胶东金矿区高钾-钾质脉岩地球化学与俯冲-壳幔作用研究

胶东金矿区与金矿成矿伴生的脉岩为一套高钾 -钾质脉岩。根据地质、岩相学及与金矿化的时空关系 ,将主要岩石类型划分为煌斑岩、安山玢岩、英安玢岩类 ,它们分别形成与金矿化早期、同期和晚期 ;主要元素成分以富碱高钾、低钛为特征 ,成分变异具同源岩浆结晶分异演化的一般规律 ,早期以辉石和橄榄石、中晚期以角闪石和斜长石为主的矿物相分离结晶控制岩浆的演化 ;岩石明显富 Ba、Sr、Rb、K、L REE等大离子元素、强烈亏损 Cr、Ni及相对亏损 Th、Nb、Ti、Y等高场强元素元素 ,体现初始岩浆起源于富集地幔源区 ;大量的挥发组分及强烈的富集 Ba、Sr及低的 Sr/ Nd比值 ,指示源区为以俯冲陆源沉积为主、有玄武质洋壳参与的脱水、脱气等作用交代早期地幔楔形成的富集地幔源 ,初始岩浆是在中生代印支期形成的富集地幔向燕山期亏损方向演化的特定阶段发生低程度熔融形成 (熔融程度为 6 %～ 8% ) ;就位环境的不同是导致石英脉岩型与蚀变岩型矿区脉岩成岩作用有一定差别的主要原因     

胶西北两类金矿田的高钾-钾质脉岩元素地球化学与成岩作用研究

重点研究了胶西北玲珑、尹格庄两类金矿田的高钾－钾质脉岩,根据地质产状、岩性及与金矿化的时空关系,该脉岩可分为三类：（１）粕斑岩;（２）安山玢岩;（３）英安玢岩类,它们分别形成于金矿化早期、同期、晚期。元素地球化学研究表明：主要氧化物成分变民具岩浆分离结晶的一般规律,早期以辉石为主、晚期以角闪石和斜长石为主的矿物相分离结晶作用控制岩浆成分的演化。岩石富碱、高钾低钛,微量和稀土元素强烈富集大离子元素Ｂ     

我国东北小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山带钾质矿物成因及地质意义

东北黑龙江小古里河-科洛-五大连池-二克山火山岩带是我国近代保存最好的火山群之一,此带火山岩的岩石化学特点全都强碱富钾,K₂O/Na₂O>1.2,属于一套高钾过碱性火山岩。通过对东北钾质火山岩及金云母橄榄岩地幔捕虏体中钾质矿物金云母、白榴石的成分、结晶环境与岩浆成分及来源关系的研究,认为在岩石圈伸展构造背景下,地幔金云母橄榄岩的低度部分熔融形成钾质岩浆,钾质岩浆上升到地壳浅部经历了白榴石的结晶作用。岩浆演化晚期,因钾质矿物大量晶出导致岩浆相对富钠而出现他形霞石和方钠石等填隙矿物。火山岩及地幔捕虏体中富挥发分矿物金云母、白榴石、磷灰石、霞石和方钠石还提供了钾质岩浆富含H₂O、F、Cl、P等挥发分的证据。     

青藏高原新生代两类超钾质岩石的成因——实验岩石学和地球化学约束

青藏高原分布有羌塘—囊谦—滇西和冈底斯两条新生代钾质-超钾质火山岩带。羌塘—囊谦—滇西超钾质岩浆活动的峰值时间为40～30Ma,主体岩石具有Ⅰ型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征;30～24Ma期间羌塘中、西部出现Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,主体岩石以贫SiO2、高CaO、Al2O3和低MgO/CaO为特征。冈底斯新生代超钾质火山岩也显示I型超钾质岩的高MgO和低CaO、Al2O3含量特征,其形成时间为25～12Ma。综合超钾质岩石的实验资料,可知区内I型超钾质岩的源区以富硅、富钾流(熔)体交代形成的金云母方辉橄榄岩为主;Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆源区则以斜辉橄榄岩地幔为主。囊谦—滇西Ⅰ型超钾质岩带空间上严格受红河走滑构造带所控制,40～28Ma出现I型超钾质岩浆活动,16Ma转变为OIB型钾质火山岩。岩浆源区从岩石圈地幔向软流圈演变,暗示大型走滑断裂引起的岩石圈地幔减薄和软流圈上涌是导致交代岩石圈地幔金云母分解熔融产生区内I型超钾质岩浆的主控因素。羌塘中部35～34Ma有软流圈来源为主的钠质碱性玄武岩岩浆的喷发,30～24Ma转变为以岩石圈地幔为主要来源的Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆活动,岩浆源区从软流圈向岩石圈迁移,指示软流圈上涌伴随的富CO2流(熔)体活动是导致古交代岩石圈地幔升温熔融产生Ⅲ型钾质-超钾质岩浆的主控因素,软流圈上涌可能是俯冲板片断离或岩石圈地幔拆沉作用的结果。     

岩石钾质变化及钾交代与成矿关系

钾质高低及变化可反映岩石演化程度和钾交代作用。发生钾交代的岩石为成矿有利岩石和找矿标志。岩石钾交代与钾质升高归根于富碱的地幔流体活动。上升的地幔流体交代上地幔和地壳岩石形成富碱岩石和碱交代岩,并活化迁移不同围岩中成矿元素形成各种矿床。大地构造单元边缘与陆内张裂活动带是地幔流体交代活动场所和大型矿床形成地。许多矿床包括金矿床和钾交代关系密切。     

滇中楚雄盆地老街子Pb-Ag矿床和白马苴Au(Cu)矿床赋矿岩体对比及成矿模式

滇中老街子Pb-Ag矿床和白马苴Au(Cu)矿床位于金沙江-红河富碱斑岩成矿带中段,是楚雄盆地中与喜山期富碱斑岩体时空关系密切的两个矿化中心,二者相距仅2km,但是矿种和矿化类型均不同,金属矿物组合差异显著。两个矿化中心同空间、不同矿化类型的深部结构不清,成因联系不明,制约了姚安富碱斑岩区多金属矿床的理论认识与深部勘查。通过岩石组合、赋矿岩体组构及地球化学特征对比,总结矿化元素空间分布规律,研究认为:(1)老街子正长斑岩具斑状结构,斑晶为正长石,岩体内发育脉岩;白马苴正长斑岩具似斑状结构,斑晶为正长石和少量斜长石。岩石组合和组构特征差异反映后者形成深度较前者更深;(2)岩石地球化学特征总体一致,均明显富集大离子亲石元素(K、Rb、Ba和LREE等),相对亏损高场强元素(Ta、Nb、P和Ti等),系中酸性富碱、高钾的正长岩-石英二长岩钾玄质准铝-过铝质系列岩石组合,为同源同期岩浆演化的产物。主要差异为老街子正长斑岩稀土总量及Rb/Sr比值整体较白马苴正长斑岩高,反映其岩浆结晶分异演化程度较白马苴正长斑岩高;(3)对比老街子矿床深部三个中段矿化元素异常分布特征,显示Cu-Mo异常往深部逐渐...     

胶东晚中生代金矿区富钾暗色岩脉群的Nd,Sr,O同位素研究

地质、岩相学特征表明胶东晚中生代金矿区矿田体系产出的富钾暗色脉岩是由煌斑岩、安山玢岩和英安玢岩等组成，以富钾高碱、贫钛为特征，属超钾质－钾玄质－高钾钙碱性岩系。岩浆具较高的（^87Sr/^86Sr)i(0.7033-0.7087)、较低的（^143Nd/^144Nd)i(0.5108-0.5125)和δ^18OSMOW，全岩在5．8‰－10．6‰之间、均值为7．1‰的特征，揭示源区性质具洋壳为主的板块俯冲过程提供的以H2O为主流体交代大陆岩石圈地幔而形成的富集地幔楔特征，初始岩浆为弧后拉张环境、富集地幔进入成熟期的低程度部分熔融产生，岩浆演化过程存在分离结晶（石英脉岩型矿田体系）和混合作用或被古地壳源物质或变质岩强烈混染作用（蚀变岩型矿田体系）的两种趋势。这一结论对于深入研究该区中生代幔－壳交换成岩、成矿作用具有重要的指导意义。     

桂东北牛庙闪长岩和同安石英二长岩:岩石学、锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年代学和地球化学

桂东北牛庙和同安岩体分别由闪长岩和石英二长岩组成。锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb年龄分别为163±4Ma和160± 4Ma。岩石以富铝、富碱、高钾、富含Rb、Ba、Th、U、Pb、Sr等大离子半径亲石元素(LILE)及富含REE、Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素(HFSE)为主要特征,属富钾系列或钾玄岩系列。其不相容元素的分布特征为亲OIB型,主要来源于富集的岩石圈地幔的熔融。两岩体的常量元素、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素组成特征,反映了它们的原始岩浆经历过相当充分的分离结晶和相当程度的地壳混染,即通过AFC方式而形成。岩体中广泛分布的微细粒状暗色包体是共存的更偏基性的岩浆与寄主岩浆不完全混合的残留,其成分的多样性和相互过渡关系,反映了不同包体母岩浆在形成和演化途径等方面的差异性。岩体形成于燕山早期华南后造山阶段大陆地壳拉张减薄的构造环境,软流圈地幔沿超岩石圈深断裂的上涌和底侵,是造成富集的岩石圈地幔和中下地壳熔融并形成本区闪长质和花岗质岩浆的主要机制。     

胶东蓬家夼金矿区钾玄质煌斑岩的元素地球化学研究

胶东蓬家夼金矿区钾玄质煌斑岩的元素地球化学研究表明,其成分上具有高碱富钾,高铝低钛,大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素强烈富集及相容元素（Ｃｒ,Ｃｏ,Ｎｉ）明显亏损等特点,钾玄质岩浆是由富集地幔通过批式部分熔融作用产生的,而且其原始岩浆在上升和侵位过程中存在橄榄石和辉石等矿物相分离结晶,并伴有陆壳物质的混染,本区煌斑岩具有与陆弧有关的钾质火成岩类似的地球化学特征,可能与燕山期伊泽奈崎洋向中国东部大陆下的俯     

研究"钾质和钠质两个地幔富碱岩浆体系"的刍议

钾质富碱岩浆岩组成的岩带研究表明,这类岩石普遍富碱和CaO,高钾,富Rb,Sr,Ba和放射性元素Th,U等,Rb/Sr相对较低;稀土元素总量较高,强烈富轻稀土,δEu较小;ISr多数介于0.705～0.706之间;INd较低,铅同位素较均一.Sr-Nd-Pb同位素特征表明,该岩类岩石的岩浆来源于EMⅡ型地幔源区,岩浆很可能直接来源于钾质富碱地幔.钠质富碱岩浆岩带岩石具富碱、高钠(Na2O＞K2O)的特点,同时富钛及大离子亲石元素和相对富集Nb,Ta,Zr以及Rb/Sr偏高等;ISr相对低,而INd稍高.这类岩石起源于钠质的富碱地幔源区.这些异常地幔源的形成与地幔流体交代作用有关.而超深大断裂作为岩浆上升的通道,是钾质和钠质地幔富碱岩系形成的重要条件.     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.     

Causes of the famine among the rural population of the Sahelian zone of the Sudan

Taking the example of W Sudan, an analysis of the climatic incidents leading to the two recent famine disasters is made. On this natural background, the human side is investigated. Focus is directed towards the fragile economic structure of the famine-prone population groups. An early-warning system for famine in the Sahelian Zone is proposed taking grain production and storage, livestock development and the relationship between the prices of livestock and grain as major indicators.     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

On the consistency of proposed models for the Pyrenees with the structure of the eastern parts of the belt

The structure of the eastern Pyrenees consists mainly of south-directed thrusts involving basement and cover rocks. An antiformal stack developed by the piling up of basement thrust sheets which outcrop in the Axial zone. These structures account for a thin-skinned thrust model rather than a vertical fault model in which the Axial zone would be essentially autochthonous, and the North-Pyrenean fault the axial plane of a fan thrust system. New data from the Eastern Pyrenees and the thin-skinned model suggest that(1) the structure east of the Pedraforca nappe is similar to that of the Central Pyrenees; (2) the cover rocks of the South-Pyrenean units and of the Axial zone-after restoration—built up a northwards-thickening prism consistent with the existence of a unique Pyrenean sedimentary basin during Mesozoic time; (3) the Axial zone is only a complex antiformal stack developed as a part of South-Pyrenean system related to the Paleogene thrusting-tectonics. The Axial zone palaeogeographic area had no special meaning during Mesozoic time.     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.