沁水盆地南部煤层气藏的有效运移系统

煤层气藏有效运移系统的优劣取决于煤储层的裂隙发育程度与开合程度,决定着煤储层的渗透性,其外在显现形式主要表现为煤储层的孔裂隙系统特征．本文基于煤基块弹性自调节效应理论和煤储层综合弹性能量理论,提出了煤储层裂隙开合程度参数4和裂隙发育程度参数专定量化研究了沁水盆地南部煤层气藏有效运移系统,探讨了其对煤层气富集高产的控制作用．结果表明：研究区现今阶段,眚高值区位于安泽、沁源一带,郑庄、樊庄次之,说明这两个区域内,煤储层裂隙发育程度较高;A高值区位于郑庄、樊庄一带,安泽、沁源次之,说明区域内煤基块弹性自调节正效应占优势,裂隙趋于张开．综合分析盼4可以发现,二者的最佳匹配区域位于郑庄、樊庄一带,说明此区域内煤层裂隙相对较发育,裂隙张开程度较高,可能具有较高的流体压力和较好的渗透性,有利于煤层气藏高产．     

沁水盆地南部煤层气储层压裂过程数值模拟研究

储层改造是煤层气井提高产能的重要措施,水力压裂是煤层气储层改造的重要方法.为研究煤层气储层压裂过程及其天然裂缝对煤储层压裂时破裂压力的影响,本文以山西沁水盆地南部高煤级煤矿区为研究区,运用有限元数值模拟方法,计算不同地应力条件下、裂缝处于不同位置时煤储层的破裂压力.结果表明:(1)不同类型地应力场对破裂压力的影响不同.对于均匀应力场,破裂压力随着围压的增大而增大,其增幅约为围压的两倍;对于非均匀应力场,当一个水平主应力不变时,破裂压力会随着水平主应力差的增加而减少;(2)如果地应力条件不变,煤储层破裂压力随着天然裂缝与最大水平主应力方向夹角的增加而增加,水平主应力差越大煤储层破裂压力增幅也越大;(3)在有天然裂隙的地层中进行压裂,当天然裂缝的方位不同时压裂裂缝既可能是沿着天然裂缝扩展的裂缝,也可能是压裂过程中产生的新裂缝,因此天然裂缝的方位对破裂压力具有一定的影响.     

基于逾渗方法的裂隙储层渗透性模拟

裂隙储层具有强烈的非均质性及储层渗透性预测难度大的特点,利用逾渗理论来研究裂隙储层深层复杂介质渗透性,是当前研究的热点问题.基于连续逾渗,将裂隙网络模型合理简化.使用排除体积对裂隙密度进行无量纲化,从而使裂隙的渗透性与裂隙的形状无关.首先使用Monte Carlo方法得到裂隙在不同密度时的网络图,而后使用ComsolMultiphysics中的有限元求解器得到流体在裂隙中的速度和压力分布图,数值模拟表明:随着裂隙密度的增加,裂隙的连通性增加,进而流体在裂隙中的渗透性也增加;最后使用有限尺度转换定律和尺度放大思想,通过重复子区域的方法求解每个小区域的渗透性,得到裂隙储层在不同尺度下的渗透性,分析得到储层平均渗透性和无量纲化裂隙密度之间的关系.模拟得到的渗透率值和FRACA软件得到渗透率泊松相关系数为0.885.该规则的发现为逾渗理论从小尺度放大到宏观物理模型即储层尺度提供了一个理论依据.     

低渗砂岩储层渗透率各向异性规律的实验研究

应用1摩尔/升的盐水作为孔隙介质,采用液体压力脉冲法对采自鄂尔多斯盆地某油田三叠系延长组低渗砂岩样品进行了渗透率随有效应力的变化规律实验研究.在围压0～100MPa,孔隙压力0～12MPa范围内,样品的渗透率变化范围在0～60×10-18 m2之间,实验结果表明样品的渗透率随有效应力的增加而减少.通过拟合实验结果,得到渗透率随有效应力的变化规律较好的符合幂函数关系,相关系数介于0.903～0.984之间.同时对同一样品的X,Y,Z相互垂直三个方向的渗透率随有效应力的变化进行了比较,结果表明渗透率的各向异性同样是压力的函数,且随着有效应力的增加,不同平面内的渗透率各向异性表现出了不同的变化规律.但在实验压力范围内,渗透率各向异性皆为正值,表明在有效应力为100MPa范围内孔隙内流体的流动方向未发生改变.研究结果为鄂尔多斯盆地低渗(超低渗)油气田开发,特别是对深部油气田开发过程中开发方式的选择与设计,充分利用渗透率各向异性的特点,提高采收率提供了新的岩石物性资料.     

致密砂岩储层应力敏感性实验研究

研究的背景:在油田开采过程中,随着地层压力的下降,作用在岩石颗粒上有效应力的增加,均会使岩石颗粒发生变形,产生应力敏感,降低储层的孔隙度和渗透率,影响流体在多孔介质中的渗流特征,给油田的合理开发带来诸多困难.研究方法及目的:利用美国Core Laboratory公司的仪器进行孔隙度、渗透率的测定,结合扫描电镜、铸体薄片以及核磁共振技术分析鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段低孔、低渗储层的应力敏感性.研究结果:(1)在定覆压变孔压和定孔压变覆压条件下,孔隙度、渗透率均随着孔隙压力的减小、上覆压力的增大而减小,属于"先快后慢"型的应力敏感性损害模式.孔隙度相对损失率1.21%~3.28%,渗透率相对损失率44%~70%,渗透率应力敏感性较强.(2)在有效应力压差相同情况下,渗透率相对损失率小于40%时,定孔压变覆压引起的渗透率损失率较大;渗透率相对损失率大于40%时,定覆压变孔压引起的渗透率损失率较大.(3)孔隙度应力敏感性与岩石的微观孔隙结构、孔隙大小及岩石颗粒的抗压能力有关,而渗透率主要与岩石的孔喉、孔隙尺寸分布有关.研究意义:为致密油勘探开发中保持合理的生产压差,减轻储层应力敏感性损害,为提高油井产能和采收率提供一定的实验依据.     

基于等效介质理论的煤层气储层岩石物理建模与应用

地震岩石物理建模作为表征油气储层物性参数与地震参数间映射关系的主流工具,鲜有应用于煤层气储层,关键制约因素在于煤层气储层特有的吸附气和双重孔隙的等效计算问题尚未有效解决.为此,本文将吸附气视为类似煤基质的固相,将双重孔隙分解为基质孔隙和裂隙两部分;尝试利用自相容近似模型计算煤基质、吸附气和基质孔隙混合后煤基质干骨架的等效纵、横波速度,通过Mori-Tanaka模型和Brown-Korringa各向异性流体替换理论加入裂隙和流体,以此构建煤层气储层岩石物理模型.在此基础之上,通过正演模拟分析基质孔隙参数、吸附气含量以及裂隙参数的等效纵、横波速度响应;基于模型反演基质孔隙和裂隙参数,并将基于模型预测的纵、横波速度与实测数据对比,论证所构建的煤层气储层岩石物理模型的合理性.进一步通过制作岩石物理量版,探讨煤层气"甜点区"界定的两个关键参数——吸附气含量和脆性指数与储层物性参数(基质孔隙度、裂隙孔隙度)以及地震参数间的关系.结果表明:吸附气含量的变化引起的纵、横波速度、纵横波速度比和纵波阻抗变化微弱,引起的流体因子参数(λρ和μρ)变化略显著;基质孔隙度变化引起的地震参数响应显著强于吸附气含量;裂隙孔隙度与两种脆性指数间均具有明显的负相关性,可认为是煤层气储层脆性的主要影响因素.     

煤层气储层物性影响因素和预测方法综述与展望

为了解决煤储层物性的预测方法问题,本文基于大量的文献调研,梳理了煤储层孔隙性和渗透性的影响因素和预测方法,并进行了预测技术展望.研究表明,孔隙性影响因素主要有煤层埋深、压实作用、变质程度和显微组分等,孔隙度预测方法主要有双侧向迭代法、阿尔奇公式裂缝孔隙度估算法、双侧向数值模拟法、相关分析方法及支持向量机等方法;渗透性影响因素主要有煤层埋深、储层压力、煤的变质程度、煤体结构、煤岩组分、应力状态、基质收缩作用和裂隙系统发育程度等,渗透性预测方法主要有F-S计算方法、基于达西定律的计算方法、相关分析法及多层次模糊综合评判法等其他方法.本文认为遵循“地质约束测井、岩心刻度测井”的原则,加强煤层气储层岩石物理研究和物性影响因素分析是基础;常规测井信息与测井新技术信息结合,“多尺度信息融合”建立煤岩孔隙度和渗透率解释新模型,充分发挥多种非线性数学方法的优势构建煤岩物性非线性数学预测方法有一定的实际意义.     

沁水盆地南部煤层气藏三维音频大地电磁探测

音频大地电磁法以其快速、经济、地形适应性强等优势,在复杂环境下煤层气藏勘探方面具有巨大应用潜力.本文分析了沁水盆地南部煤层气成藏模式,设计了适合音频大地电磁法勘探尺度的三维薄低阻、高阻目标层模型.模型典型测线的二维反演以及三维阻抗张量反演结果表明:在浅表不均匀体存在时,二维TE、TM、TETM模式反演解释会受到三维畸变不同程度的影响,很难判断哪种模式解释最佳.相比而言,三维反演不仅可以提取浅表异常,而且能以更高的分辨率圈出深部薄低阻层分布.但是上述反演手段对薄高阻目标层提取效果不佳,只有对初始模型(甚至目标层)施加电性约束时,薄高阻层反演结果才会改善.综合考虑,音频大地电磁法对薄低阻目标层进行三维探测是最具可行性的.选取沁水盆地南部胡底区块作为研究区,通过音频大地电磁三维反演提取富水低阻目标层分布.推断煤层气成藏模式,识别煤储层并推测储层排采状态,与已有的地质、勘探和生产资料基本吻合.以上分析为音频大地电磁三维探测法在油气藏勘探与动态监测方面的应用提供了有力支撑.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气甲烷碳同位素分布及成因

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘煤层气甲烷碳同位素分布及其成因对认识该区煤层气藏的形成和分布规律,煤层气资源评价具有重要意义.在系统总结该区煤层气组分和煤层气碳同位素的地域、时域和煤阶分布特征的基础上,结合煤储层演化过程,分析了甲烷碳同位素的变化规律.该区甲烷碳同位素分布范围宽,同位素组成总体偏轻,地域上由北往南呈现"变轻-加重-变轻"的趋势,针对性分析认为北部低煤阶次生生物气的生成,中部水动力活跃地区引起的水溶解分馏,南部构造演化过程中地层抬升造成的解吸分馏,以及局部岩浆运动引起的快速增温生烃分馏是造成该区甲烷碳同位素普遍偏轻的主要因素.     

考虑动态克林伯格系数的煤储层渗透率预测模型

随着储层压力的降低,克林伯格效应对渗透率的影响越来越大.现有的煤储层渗透率预测模型大都忽略了克林伯格系数的变化,其预测结果与实际生产存在一定的差异,尤其是在低储层压力阶段.本文以体积不变假设为基础,基于火柴棍模型给出在储层压力降低过程中动态克林伯格系数的计算公式,并建立考虑动态克林伯格系数的渗透率预测模型;深入分析在煤储层压力降低过程中,煤储层渗透率和克林伯格系数的变化规律.研究结果表明：随着储层压力的降低,克林伯格系数呈先增大后减小的变化趋势;在相同储层压力下,克林伯格系数随渗透率增加呈指数减小趋势,随温度增加呈线性增大趋势.本文建立的渗透率模型参数简单易获取,预测结果与实际煤储层渗透率变化规律符合性较好,尤其是在低储层压力阶段,能准确预测煤储层渗透率变化.     

Compressional- and shear-wave velocities as a function of confining stress in dry sandstones

A laboratory study was carried out to investigate the influence of confining stress on compressional- and shear-wave velocities for a set of rock samples from gas-producing sandstone reservoirs in the Cooper Basin, South Australia. The suite of samples consists of 22 consolidated sublitharenites with helium porosity ranging from 2.6% to 16.6%. We used a pulse-echo technique to measure compressional- and shear-wave velocities on dry samples (cylindrical 4.6 × 2 cm) at room temperature and at elevated confining stress (≤ 60 MPa). Compressional- and shear-wave velocities in samples increase non-linearly with confining stress. A regression equation of the form V = A ? Be^?DP gives a good fit to the measured velocities with improved prediction of velocities at high confining stresses compared with equations suggested by other studies. The predicted microcrack-closure stresses of the samples show values ranging from 70 MPa to 95 MPa and insignificant correlation with porosity, permeability or clay content. There is a positive correlation between change in velocity with core porosity and permeability, but this association is weak and diminishes with increasing confining stress. Experimental results show that pore geometry, grain-contact type, and distribution and location of clay particles may be more significant than total porosity and clay content in describing the stress sensitivity of sandstones at in situ reservoir effective stress. The stress dependence of Cooper Basin sandstones is very large compared with data from other studies. The implication of our study for hydrocarbon exploration is that where the in situ reservoir effective stress is much less than the microcrack-closure stress of the reservoir rocks, the variation of reservoir effective stress could cause significant changes in velocity of the reservoir rocks. The velocity changes induced by effective stress in highly stress-sensitive rocks can be detected at sonic-log and probably surface-seismic frequencies.     

地层压力条件下沁水盆地煤岩动静态弹性参数同步超声实验研究

静态弹性参数对储层压裂改造、应力场及裂缝预测具有重要意义,开展地层压力条件下煤岩动、静态弹性参数实验研究,获得动、静态弹性参数之间的关系,为利用动态弹性参数预测静态弹性参数提供了岩石物理依据.本次研究应用MTS岩石物理参数测试系统完成沁水盆地和顺地区的煤岩样在地层压力条件下的动静态弹性参数同步测试.结果表明:动态杨氏模量随压力的增加而增加,而动态泊松比随压力的变化较为复杂;动、静态杨氏模量之间呈线性关系,且动态杨氏模量大于静态杨氏模量;动、静态泊松比之间的相关性较差,大部分煤样的动态泊松比小于静态泊松比.获得的这些关系为动静弹性参数转换提供了基础,进而为利用地震资料进行静弹性参数预测,获得岩石力学性能参数提供了一种途径.     

Physical characteristics of high-rank coal reservoirs in different coal-body structures and the mechanism of coalbed methane production

The physical characteristics of coal reservoirs are important for evaluating the potential for gas desorption, diffusion, and seepage during coalbed methane (CBM) production, and influence the performance of CBM wells. Based on data from mercury injection experiments, low-temperature liquid nitrogen adsorption, isothermal adsorption, initial velocity tests of methane diffusion, and gas natural desorption data from a CBM field, herein the physical characteristics of reservoirs of high-rank coals with different coal-body structures are described, including porosity, adsorption/desorption, diffusion, and seepage. Geometric models are constructed for these reservoirs. The modes of diffusion are discussed and a comprehensive diffusion-seepage model is constructed. The following conclusions were obtained. First, the pore distribution of tectonically deformed coal is different from that of normal coal. Compared to normal coal, all types of pore, including micropores (<10 nm), transitional pores (10–100 nm), mesopores (100–1000 nm), and macropores (>1000 nm), are more abundant in tectonically deformed coal, especially mesopores and macropores. The increase in pore abundance is greater with increasing tectonic deformation of coal; in addition, the pore connectivity is altered. These are the key factors causing differences in other reservoir physical characteristics, such as adsorption/desorption and diffusion in coals with different coal-body structures. Second, normal and cataclastic coals mainly contain micropores. The lack of macropores and its bad connectivity limit gas desorption and diffusion during the early stage of CBM production. However, the good connectivity of micropores is favorable for gas desorption and diffusion in later gas production stage. Thus, because of the slow decline in the rate of gas desorption, long-term gas production can easily be obtained from these reservoirs. Third, under natural conditions the adsorption/desorption properties of granulated and mylonitized coal are good, and the diffusion ability is also enhanced. However, for in situ reservoir conditions, the high dependence of reservoir permeability on stress results in a weak seepage of gas; thus, desorption and diffusion is limited. Fourth, during gas production, the pore range in which transitional diffusion takes place always increases, but that for Fick diffusion decreases. This is a reason for the reduction in diffusion capacity, in which micropores and transitional pores are the primary factors limiting gas diffusion. Finally, the proposed comprehensive model of CBM production under in situ reservoir conditions elucidates the key factors limiting gas production, which is helpful for selection of reservoir stimulation methods.     

Physical properties,vitrinite reflectance,and microstructure of coal,Taiyuan Formation,Qinshui Basin,China

In this study, we experimentally established the relationship between physical properties, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of coal, Taiyuan Formation, Qinshui Basin, China using representative coal samples collected from three different mines via the rock mechanics testing system (MTS). We analyzed the organic macerals, vitrinite reflectance, and microstructure of 11 coal samples using petrography and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The experimental results suggest that (1) the elastic parameters can be described by linear equations, (2) both P-and S-wave velocities display anisotropy, (3) the anisotropy negatively correlates with vitrinite reflectance, and (4) the acoustic velocities and Young’s modulus are negatively correlated with the volume of micropores. The derived empirical equations can be used in the forward modeling and seismic inversion of physical properties of coal for improving the coal-bed methane (CBM) reservoir characterization.     

超声激励低渗煤层甲烷增透机理

超声激励增透煤层是一种不受甲烷储层地质条件和气源特性限制,具有普遍应用价值的增采技术.但由于煤岩致密、裂隙发育,煤岩孔隙度存在多尺度效应,受储层介质尺度效应影响的增透促吸机理尚不明确.本文通过CT观测实验和渗透率测定实验,对超声波作用下煤样不同尺度裂隙发展规律进行了分析,对比测定超声作用煤样渗透率变化规律,建立了超声增透煤层甲烷渗透率的修正公式.研究结果表明:CT观测实验很好地证明了超声的机械震碎作用;在声场衰减范围内,煤体损伤和机械震碎作用明显;超声波作用后的煤层渗透率有平均135%～169%的提高.研究工作为超声激励增加煤层的渗透率提供了实验基础.     

A Study of Permeability Changes Due to Cold Fluid Circulation in Fractured Geothermal Reservoirs

Reservoir behavior due to injection and circulation of cold fluid is studied with a shear displacement model based on the distributed dislocation technique, in a poro‐thermoelastic environment. The approach is applied to a selected volume of Soultz geothermal reservoir at a depth range of 3600 to 3700 m. Permeability enhancement and geothermal potential of Soultz geothermal reservoir are assessed over a stimulation period of 3 months and a fluid circulation period of 14 years. This study—by shedding light onto another source of uncertainty—points toward a special role for the fracture surface asperities in predicting the shear dilation of fractures. It was also observed that thermal stress has a significant impact on changing the reservoir stress field. The effect of thermal stresses on reservoir behavior is more evident over longer circulation term as the rock matrix temperature is significantly lowered. Change in the fracture permeability due to the thermal stresses can also lead to the short circuiting between the injection and production wells which in turn decreases the produced fluid temperature significantly. The effect of thermal stress persists during the whole circulation period as it has significant impact on the continuous increase in the flow rate due to improved permeability over the circulation period. In the current study, taking into account the thermal stress resulted in a decrease of about 7 °C in predicted produced fluid temperature after 14 years of cold fluid circulation; a difference which notably influences the potential prediction of an enhanced geothermal system.     

A Poroelastic Description of Permeability Evolution

Pore pressure changes in a geothermal reservoir, as a result of injection and/or production of water, result in changes of stress acting on the reservoir rock and, consequently, changes in the mechanical and transport properties of the rock. Bulk modulus and permeability were measured at different pressures and temperatures. An outcropping equivalent of Rotliegend reservoir rock in the North German Basin (Flechtinger sandstone) was used to perform hydrostatic tests and steady state fluid flow tests. Permeability measurements were conducted while cycling confining pressure; the dependence of permeability on stress was determined at a constant downstream pressure of 1 MPa. Also, temperature was increased stepwise from 30 to 140 °C and crack porosity was calculated at different temperatures. Although changes in the volumes of cracks are not significant, the cracks control fluid flow pathways and, consequently, the permeability of the rock. A new model was derived which relates microstructure of porosity, the stress–strain curve, and permeability. Porosity change was described by the first derivative of the stress–strain curve. Permeability evolution was ascribed to crack closure and was related to the second derivative of the stress–strain curve. The porosity and permeability of Flechtinger sandstone were reduced by increasing the effective pressure and decreased after each pressure cycle.