Toxic effects of Alkyl benzene sodium sulfonate on incubation of carp (Cyprinus carpio rabeifusecus) eggs in Dianchi Lake

Dianchi Lake is a famous freshwater lake in China, and also an important fishery base of Kunming City. Every year, more than 2000 metric tons of washing powder are poured into Dianchi Lake along with urban sewage, which endangers the fishery breeding activities. Toxic effect tests were carried out on incubation stages of carp eggs, newborn fish and young fish at different concentrations of Alkyl Benzene Sodium Sulfonate (ABS) liquid. It is concluded that the most seriously impaired stage by the ABS is that at incubation, which also causes young fish mutations and high death rates. The safe concentration of ABS for incubation of carp eggs is lower than 0.3 mg/1. This study has an important and practical meaning for the protection of fishery resources as well as for establishment and improvement of water quality standards for the fishery.     

大地热流对滇池环境的影响与滇池污染治理的新思路

滇池经过长达7年、投资40多亿元的治理,在污染源头控制上已经取得了明显成绩,在一定程度上缓解了生态环境的进一步恶化。滇池水体水质至今没有好转的根本原因在于对滇池蓝藻爆发机理的认识没有考虑其所处的特殊地理环境。滇池水体富营养化之后,是由于较高的大地热流背景和四季如春的气候条件使蓝藻得以不停息地繁殖,致使滇池的水生生态系统完全瘫痪,水体完全失去自净能力。“抑制蓝藻的繁殖”和“清除水体中的营养物质”两大问题形成了滇池治理中一个难解的死结。解开死结的有效措施是从抚仙湖调清水给滇池换水,恢复草海,提高湖水自净能力,发展水生生态系统,抑制藻类繁殖。     

牛栏江流域水污染特征与水资源保护对策研究

牛栏江—滇池补水工程是滇池流域及周边地区的水资源综合利用工程,是增加滇池生态环境水量,改善滇池水资源质量的重要工程,对于保障现代新昆明建设和云南省经济社会可持续发展具有重大战略意义。然而近年的监测结果表明,牛栏江流域水资源质量有下降趋势。在以往的研究中曾提出面源污染是主要污染源。通过研究,发现牛栏江水污染物以总磷(TP)为主,且主要集中在七星桥断面以上;总磷(TP)污染主要来自于工业排放。并据此提出水污染治理的水资源保护对策。水环境治理措施和水质监测结果验证了结果的可靠性。     

昆明滇池及盘龙江磷形态分布研究

对昆明地区松华坝水库－盘龙江－滇池水系表层水中的可溶性和不溶性正磷酸盐,聚磷酸盐和有机磷等磷的几种形态进行分析,得出了磷形态分布曲线,从而为滇池水系磷污染的研究和治理提供了一定依据。     

A sewage and sludge treated lake and its impact on the environment, Mysore, India

Water, soil, suspended load and biomass samples were collected from a sewage and sludge treated lake (Lake Dalavayi) around Mysore, Karnataka, India. The polluted lake water is mainly used for irrigation and domestic purposes. The samples have been analysed for heavy metals (Cu, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Fe, Mn, V, Zn, Sr) and cations (Ca, Na, Mg) by Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometer (ICP) model Labtam 8500. With the exception of water, all the matrices suspended particulate matter, lake bed sediment and biomass of the lake show high concentrations of heavy metals and cations when compared to the World Health Organization (WHO) standard, indicating metal toxicity in this lake. Additional inputs of soaps and detergents carried by sewage water are causing the eutrophication of the lake. Elevated levels of heavy metal toxicity, especially Co and Cd, are indicated by the bioindicator Eichornia cressepes (water hyacinth), which, using these metals as micronutrients, has grown luxuriously over the lake water, further augmenting the death of lifeforms in the lake.     

The Potential Endangers of the Tectonic Lake Water Leakage from Dianchi and Water Security

Dianchi or Lake Dian is the largest shallow water lake on the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, which is not only crucial to maintain the ecological environments of Kunming, the famous city with four springs, but also contains almost 1.5×10⁹ m³ highly polluted water. The management of the lake pollution and eutrophication will be a long-lasting hard work and the sudden diffusion of such highly polluted water can lead to catastrophic eco-environmental problems. Based on the historical documents, underwater topographic features, regional geological tectonics and the chronology of the sediments, it can be concluded that at one time the water leaked out in Dianchi, which is in consistent with the historical record of 1764 AD. This water leak event resulted in two funnels in the center of Dianchi. The sedimentary feature and the deformation properties indicated that the slope of one funnel collapsed, which means it was blocked, but the other one was under development or in dormancy. When the pressure induced from the water level changed or the earthquakes occurred, the underwater channel could be open or connected, a catastrophic water leakage might be induced. The highly polluted lake water would possibly flow to Lake Fuxian and pollute almost 9% national strategic fresh water resource, resulting in an eco-environmental event and endangering the national water security. Therefore, to monitor the water flowing situation, detect the position and direction of the channel, block the channel and prevent possible lake water leakage are the priority and urgent measurements at present.     

滇池湖滨带叶绿素a与营养盐空间分布特征

为探讨滇池湖滨带叶绿素a与营养盐空间分布特征及其对滇池水体富营养化的影响,在滇池湖滨带设置21个采样点进行水质调查,采集滇池水样,分析测定总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、化学需氧量(CODCr)、叶绿素a(Chla)和悬浮固体(SS)。结果表明:滇池湖滨带水体TN、TP、CODCr、Chla、SS浓度均值的空间分布存在差异,叶绿素a空间分布呈现北高南低,西高东低的趋势。滇池湖滨带的北部和东部水体Chla与TN极显著相关,TN具有强变异性。南部和西部TN与CODCr、TP显著相关,南部Chla与营养盐空间变异性较小,污染风险相对较小。按照"一区一策"的原则,滇池北部和东部湖滨带富营养化以控制TN的水平为主,南部、西部的富营养化防控则需要控制整体营养盐元素浓度。     

太湖沉积物中重金属的测定及环境意义

通过对太湖地区水域湖泊沉积物中重金属含量的抽样测试，描述了太湖水域重金属（Ag、As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等）元素的污染状及其分布，结果表明：太湖沉积物中重金属含量北部明显高于东部，来自太湖北岸城镇和工业区的未处理工业及生活污水，对太湖北部水域造成的重金属污染程度远高于以养殖业为主的东太湖及湖心水域。     

滇池湖泊沉积物中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂的组成特征

以云贵高原浅水湖泊—滇池作为研究对象,在对湖心一个63 cm沉积物柱样的有机质总体及分子有机地球化学研究的基础上,对沉积物有机质中甘油二烷基甘油四醚脂（GDGTs）组成进行了测定。研究结果表明,滇池湖泊沉积物中具有丰富的GDGTs,且以反映陆相土壤来源的支链类GDGTs为主。该沉积柱样中支链类GDGTs的环化指标（CBT）和甲基化指标（MBT）揭示出:1）整个沉积阶段滇池流域土壤的pH值主要介于7.5~8.2,相对中、下部层段,上部层段pH值呈现略微减小的趋势;2）基于CBT/MBT重建的滇池流域内年平均气温呈现由早期的温暖潮湿气候逐渐向寒冷干燥气候变化,近来又有所回暖的变化过程,这可以很好地解释该沉积柱中、下层段记录的总体有机质主要特征的演化规律。     

Pollution in Taihu Lake China: causal chain and policy options analyses

Taihu Lake is located at the densely populated region of the eastern coast of China. Taihu Basin is one of the most developed regions of China. Over the past decades, especially since the reforming and opening-up of China in 1980s, the lake has received more and more pressure from a variety of interlinked human activities, including industrial pollution, fertilizer and pesticide application, eutrophication, overfishing, etc. Water quality has been deteriorating sharply in the lake. In this paper, we made a comprehensive assessment of the environmental and socio-economic issues to affect Taihu Lake ecosystem health. Pollution was identified as the most serious environmental concern. The root causes of these environmental problems are recognized to be diverse, including dense population, high urbanization, heavy industrialization, fast economic development, insufficient sewage treatment, weak public awareness of environment conservation, and lack of institutional capacity and insufficient enforcement through regulations and legislation. On the policy part, past and current policies and measures are reviewed, especially the “Zero” discharge action and phosphate ban in detergents in Taihu Basin. In order to mitigate environmental problems, some further policy options have been proposed, including: improving the fishery management; strengthening cross- provincial collaboration; making efforts to reduce flood disaster and increasing investment to new environmental protection technologies. It is important to assess the economic, social and environmental values of natural resources (soil, water and organisms) in order to allocate them efficiently and fairly between the present and future generations.     

Biodegradation of anionic surfactants by isolated bacteria from activated sludge

Sodium dodecyl sulphate, (SDS) is an anionic surfactant that widely used all over the world. They will eventually end-up and accumulate in household or industrial sewage. Due to their high foaming capabilities, which can cause numerous problems in sewage treatment facilities as well as direct toxic effects on many different organisms in ecosystem; they are generally considered as serious pollutants. In this survey, two different bacteria were isolated from Tehran municipal activated sludge. Biochemical tests as well as 16S rRNA gene sequencing for identification have been applied. After experiments to optimize the pH and temperature for growth of the two bacterial isolates, the extent of SDS utilization was evaluated by HPLC method. Two bacterial isolates show which ability to rapidly and actively degrade SDS upon using it as their sole source of carbon. The identification tests have indicated the two isolates to be Acinetobacter johnsoni and Pseudomonas beteli. The Pseudomonas beteli and Acinetobacter johnsoni isolates were able to degrade 97.2% and 96.4% of the original SDS levels after 10 days of growth; respectively. Mixed culture of the two isolates did not significantly increase SDS utilization, (97.6%). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that growth of simple bacteria such as Acinetobacter or Pseudomonas in household and industrial sewage can be cost-effective method anionic surfactants elimination.     

Predicting lake water quality responses to load reduction: a three-dimensional modeling approach for total maximum daily load

Water quality restoration efforts often suffer the risk of ineffectiveness and failure due to lack of quantitative decision supports. During the past two decades, the restoration of one of China’s most heavily polluted lakes, Lake Dianchi, has experienced costly decision ineffectiveness with no detectable water quality improvement. The governments are planning to invest tremendous amount of funds in the next 5 years to continue the lake restoration process; however, without a quantitative understanding between the load reduction and the response in lake water quality, it is highly possible that these planned efforts would suffer the similar ineffectiveness as before. To provide scientifically sound decision support for guiding future load reduction efforts in Lake Dianchi Watershed, a sophisticated quantitative cause-and-effect response system was developed using a three-dimensional modeling approach. It incorporates the complex three dimensional hydrodynamics, fate and transport of nutrients, as well as nutrient-algae interactions into one holistic framework. The model results show that the model performs well in reproducing the observed spatial pattern and temporal trends in water quality. The model was then applied to three total maximum daily load scenarios and two refined restoration scheme scenarios to quantify phytoplankton responses to various external load reduction intensities. The results show that the algal bloom in Lake Dianchi responds to load reduction in a complex and nonlinear way, therefore, it is necessary to apply the developed system for future load reduction and lake restoration schemes for more informed decision making and effective management.     

淡水湖泊中类蛭弧菌的分离方法

从贵州阿哈湖、百花湖及云南滇池不同深度的湖水中筛选出2株宿主菌株。经16SrRNA基因序列分析,这2株宿主菌分别鉴定为肠杆菌(Enterobacteriales)和黄色单胞菌(Xanthomonadales)。分别利用这2株宿主菌,从湖水样品中获得到了类蛭弧菌噬菌斑。通过吸光度分析、用淡水类蛭弧菌的特异性引物进行基因扩增、DNA序列分析等一系列方法,证实了所分离的菌株为类蛭弧菌。建立了用同一生长环境中的宿主菌来分离类蛭弧菌的方法,并用该方法从淡水湖泊中分离出了不同类群的类蛭弧菌菌株。     

Phosphorus in suspended matter and sediments of a hypertrophic lake. A case study: Lake Dianchi,China

From June 2004 to December 2004, Lake Dianchi, which had large scale of cyanobacterial blooms was investigated in order to study P-fractionation in the suspended matter and the sediment. The investigation improves our understanding of phosphorus in Lake Dianchi and the relationship between phosphorus and cyanobacterial blooms. It contributes to the available literature on the behavior of P in hypertrophic lakes. The distribution of P-fractions in Lake Dianchi was not uniform from northwest to south, but was closely related to the trophic status of the whole lake. The concentrations of total phosphorus, labile P (NH₄Cl-P), Organic P (NaOH-NRP) and loss on ignition in suspended matter were positively correlated with the strength of cyanobacterial blooms. Total phosphorus in suspended matter was relatively stable for almost half an year and closely related to Chl. a concentration. The main content of organic phosphorus is in the cyanobacterial blooms. The concentrations of phosphorus bound to metal oxides and carbonates (NaOH-SRP and HCl-P) in sediment were similar to NaOH-SRP and HCl-P in the corresponding suspended matter. The latter two forms of P in suspended matter were not affected by cyanobacterial blooms, indicating that the inorganic phosphorus is derived from the sediment after resuspension from the sediment due to wind and wave action. The contribution of the different P-fractions to TP in sediment and in suspended matter indicates that NH₄Cl-P in the suspended matter is an important buffer for maintaining dissolved phosphorus in water.     

滇池水中铝的形态分布初探

采用铬天青S光度法对滇池水中的总铝和各主要形态铝进行分析，并利用简单易行的紫外吸收表征水中有机物污染程度和颗粒物含量，初步探讨了各因素的变化对铝形态分布的影响。     

不同干燥方式对湖泊沉积物磷提取的影响

以滇池5个典型区域表层沉积物为例,研究了自然风干、低温烘干和真空冻干等3种干燥方式对沉积物中磷的形态含量及其生物有效性测定的影响。结果表明：烘干、风干过程促进了沉积物有机磷的降解转化和微生物磷的释放,导致有机磷的含量偏低,总磷含量却比冻干高。各形态磷受不同干燥方式的影响程度不同,风干样品中BD-P较高,冻干样品中NaOH-rP含量最高,NH4Cl-P、HCl-P、残渣磷（Residual-P）由于含量较低或其化学性质比较稳定而差异不大。冻干样品中生物可利用磷分别比风干、烘干高26.7%、20.2%,表明冻干处理能较为真实地反映沉积物中磷的组成特征,是比较理想的样品干燥方式。各形态含量顺序为：藻类可利用磷（AAP）〉NaHCO3可提取磷（Olsen-P）〉水溶性磷（WSP）〉易解吸磷（RDP）。沉积物中Olsen-P与NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP、活性磷及上覆水体总磷水平呈显著正相关,因此可作为评价滇池沉积物磷的生物有效性的重要指标。     

不同水域鲤鱼耳石微化学特征及其环境指示意义

利用中子活化分析对密云水库与白洋淀水域两个不同水域（无污染水域和重污染水域）中鲤鱼耳石的微量元素进行分析，发现白洋淀鲤鱼耳石中Sr、Zn、As、Au、Ba、K、Na的含量明显比密云水库鲤鱼耳石的相应元素含量高。采用线性判别方法对两地耳石中Sr、Zn、As、Ba4种元素进行分析，表明存在明显的分组差异，而且两地的差别主要在于Sr含量不同，其次是Zn、As和Ba；白洋淀鲤鱼耳石中As、Ba、Sr、Na等元素含量变化幅度比密云水库鲤鱼耳石中相应元素含量的变化幅度大，与白洋淀水域废水排放时间上的周期性和短暂性导致元素在耳石部分日轮上沉淀等因素相吻合。两地鲤鱼耳石微量元素特征存在截然的区别，与两地水域水体中微量元素差异相一致，表明鲤鱼耳石微化学特征具有水化学环境指示意义，为进一步研究利用鲤鱼耳石进行水化学环境监测或恢复鲤鱼生长期水环境特征奠定了基础。     

天然矿物材料修复富营养化水体的实验研究

采用底泥掩蔽技术，选取天然红土，添加适量的粉煤灰及石灰粉作为掩蔽覆盖物，对滇池富营养化水体进行现场修复实验。结果表明：用天然矿物材料减小底泥内源营养盐负荷的释放修复富营养化水体的效果良好；红土是有效的底泥覆盖材料，添加粉煤灰和石灰粉有助于消减底泥中TP、TN的释放量，还可提高对藻类等浮游植物繁殖的营养基础和对藻、藻细胞及其胚胎上浮生长的控制效率，最终达到除藻的目的，为滇池及类似湖库富营养化水体的修复提供了崭新的思路。     

Distribution and impacts on the geological environment of antiviral drugs in major waters of Wuhan,China

This study investigated water samples collected from the surface water and groundwater in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China in different stages of the outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (hereinafter referred to as COVID-19) in the city, aiming to determine the distribution characteristics of antiviral drugs in the city’s waters. The results are as follows. The main hydrochemical type of surface water and groundwater in Wuhan was Ca-HCO₃. The major chemical components in the groundwater had higher concentrations and spatial variability than those in the surface water. Two antiviral drugs and two glucocorticoids were detected in the surface water, groundwater, and sewage during the COVID-19 outbreak. Among them, chloroquine phosphate and cortisone had higher detection rates of 32.26% and 25.80%, respectively in all samples. The concentrations of residual drugs in East Lake were higher than those in other waters. The main drug detected in the waters in the later stage of the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan was chloroquine phosphate, whose detection rates in the surface water and the groundwater were 53.85% and 28.57%, respectively. Moreover, the detection rate and concentration of chloroquine phosphate were higher in East Lake than in Huangjia Lake. The groundwater containing chloroquine phosphate was mainly distributed along the river areas where the groundwater was highly vulnerable. The residual drugs in the surface water and the groundwater had lower concentrations in the late stage of the COVID-19 outbreak than in the middle of the outbreak, and they have not yet caused any negative impacts on the ecological environment.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

滇池湖泊沉积物中游离类脂物的有机地球化学特征

在对滇池湖泊沉积物有机质总体特征分析的基础上,对沉积物中可溶性有机质的组成进行了定量测定,并揭示了其剖面变化特征.研究结果表明:(1)正构烷烃组分具有较强的稳定性,反映出滇池沉积有机质以菌藻类来源为主,沉积柱上、下两段存在陆源高等植物输入相对增加的特征,且从下往上存在草本植物相对贡献增加的特征;(2)脂肪醇组分,以具有强烈偶碳优势的高碳数脂肪醇为主,反映了沉积有机质中陆源输入的部分;(3)脂肪酸组分揭示出可溶有机质中以浮游植物贡献为主,局部层段存在相对较强的细菌改造作用.因此,湖泊沉积物记录了滇池从一个贫营养的湖泊演变成富营养化湖泊的过程,特别是最近几十年,滇池内源有机物和陆源有机物的输入都呈现快速增长的趋势,结合同位素组成特征表明滇池进入了重富营养化阶段.