ASYMMETRICAL STRUCTURES OF THE TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY OF TROPICAL CYCLONES

Based on NCEP/CFSR 0.5° reanalysis data and the best track data from the Japan Tokyo Typhoon Center,composite and comparative analyses demonstrate the asymmetrical structures of the temperature and humidity in tropical cyclones over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea from 1979 to 2010.The results are shown as follows.(1) With intensifying tropical cyclones,the flow field tends to become gradually more axisymmetric;however,the asymmetry of the specific humidity in the outer regions is more obvious.(2) In general,tropical cyclones have a non-uniform,vertical, "double warm-core" structure.The "warm-cores" in the lower level of weak tropical cyclones and in the higher level of strong tropical cyclones are the stronger of the two.(3) The distribution area of a "warm-core" is enhanced with cyclone intensification and tends to become more axisymmetric.At 200 hPa,the "warm-core" of a weak cyclone has a weak anticyclone in the center,whereas that of a strong cyclone has a weak cyclone in the center.(4)The "wet-core" of a tropical cyclone is primarily located in the lower level(700-850 hPa).With the cyclone's intensification,the intensity of the "wet-core" increases and the scope of the 0.8 g kg~(-1) specific humidity anomaly tends to expand to higher levels.(5) With the cyclone's deepening,the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at different levels in different regions increases.In addition,the largest warming rates at each intensity level in the different regions occur in the core area,followed in turn by the envelope and outer areas.     

27.3-day and Average 13.6-day Periodic Oscillations in the Earth’s Rotation Rate and Atmospheric Pressure Fields Due to Celestial Gravitation Forcing

Variation in length of day of the Earth (LOD, equivalent to the Earth’s rotation rate) versus change in atmospheric geopotential height fields and astronomical parameters were analyzed for the years 1962-2006. This revealed that there is a 27.3-day and an average 13.6-day periodic oscillation in LOD and atmospheric pressure fields following lunar revolution around the Earth. Accompanying the alternating change in celestial gravitation forcing on the Earth and its atmosphere, the Earth’s LOD changes from minimum to maximum, then to minimum, and the atmospheric geopotential height fields in the tropics oscillate from low to high, then to low. The 27.3-day and average 13.6-day periodic atmospheric oscillation in the tropics is proposed to be a type of strong atmospheric tide, excited by celestial gravitation forcing. A formula for a Tidal Index was derived to estimate the strength of the celestial gravitation forcing, and a high degree of correlation was found between the Tidal Index determined by astronomical parameters, LOD, and atmospheric geopotential height. The reason for the atmospheric tide is periodic departure of the lunar orbit from the celestial equator during lunar revolution around the Earth. The alternating asymmetric change in celestial gravitation forcing on the Earth and its atmosphere produces a "modulation" to the change in the Earth’s LOD and atmospheric pressure fields.     

The Role of the Halted Baroclinic Mode at the Central Equatorial Pacific in El Nino Event

The role of halted "baroclinic modes" in the central equatorial Pacific is analyzed. It is found that dominant anomaly signals corresponding to "baroclinic modes" occur in the upper layer of the equatorial Pacific, in a two-and-a-half layer oceanic model, in assimilated results of a simple OGCM and in the ADCP observation of TAO. A second "baroclinic mode" is halted in the central equatorial Pacific corresponding to a positive SST anomaly while the first "baroclinic mode" propagates eastwards in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The role of the halted second "baroclinic mode" in the central equatorial Pacific is explained by a staged ocean-atmosphere interaction mechanism in the formation of El Nino: the westerly bursts in boreal winter over the western equatorial Pacific generate the halted second "baroclinic mode" in the central equatorial Pacific, leading to the increase of heat content and temperature in the upper layer of the central Pacific which induces the shift of convection from over the western equatorial Pacific to the central equatorial Pacific; another wider, westerly anomaly burst is induced over the western region of convection above the central equatorial Pacific and the westerly anomaly burst generates the first "baroclinic mode" propagating to the eastern equatorial Pacific, resulting in a warm event in the eastern equatorial Pacific. The mechanism presented in this paper reveals that the central equatorial Pacific is a key region in detecting the possibility of ENSO and, by analyzing TAO observation data of ocean currents and temperature in the central equatorial Pacific, in predicting the coming of an El Nino several months ahead.     

THE "CLIMATE TRANSITION" OF THE LONG TERM VARIATION OF OCEAN CONDITION IN THE NORTHERN PACIFIC AND RESPONSE OF ATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION IN RECENT 50 YEARS

In this paper, the analysis of net volume of the Kuroshio in PN section of the East China Sea, the calculations of volume transports of the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC) and the upper layer heat content (0～150 m) in 137°E section during 1967-1992,and the sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the northern Pacific are illustrated. Meanwhile,the long term variation of subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmosphere oscillation are also analyzed. By using Mann-Kendall method, the verification shows that the ocean condition and atmospheric circulation system mentioned above all presented "climate transition"during the mid-and late-Stage of 1970's, that is, the volume transports of the Kuroshio, the NEC and the NECC varied from weak to strong; the SSTA changed from the type of La Nina to that of E1 Nino,which were coincident with atmospheric circulation system, i. e. the subtropical high in northern hemisphere and in the western Pacific, and atmospheric oscillation all had the feature of changing from weak to strong, which indicated the response of atmospheric "climate transition" to oceanic "climate transition ".     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Impacts of Aerosol-Radiation Interactions on the Wintertime Particulate Pollution under Different Synoptic Patterns in the Guanzhong Basin,China

The effects of aerosol–radiation interactions(ARI) are not only important for regional and global climate, but they can also drive particulate matter(PM) pollution. In this study, the ARI contribution to the near-surface fine PM(PM2.5)concentrations in the Guanzhong Basin(GZB) is evaluated under four unfavorable synoptic patterns, including "northlow", "transition", "southeast-trough", and "inland-high", based on WRF-Chem model simulations of a persistent heavy PM pollution episode in January 2019. Simulations show that ARI consistently decreases both solar radiation reaching down to the surface(SWDOWN) and surface temperature(TSFC), which then reduces wind speed, induces sinking motion,and influences cloud formation in the GZB. However, large differences under the four synoptic patterns still exist. The average reductions of SWDOWN and daytime TSFC in the GZB range from 15.2% and 1.04°C in the case of the"transition" pattern to 26.7% and 1.69°C in the case of the "north-low" pattern, respectively. Furthermore, ARI suppresses the development of the planetary boundary layer(PBL), with the decrease of PBL height(PBLH) varying from 18.7% in the case of the "transition" pattern to 32.0% in the case of the "north-low" pattern. The increase of daytime near-surface PM2.5 in the GZB due to ARI is 12.0%, 8.1%, 9.5%, and 9.7% under the four synoptic patterns, respectively. Ensemble analyses also reveal that when near-surface PM2.5 concentrations are low, ARI tends to lower PM2.5 concentrations with decreased PBLH, which is caused by enhanced divergence or a transition from divergence to convergence in an area. ARI contributes 15%–25% toward the near-surface PM2.5 concentrations during the severe PM pollution period under the four synoptic patterns.     

A Numerical World Ocean General Circulation Model

This paper describes a numerical model of the world ocean based on the fully primitive equations. A "Standard" ocean state is introduced into the equations of the model and the perturbed thermodynamic variables are used in the modlc's calculations. Both a free upper surface and a bottom topography are included in the model and a sigma coordinate is used to normalize the model's vertical component. The model has four unevenly-spaced layers and 4 × 5 horizontal resolution based on C-grid system. The finite-difference scheme of the model is designed to conserve the gross available energy in order to avoid fictitious energy generation or decay.The model has been tested in response to the annual mean surface wind stress, sea level air pressure and sea level air temperature as a preliminary step to its further improvement and its coupling with a global atmospheric general circulation model. Some of results, including currents, temperature and sea surface elevation simulated by the mode! arc presented.     

TBB DATA-REVEALED FEATURES OF ASIAN-AUSTRALIAN MONSOON SEASONAL TRANSITION AND ASIAN SUMMER MONSOOM ESTABLISHMENT

Based on T_BB data from Meteorological Institute Research of Japan, study is carried out of the features of seasonal transition of Asian-Australian monsoons and Asian summer monsoon establishment,indicating that the transition begins as early as in April, followed by abrupt change in May-June; the Asian summer monsoon situation is fully established in June. The winter convective center in Sumatra moved steadily northwestward across the "land bridge" of the maritime continent and the Indo-China Peninsula as time goes from winter to summer, thus giving rise to the change in large scale circulations that is responsible for the summer monsoon establishment over SE Asia and India; the South China Sea to the western Pacific summer monsoon onset bears a close relation to the active convection in the Indo China Peninsula and steady eastward retreat of the subtropical TBB high-value band,corresponding to the western Pacific subtropical high.     

INSTABILITY OF THE TELECONNECTION OF SUMMER RAINFALLS BETWEEN NORTH CHINA AND INDIA

Summer rainfall variations in North China closely relate to that in India. It seems that an alternation of signs of " , -, " exists in the geographical pattern of the correlation in summer rainfall from North China to India through the Tibetan Plateau. However, it appears that the teleconnection of summer rainfall variations between North China and India is unstable. Over 1945 - 1974, the correlation coefficient (hereafter as CC) is as large as 0.7. In contrast, the CC is about-0.3 over 1827-1856. Further studies, based on observations starting from 1813, showed that the correlation is strong when summer rainfalls in both North China and India are large, and vice versa. In order to find what induce the change of the teleconnection, variations of summer rainfall in both North China and India, mean sea surface temperature (SST) in the eastern equatorial Pacific and the frequency of ENSO events were examined in relation to the change of the teleconnection. The result showed that the teleconnection appears weak when the mean SST is high and the frequency of La Nia events is low; the teleconnection is strong when the mean SST is low and the frequency of La Nia events is high. At last, it is notable that La Nia happens in only 3 years during the recent 30 years from 1976 to 2005 and the teleconnection becomes weak too.     

Effect of implementing ecosystem functional type data in a mesoscale climate model

In this paper, we introduce a new concept of land-surface state representation for southern South America, which is based on "functional" attributes of vegetation, and implement a new land-cover (Ecosystem Functional Type, hereafter EFT) dataset in the Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model. We found that the EFT data enabled us to deal with functional attributes of vegetation and time-variant features more easily than the default land-cover data in the WRF. In order to explore the usefulness of the EFT data in simulations of surface and atmospheric variables, numerical simulations of the WRF model, using both the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the EFT data, were conducted over the La Plata Basin in South America for the austral spring of 1998 and compared with observations. Results showed that the model simulations were sensitive to the lower boundary conditions and that the use of the EFT data improved the climate simulation of 2-m temperature and precipitation, implying the need for this type of information to be included in numerical climate models.     

Synoptic Features of the Second Meiyu Period in 1998 over China

1. IntroductionThe Meiyu, translated as plum rain, is a majorannual rainfall event over the Yangtze River Basin inChina and southern Japan in June and July. Theheavy rainfall is mainly caused by a quasi-stationaryfront, known as the Meiyu front, extended from east-ern China to southern Japan (Tao, 1958; Matsumotoet al., 1971; Akiyama, 1990; Gao et al, 1990). Studiesof Zhang and Zhang (1990) and Chen et al. (1998)pointed that the Meiyu front is one of the most signif-icant circulation s…     

2016年江淮地区梅汛期首场持续性暴雨的持续原因初探

利用NCEP/NCAR的再分析资料和逐6 h降水实况观测资料,对2016年6月30日—7月6日江淮地区首场持续性暴雨的持续原因进行了初步分析。结果表明,此次持续性暴雨的主雨带位于西太平洋副热带高压(简称西太副高,下同)的西北侧、中低层江淮切变线的南侧,高空急流入口区的右侧,低空急流轴的左前侧;高空强辐散与低空强辐合长时间维持为暴雨的持续提供了有利的动力条件,西风槽前和西太副高外围两个水汽通道为此次暴雨过程提供了充分的水汽,其周期性辐合为暴雨的持续提供了有利的水汽条件;江淮流域上空大气上干冷、下暖湿状态的重复形成,为暴雨的持续提供了足够的能量;江淮切变线附近中尺度低涡的新生、发展和维持为暴雨的持续提供了持续的辐合抬升条件;锋生的周期性增强对降水强度的预报具有一定指示意义。      

1991年梅雨锋云系分析

利用一小时一次的卫星资料和降水资料，分析了１９９１年江淮梅雨期第三段（６月２９日－７月１３日）梅雨锋云系的特征，包括梅雨锋云系的建立和重建过程、它的走向、分布特征、日变化特征，以及它和其他云系之间的关系等，梅雨锋云系的建立是来自高原东北部的华西盾状云系和西南季风云系相互作用的结果。外围不同性质的云系对梅雨锋云系的影响是造成江淮梅雨锋云系强烈发展，继而产生暴雨天气的重要原因之一。      

Diagnostic study on the structural characteristics of a typical mei-yu front system and its maintenance mechanism

In this paper, a typical mei-yu front process with heavy rainfall from June 12 to 15 in 1998 is analyzed. The results show that the mei-yu front is a front system which consists of an iso-θe dense area with strong horizontal gradient, a deep-convective cloud tower band, a passageway transporting warm and moist air flow from the summer monsoon surge in the mid and low levels to the south of the mei-yu front,and a migrating synoptic scale trough to the north of the mei-yu front, which transports cold and dry air southward in the mid and upper levels. The maintenance of the mei-yu front is realized by: (1) is a positive feedback between the moist physical process enhancing frontogenesis and the development of the strong convective system in front of the mei-yu front; (2) the sustaining system to the north of the mei-yu front which is a migrating synoptic scale trough transporting cold and dry air to the mei-yu front and positive vorticity to the mesoscale system in front of the mei-yu front.     

THE POSITION VARIATION OF THE WEST PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH AND ITS POSSIBLE MECHANISM

Using NCEP/NCAR daily reanalysis data and SCSMEX data, an investigation is carried out of the relationship between the position variation of the west Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the apparent heating in June 1998 based on the complete vertical vorticity equation. It is found that the non-adiabatic heating plays an important role in the position variation of WPSH. In comparison with climatic mean status, the vertical change of non-adiabatic heating is stronger in the north side of WPSH in June 1998, but weaker in the south side of WPSH. The anomalous non-uniform heating induces anomalous cyclonic vorticity in South China, areas to the south of the Yangtze and its mid-lower valleys, but anomalous anticyclonic vorticity in the Indo-China Peninsula and South China Sea areas lead to the more southward position of WPSH than the mean.     

“菲特”台风暴雨成因分析

201323号台风“菲特”是建国以来登陆我国的最强秋季台风,给浙江省带来暴雨天气。利用NCEP再分析资料从天气形势、动力、热力等方面对此次暴雨的成因进行了分析,结果表明：1）此次强降水可以分为两个阶段：第一阶段主要由“菲特”本身的环流引起;第二阶段由“菲特”残留云系长时间维持及其与弱冷空气的相互作用引起,且弱冷空气对降水的增幅作用十分明显。2）第一阶段水汽主要由其本身的环流提供,由“菲特”南侧的偏南风低空急流和东侧的偏东风低空急流从南海和西太平洋输送水汽,第二阶段水汽主要由“丹娜丝”外围的偏东风急流从西太平洋输送水汽。3）弱冷空气的扩散使斜压性增强,并使斜压位能释放转化为动能,促使台风残留低压环流加剧,并在台风外围东偏南暖湿气流之间形成中尺度辐合带,为暴雨天气的产生提供了良好的动力条件。4）弱冷空气叠加在950 hPa以下较强的暖平流之上,加剧了上冷下暖的不稳定层结,同时也使低层辐合加强．为暴雨区中尺度对流云团的发展提供了动力抬升机制。     

2018年6月贵州一次持续性降水天气过程分析

该文利用常规气象降水观测资料和NCAR提供的1°×1°的FNL再分析资料,对贵州2018年6月20—24日大范围持续性降水天气过程进行分析,结果表明:100 hPa受南亚高压影响,贵州处在高压前部的高层辐散、低层辐合气流中,有利于产生上升运动。500 hPa亚欧大陆稳定的两槽一脊环流形势,导致北方弱冷空气从贝加尔湖高压脊前不断南下至长江流域。850 hPa主要受低空急流和切变线的影响,低空急流将西南暖湿气流源源不断地输送到中国南方;切变线稳定位于浙江中部至贵州北部,同时贵州的水汽通量辐合区位于切变线南侧,利于水汽辐合上升。贵州全省处在低层辐合、高层辐散的垂直运动负值区中,有良好的上升运动条件。水汽和动力条件的配合,是造成此次贵州大范围的持续性降水天气的主要原因。     

山区地形对暴雨的影响

利用常规气象观测资料、卫星云图、多普勒天气雷达资料、区域自动气象站资料与NECP/NCAR 1°×1°逐6 h全球再分析资料,对2016年7月3—4日梵净山东南侧暖区特大暴雨的中尺度系统演变与环境场特征进行了分析。结果表明：（1）该过程暴雨发生在副热带高压西北侧高空槽区、低层暖切变南侧、低空急流左前端及高空200 hPa分流辐散区,主要影响系统为500 hPa高空槽和850 hPa暖切变线,地面无明显冷空气影响,属贵州暖区极端暴雨。（2）此次暖区暴雨是由4个对流云团连续影响直接造成,强降雨出现在对流云团中心附近及其后侧云顶亮温（T_BB）等值线梯度大值区。（3）暴雨由积状云为主的混合降水回波造成;暖云层和湿层深厚、低层水汽输送充沛、异常偏低的自由对流高度（LFC）和抬升凝结高度（LCL）及中等强度“瘦高”型对流有效位能分布,是形成高效率降水的有利环境条件。（4）梵净山对水汽向北输送具有阻挡作用,使水汽通量大值带和水汽辐合中心集中在其东南侧;边界层偏东风在山前转向南流与南来偏南气流在暴雨区形成东西向稳定中尺度辐合线,对流在辐合线附近触发、合并、加强和东移是造成特大暴雨的重要原因;迎风坡和喇叭口地形的中小尺度动力强迫有利于边界层水汽输送和抬升凝结。

     

一次典型梅雨锋锋面结构分析

1999年梅雨期在长江中下游维持着一条典型的梅雨锋 ,锋面和梅雨雨带呈东西走向 ,从中国的四川省一直延伸到日本。锋面两侧的温度及湿度对比明显 ,并且其上有数个中间尺度的低涡沿梅雨锋依次向东移动发展 ,在长江中下游造成严重的梅雨暴雨和洪涝。文中分析了 1999年这次典型梅雨锋的锋面结构。结果表明 ,从温度场看 ,由于梅雨区对流和降水的显著发展 ,梅雨锋的低层温度对比几近消失 ,其中上部仍具有典型的上宽下窄的锋面结构 ,锋面随高度向北倾斜。在低层经向温度场呈现复杂的暖 -冷 -暖的结构 ,即北部华北平原为地面感热加热造成的相对较暖的变性极地大陆气团 ,中间为冷空气南下和降水冷却造成的相对较冷的梅雨区 ,南部是相对较暖的热带海洋气团。在这种温度场下 ,由北部低层变性暖气团与梅雨区偏冷空气形成了明显的温度对比区 ,文中定义这个区域为梅雨赤道锋。因而 ,在低层东亚梅雨区的锋区结构由梅雨赤道锋和减弱的梅雨锋构成。在 6 0 0hPa以上前者消失 ,只有单一的极锋型的梅雨锋结构。在此分析的基础上文中给出了东亚梅雨期锋面结构模型图。另外还指出 ,从假相当位温场分析 ,主要表现出梅雨区的深厚对流。降雨引起了高θse带及其南北高θse梯度区 ,其北侧高θse梯度区大致相当于梅雨锋 ,而南侧高θs     

副高外围对流雨带中的对流—对称不稳定及锋生的诊断分析

对2009年8月25日西太平洋副热带高压（简称副高）西北外围对流雨带的云图特征进行了分析,利用WRF3.3中尺度模式对对流雨带的发生发展进行了数值模拟,在模拟较成功的基础上,利用模式输出结果分析了对流雨带发生时的对称不稳定、对流不稳定、惯性不稳定以及锋生等。结果表明：副高外围对流雨带由若干具有一定间隔的对流单体构成,单体在随对流层中层气流的移动中逐渐发展直至消亡。对流雨带的西北侧为宽广的带状斜压云系,东南侧为副高控制的晴空区。对流雨带发生于对流层低层（700 hPa以下）的对称不稳定区,700～500 hPa存在对流不稳定和弱的惯性不稳定。随着对流的发展,700～500 hPa的对流不稳定度明显减弱,而惯性不稳定明显加强。对流层低层为倾斜上升区,中高层为垂直上升区,左侧对应下沉气流,呈现明显的倾斜对流和垂直对流的混和特征,体现了对流—对称不稳定的作用。对流层低层（750 hPa以下）锋生的存在提供了对流—对称不稳定能量释放的有利条件。对流雨带与500～800 hPa等厚度线基本平行,而与500 hPa等高线存在明显的交角,雨带中的对流单体随环境气流移动,雨带符合与对称不稳定相联系的带状降水特征。上述结论对实际预报副高外围对流雨带的位置和走向具有指示意义。