closeto those reported from various waters     

Heavy metal content in coral reef sediments from Red Sea of Yemen and its significance on marine environment

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, iead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.     

湛江港区底泥悬浮物对近江牡蛎的毒害效应

模拟湛江港涉海工程施工产生的悬浮物,探讨底泥悬浮物对工程附近海区近江牡蛎养殖的影响,研究不同浓度悬浮物对大、小规格近江牡蛎(Crassostrea rivularis)的毒害效应。结果表明,悬浮物对大规格近江牡蛎(8.12±1.76 cm)的毒害影响不明显;对小规格近江牡蛎(2.33±0.78 cm),悬浮物浓度≤270 mg/L时死亡率低于30%,悬浮物浓度≥810 mg/L时死亡明显增加,死亡率达60%。通过概率单位法计算,小规格近江牡蛎的96 h半致死浓度为627.17 mg/L。     

Heavy metal content in coral reef sediments from Red Sea of Yemen and its significance on marine environment

In order to determine and assess the concentrations of trace elements in coral reefs sediments from Red Sea of Yemen, sediment samples were collected, treated and analyzed for cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, iron, zinc and vanadium by the atomic absorption spectrometric analysis. The result is that cadmium, cobalt and lead concentrations were high and other elements are low or the same as natural background. It is concluded that the high cadmium, cobalt and lead levels in coral reefs sediments will have negative effects on marine life of the sites, so further researches are needed to characterize the sources fate, biogeochemical processes and impacts of these trace elements on coral reefs and marine of the region.     

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on Denitrification and Associated N2O Release in Estuarine and Marine Sediments

Silver nanoparticles(AgNPs)have been widely used in medicine and consumer products.And it enters the river in dif-ferent ways,then finally converges to the ocean through the estuary.AgNPs polution can affect NO₂?and N₂O production by denitri-fiers in aquatic system.The effects of AgNPs on denitrification activity,nitrogen transformation and nitrous oxide(N₂O)emission were investigated in Dagu River Estuary(DRE)and Jiaozhou Bay(JZB).The results showed that the potential denitrification activity(PDA),NO₃?and NO₂?reduction rates decreased with an increase of AgNPs concentration in DRE and JZB.However,the N₂O ac-cumulation was significantly increased at AgNPs concentrations above 5 mg kg^?1in both areas,and the accumulation rate was greater in estuary than in bay(P<0.05).Moreover,the total bacterial count showed a slightly increasing trend with an increase of AgNPs concentration(P>0.05)in DRE and JZB.Importantly,the relative abundance of narG,nirS and nosZ gene in two areas decreased with the increase of AgNPs concentration,and the negative effect of AgNPs varied in order:nosZ>nirS>narG,inferring that the expression of denitrifying related genes could be significantly and differently inhibited by AgNPs addition.Thus,this study demon-strated that the inhibitory effect of AgNPs on different denitrification process,which may lead to the increase of inorganic nitrogen accumulation and N₂O realease.This study provides a scientific basis for the further studies of AgNPs on the ecological impact mechanism and environmental effects of offshore sedimentary environment.     

长江三角洲典型地区土壤-水稻系统中Cd的分布及其迁移制约因素

为了弄清楚长江三角洲土壤-水稻系统中Cd污染和迁移制约因素,采集了典型地区的水稻土壤、秸秆、籽实等样品共66组,测试了这些样品中重金属元素和常量元素的含量、土壤pH值和总有机碳含量等参数指标,并对这些参数进行相关性分析,评估水稻土壤与籽实中的Cd污染,探讨Cd空间分布,讨论土壤中pH值和有机质以及其他金属元素对Cd在水...     

一些海洋动植物区系的真菌分离和抑菌活性初步研究

从南海海域的鱼类、贝类、海藻以及海泥样品中分离出199株海洋真菌,分属于青霉属、曲霉属和酵母属等9个属,其中以青霉属和曲霉属真菌居多,分别占28.6%和26.8%。以大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作为指示菌,筛选出抑菌活性菌株7株,其中2株既抗大肠杆菌又抗金黄色葡萄球菌,4株抗金黄色葡萄球菌,1株抗大肠杆菌。